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Topic: FORTRAN II

	Fortran programming language
		FORTRAN was developed in the 1950-s by a team of IBM programmers and released in 1957.
		FORTRAN knew an implicit typing, that means that variable names beginning with I, J, K, L, M, N were always integer and the rest were reals.
		FORTRAN was developed by an IBM team lead by John W. Backus (see picture) and staffed with programmers like Sheldon F. Best, Harlan Herrick, Peter Sheridan, Roy Nutt, Robert Nelson, Irving Ziller, Richard Goldberg, Lois Haibt and David Sayre.
	www.thocp.net /software/languages/fortran.htm (581 words)

	Fortran - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Fortran III was designed in 1958, allowing for inline assembler code; but it was never released because the portability concept of a high-level language would be lost.
		Fortran 90 was a major revision, adding free source form, dynamic memory allocation, array operations, abstract data types, operator overloading, pointers, and modules to group related procedures and data together.
		Fortran 95 was a minor revision, adding features for parallel programming from the High Performance Fortran dialect, such as user-defined pure and elemental functions, and the forall construct.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Fortran (1554 words)

	FORTRAN Session (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		FORTRAN II During the field debugging period some shortcomings of the system design, which we had been aware of earlier but had no time to deal with, were constantly coming to our attention.
		FORTRAN II was distributed in the spring o f 1958.
		Even though the facilities of FORTRAN II permitted separate compilation of subroutines and hence eliminated the need to recompile an entire program at each step in debugging it, nevertheless compile times were long and, during debugging, the consider able time spent in optimizing was wasted.
	www.stanford.edu /group/mmdd/SiliconValley/Backus/backus.html (8521 words)

	Fortran Versions - Charles W. Johnson
		FORTRAN I was the original FORTRAN compiler released by IBM in 1954.
		FORTRAN III was a minor revision of FORTRAN II, which allowed the inclusion of inline assembly language code for greater efficiency.
		High Performance Fortran or HPF is a dialect of Fortran that was developed in 1992 to adapt Fortran 90 to the massively parallel architectures now common in high-end scientific computing.
	www.eskimo.com /~cwj2/kcollege/cs515/fortran/versions.html (659 words)

	Directory - Computers: Programming: Languages: Fortran: History
		Fortran I · cached · Images from and discussion of the first Fortran manual, published in October 1956.
		Fortran: The First Successful High Level Programming Language · iweb · cached · Short essay by Mary Bellis, part of the "Inventors of the Modern Computer Series" series.
		History of FORTRAN and FORTRAN II · iweb · cached · Pilot project of the Computer History Museum's Software Collection Committee to develop expertise in the collection, preservation, and presentation of historic software.
	www.incywincy.com /default?p=1247249 (245 words)

	FORTRAN (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		FORTRAN is considered by many to be the first compiled language, but some people would debate this.
		FORTRAN II was released in spring of 1958 and introduced independent compilation of subroutines.
		FORTRAN IV was introduced in early 1962 and became the most widely used language in the scientific community until about 1978.
	www.cs.iastate.edu /~leavens/ComS541Fall97/hw-pages/history/fortran.html (252 words)

	FORTRAN Notes
		FORTRAN uses implicit typing, in which the type of a variable is determined by its first letter.
		FORTRAN programs originally controlled access to sequential files on tape drives, that were such a prominent feature of mainframe computers, and often appeared in films, because they provided motion.
		In FORTRAN 77 there is no way to delimit a block so that it can be used in the place of a single statement, as in C or Pascal.
	www.du.edu /~etuttle/math/fortran.htm (3718 words)

	Language Reference - FORTRAN
		FORTRAN is usually credited, Knuth and Pardo in 1977 credit Alick E. Glennie for his Autocode compiler for the Manchester I computer in 1952.
		FORTRAN included many features that were specific to the IBM 704, the first computer on which it was implemented.
		This remained the standard until the ANSI FORTRAN standard was produced in 1977.
	www.isi.edu /~iko/pl/hw3_fortran.html (214 words)

	Fortran: A few historical details
		Fortran 66 remained the standard Fortran over a decade before dissatisfaction with some of the limitations of the language lead to the publication, again by ANSI, of a revised standard in 1978.
		Fortran 77 was not a superset of Fortran 66, having numerous (mostly minor) incompatibilities.
		Originally this was to have been Fortran 2000, but the perhaps inevitable delays in deciding its content meant that the schedule slipped and so it became Fortran 2003.
	www.nag.co.uk /nagware/np/doc/fhistory.asp (630 words)

	Dictionary of Programming Languages
		FORTRAN is characterized by its good support for mathematics, especially floating-point computation, its lack of modular programming structures, and implicit declarations, and odd control-flow constructs.
		FORTRAN has had many versions over the years, some of the most popular being: FORTRAN I, FORTRAN II, FORTRAN IV, FORTRAN 77, and Fortran90.
		FORTRAN has long been a language of choice for complex scientific calculations, engineering models, statistics, and signal processing.
	cgibin.erols.com /ziring/cgi-bin/cep/cep.pl?_key=FORTRAN (314 words)

	Scientific Programming in Fortran 95 and C
		On the other hand, Fortran 95 and C++ are general-purpose, powerful programming languages that provide the flexibility to tackle a wide range of problems.
		It is the plan of this proposed text to first introduce the student to Fortran 95, learn its syntax, and develop the important skills of good software design (which are generally independent of a specific language).
		The choice of first introducing Fortran 95 is somewhat arbitrary but is based primarily on its being a more natural language for many scientists and engineers.
	colleges.weber.edu /science/dean/Fortran_Cpp/default.htm (1813 words)

	A brief history of FORTRAN/Fortran
		Fortran won the battle against Assembly language, the first in a series of battles to come, and was adopted by the scientific and military communities and used extensively in the Space Program and military projects.
		FORTRAN II, III, IV and FORTRAN 66 ---------------------------------- FORTRAN II (1958) was a significant improvement, it added the capability for separate compilation of program modules, assembly language modules could also be 'linked loaded' with FORTRAN modules.
		FORTRAN IV (1961) was a 'clean up' of FORTRAN II, improving things like the implementation of the COMMON and EQUIVALENCE statements, and eliminating some machine-dependant language irregularities.
	www.ibiblio.org /pub/languages/fortran/ch1-1.html (851 words)

	Fortran Tutorials (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Some course notes on the fundementals of Fortran developed at Michigan Technical University may be found at http://www.csl.mtu.edu/cs2911/www/ At the site, you can access the course notes, a short FAQ, some sample exams, and programming assignments.
		A tutorial on the transition from Fortran 77 to Fortran 90 by Bo Einarsson and Yuriy Shokin.
		Fortran 90 course material is available from the Manchester Computer Centre.
	www.fortran.com /tutorials.html (289 words)

	FORTRAN
		The FORTRAN System has been developed to enable the programmer to state in a relatively simple language, resembling familiar usage, the steps of a procedure to be carried out by the 704 computer, and to obtain automatically from the 704 an efficient machine language program for this procedure.
		The FORTRAN System is intended to reduce substantially the time required to produce an efficient machine language program for the numerical solution of a problem, and to relieve the programmer of a considerable amount of manual andquot;clericalandquot; work, minimizing the possibility of human error by relegating the mechanics of coding and optimization to the 704.
		Fortran II permitted a program to be broken down into subprograms which could be tested and debugged separately.
	hopl.murdoch.edu.au /showlanguage.prx?exp=8&language=FORTRAN (16572 words)

	Fortran I
		To give you some idea of the state of the art when Lisp was invented, these two images are taken from the first Fortran manual, published in October 1956.
		I have heard that the inventors of Fortran did not initially expect the same language to be used on different types of computers, or to have multiple languages available for the same computer.
		It apparently proved useless and was dropped from the language in Fortran II.
	www.paulgraham.com /history.html (238 words)

	FORTRAN History and Background (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslation) is one of the oldest programming languages, dating from the mid-fifties.
		Fortran 90 adds support of recursion, pointers, and programmer-defined data types to older versions of the language.
		Fortran 90 compilers are a key target of such research.
	www-personal.umd.umich.edu /~williame/fortran.html (377 words)

	Fortran Summary
		The development of FORTRAN paralleled the early evolution of compiler technology; indeed many advances in the theory and design of compilers were specifically motivated by the need to generate efficient code for FORTRAN programs.
		FORTRAN IV was eventually released in 1962, first for the IBM 7030 ("Stretch") computer, followed by versions for the IBM 7090 and 7094.
		Prior to FORTRAN 77, a number of preprocessors were commonly used to provide a friendlier language, while retaining the advantage that the preprocessed code could still be compiled on any machine with a standard FORTRAN compiler.
	www.bookrags.com /Fortran (7301 words)

	Math 169 Notes -- Fortran-90/95/2003
		FORTRAN was developed at the IBM campus in south San Jose, lead by a development team including John W. Backus (whose name is attached to a form now used to describe computer languages).
		Fortran is (probably) the only example of a widely-used, scientifically-oriented, computer language that has developed over almost 50 years.
		Fortran is not case sensitive, so uppercase and lowercase letters are considered the same.
	math.scu.edu /~dsmolars/ma169/notesfortran.html (6602 words)

	get here: powell subroutine fortran (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Dusty Decks » Blog Archive » The birth of the FORTRAN II...
		The birth of the FORTRAN II subroutine
		The birth of the FORTRAN II subroutine By comparing three versions of the memo (unsigned, but believed written by Irv Ziller) ?Proposed Specifications for FORTRAN II for the 704?, dated August 28...
	www.burnetts-of-barnsley.co.uk /powell_subroutine_fortran.html (284 words)

	Open Directory - Computers: Programming: Languages: Fortran: History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Fortran I - Images from and discussion of the first Fortran manual, published in October 1956.
		Fortran Programming -- The Early Turning Point - Chapter Excerpt from "Go To: The Story of the Math Majors, Bridge Players, Engineers, Chess Wizards, Maverick Scientists, and Iconoclasts" by Steve Lohr, discussing the early history of Fortran.
		History of FORTRAN and FORTRAN II - Pilot project of the Computer History Museum's Software Collection Committee to develop expertise in the collection, preservation, and presentation of historic software.
	dmoz.org /Computers/Programming/Languages/Fortran/History (275 words)

	Introduction
		In April 1978 the American Standardization Committee ANSI approved a new standard for Fortran, it is well known with the name Fortran 77 in order to distinguish the new standard ANSI X3.9-1978 from the old ANSI X3.9-1966, which sometimes nowadays is called Fortran 66.
		Fortran 77 was very welcome in that it increased the capabilities of writing Fortran programs in a structured way, and that it standardized many of the extensions that different manufacturers had put into their implementations of Fortran.
		The Appendices 2 and 3 summarize Fortran 77 and the new facilities in Fortran 90, respectively.
	www.soton.ac.uk /~fortran/fortran90/f77to90/intro.html (881 words)

	Dusty Decks » Blog Archive » The birth of the FORTRAN II subroutine
		The original FORTRAN system (see here or here) had a variety of built-in library functions and allowed the programmer to write single-statement function statements, or to add additional library functions written in assembler, but there were no separately compiled FORTRAN subroutines or functions.
		FORTRAN II was distributed in the spring of 1958.”
		The ability to build Fortran programs out of independently-compilable modules and to have the ability to decompose into functions and subroutines using Fortran or any other tool that produced compatible code (usually the assembler, in those days) had an immense impact.
	www.mcjones.org /dustydecks/archives/2005/08/07/46 (693 words)

	Math 60 -- Notes Fortran 1
		Fortran is not standardized completely; it can lead to messy code (especially in the older programming style); its compilers can be nightmares for developers; there are many local variants.
		Some of the "supercomputers" have only two compilers available: C and Fortran, and the Fortran compiler is better optimized than the C compiler (i.e., runs codes faster because it is more efficient).
		Fortran is not the savior, but it does a lot, and has the advantage of undergoing constant revision and upgrading in such a fashion that older code will continue to run with newer compilers with a minimum of touching up.
	math.scu.edu /~dsmolars/ma60/notesfor1.html (2077 words)

	compilers.net > paedia > fortran
		One should, however, consider that the features of Fortran have been tuned to scientific and numerical work, and that many of its deficiencies have been addressed in more recent versions.
		For example, Fortran 95 has very short commands for performing mathematical operations on arrays which not only greatly improve program readability but also provide useful information to the compiler to enable it to vectorize operations.
		For these reasons, Fortran is not often used outside scientific and engineering numerical work, but remains the language of choice for high performance numerical computing.
	www.compilers.net /paedia/fortran/index.htm (972 words)

	A brief history of FORTRAN/Fortran
		FORTRAN III (1958) was never released to the public, it made it possible to use assembly language code right in the middle of FORTRAN code.
		Fortran 90 standard ------------------- A new standard has been designed and widely implemented in recent years.
		Fortran 90 added: Free format source code form (column independent) Modern control structures (CASE & DO WHILE) Records (structures) Array notation (array sections, array operators, etc.) Dynamic memory allocation Derived types and operator overloading Keyword argument passing, INTENT (in, out, inout) Numeric precision and range control Modules Fortran 95 standard -------------------.....................................................
	cs.anu.edu.au /students/comp3320/lectures/fortran.html (803 words)

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