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Topic: FORTRAN II programming language

	Programming Language - MSN Encarta
		Programming Language, in computer science, artificial language used to write a sequence of instructions (a computer program) that can be run by a computer.
		For instance, programming languages such as Fortran and COBOL were written to solve certain general types of programming problems—Fortran for scientific applications, and COBOL for business applications.
		Assembly languages are intermediate languages that are very close to machine language and do not have the level of linguistic sophistication exhibited by other high-level languages, but must still be translated into machine language.
	encarta.msn.com /encnet/refpages/RefArticle.aspx?refid=761575695 (589 words)

	Fortran - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The development of FORTRAN paralleled the early evolution of compiler technology; indeed many advances in the theory and design of compilers were specifically motivated by the need to generate efficient code for FORTRAN programs.
		FORTRAN IV was eventually released in 1962, first for the IBM 7030 ("Stretch") computer, followed by versions for the IBM 7090 and 7094.
		Fortran 95 provides concise statements for applying mathematical operations directly to entire arrays, which not only improves program readability but also assists the compiler in vectorizing operations.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Fortran (4733 words)

	Fortran programming language
		FORTRAN was developed in the 1950-s by a team of IBM programmers and released in 1957.
		FORTRAN knew an implicit typing, that means that variable names beginning with I, J, K, L, M, N were always integer and the rest were reals.
		The language knew an if-statement by using a goto-statement and using this, spagethi-programs were quickly developed.
	www.thocp.net /software/languages/fortran.htm (581 words)

	programming language. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		All computers operate by following machine language programs, a long sequence of instructions called machine code that is addressed to the hardware of the computer and is written in binary notation (see numeration), which uses only the digits 1 and 0.
		PL/1 [Programming Language 1], developed in the late 1960s by the IBM Corp., and ADA [for Ada Augusta, countess of Lovelace, biographer of Charles Babbage], developed in 1981 by the U.S. Dept. of Defense, are designed for both business and scientific use.
		With some languages, such as C or Pascal, the program is turned into a separate machine language program by a compiler, which functions much as an assembler does.
	www.bartleby.com /65/pr/progrlan.html (1032 words)

	The History of Computer Programming Languages
		Computer languages were first composed of a series of steps to wire a particular program; these morphed into a series of steps keyed into the computer and then executed; later these languages acquired advanced features such as logical branching and object orientation.
		The computer languages of the last fifty years have come in two stages, the first major languages and the second major languages, which are in use today.
		The first major languages were characterized by the simple fact that they were intended for one purpose and one purpose only, while the languages of today are differentiated by the way they are programmed in, as they can be used for almost any purpose.
	www.princeton.edu /~ferguson/adw/programming_languages.shtml (2072 words)

	Lisp programming language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Lisp is a family of computer programming languages with a long history and a distinctive fully-parenthesized syntax.
		Information Processing Language was the first AI language, from 1955 or 1956, and already included many of the concepts, such as list-processing and recursion, which came to be used in Lisp.
		Lisp was the first homoiconic programming language: the primary representation of program code is the same type of list structure that is also used for the main data structures.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Lisp_programming_language (5168 words)

	FORTRAN (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		FORTRAN is considered by many to be the first compiled language, but some people would debate this.
		FORTRAN II was released in spring of 1958 and introduced independent compilation of subroutines.
		FORTRAN IV was introduced in early 1962 and became the most widely used language in the scientific community until about 1978.
	www.cs.iastate.edu /~leavens/ComS541Fall97/hw-pages/history/fortran.html (252 words)

	Fortran Presentation - Charles W. Johnson
		Fortran is developed by a team of IBM programmers lead by John Backus.
		Fortran is the first HLL to be specified by a standards body.
		This version of the language is dubbed FORTRAN 66, although the finalized standard was not released until 1972.
	www.eskimo.com /~cwj2/kcollege/cs515/fortran (371 words)

	Introduction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Fortran 77 was very welcome in that it increased the capabilities of writing Fortran programs in a structured way, and that it standardized many of the extensions that different manufacturers had put into their implementations of Fortran.
		A very important requirement at the introduction of a new or revised programming language is nowadays that it should permit efficient compilation and execution, not only on conventional computers but preferably also on parallel and massively parallel systems.
		The Appendices 2 and 3 summarize Fortran 77 and the new facilities in Fortran 90, respectively.
	www.fis.unb.br /fortran90/intro.html (872 words)

	A brief history of FORTRAN/Fortran
		Fortran won the battle against Assembly language, the first in a series of battles to come, and was adopted by the scientific and military communities and used extensively in the Space Program and military projects.
		FORTRAN IV (1961) was a 'clean up' of FORTRAN II, improving things like the implementation of the COMMON and EQUIVALENCE statements, and eliminating some machine-dependant language irregularities.
		The next Fortran standard (fortran 90) was published too many years after Fortran 77 was out, allowing other programming languages to evolve and compete with Fortran.
	www.ibiblio.org /pub/languages/fortran/ch1-1.html (851 words)

	Fortran I
		I have heard that the inventors of Fortran did not initially expect the same language to be used on different types of computers, or to have multiple languages available for the same computer.
		Programs were flat: the language does not seem to have supported subroutines or nested expressions.
		It apparently proved useless and was dropped from the language in Fortran II.
	www.paulgraham.com /history.html (238 words)

	The history of programming
		This language is based on CPL (Combined Programming Language) and accumulates later the B- and C-languages.
		This language is based on the B-language, and is named C to honor the BCPL language.
		The language is later renamed to M and is still used widely in companies, in which many users accesses the information simultaneously, like in Banks, stock markets and travelling agencys.
	www.geocities.com /SiliconValley/Peaks/3938/history.htm (1282 words)

	The Pascal Programming Language
		This class stressed that the art of programming was not the learning of a programming language, but the thought process of taking real-life problems, finding a solution, translating that solution to an algorithm, and finally converting the algorithm into working code.
		This type of programming is tedious and error prone, as well as extremely difficult to understand and modify.
		Additionally, languages like COBOL were designed with over-elaborate definitions, weak data structures support, and a lack of flexibility, making programs tedious to code and difficult to enhance.
	pascal-central.com /ppl/index.html (1996 words)

	Fortran Tutorials (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Some course notes on the fundementals of Fortran developed at Michigan Technical University may be found at http://www.csl.mtu.edu/cs2911/www/ At the site, you can access the course notes, a short FAQ, some sample exams, and programming assignments.
		A tutorial on the transition from Fortran 77 to Fortran 90 by Bo Einarsson and Yuriy Shokin.
		Fortran 90 course material is available from the Manchester Computer Centre.
	www.fortran.com /tutorials.html (289 words)

	Language Reference - FORTRAN
		FORTRAN is usually credited, Knuth and Pardo in 1977 credit Alick E. Glennie for his Autocode compiler for the Manchester I computer in 1952.
		FORTRAN included many features that were specific to the IBM 704, the first computer on which it was implemented.
		For many years, FORTRAN dominated programming, and was described as the lingua franca, or common tongue, for computer programmers.
	www.isi.edu /~iko/pl/hw3_fortran.html (214 words)

	What is high-level language? - A Word Definition From the Webopedia Computer Dictionary
		A programming language such as C, FORTRAN, or Pascal that enables a programmer to write programs that are more or less independent of a particular type of computer.
		Such languages are considered high-level because they are closer to human languages and further from machine languages.
		Ultimately, programs written in a high-level language must be translated into machine language by a compiler or interpreter.
	www.webopedia.com /TERM/H/high_level_language.html (236 words)

	Computer History for 1960 - 1980
		The NASA rocket, the Mariner II, is equipped with a Motorola transmitter on it strip to Venus.
		The LOGO programming language is developed and is later known as "turtle graphics," a simplified interface useful for teaching children computers.
		Paul Allen and Bill Gates write the first computer language program for personal computers, which is a form of BASIC designed for the Altair.
	www.computerhope.com /history/196080.htm (963 words)

	Fortran Index
		Diagramming program for Fortran (including 90 and 95) programs.
		Interface Wizard automatically generates code for creating a Fortran DLL and interface code for using the DLL from Borland Delphi.
		Neglected FORTRAN (sic), a tutorial by Drew McCormack.
	www.fortran.com /fortran/fm_index.html (648 words)

	Kyoto Workshop, Einarsson paper
		The main program in Fortran is in the file "f2sam.f" and is conventional.
		The indices in C and Fortran have to be reversed.
		The main programming language of MasPar is MPL (DECmpp Programming Language or MasPar Programming Language).
	www.nsc.liu.se /~boein/ifip/kyoto/einarsson.html (2489 words)

	[No title]
		The Intel Fortran Compiler for Linux with Cluster OpenMP provides all the functionality of the Intel Fortran Compiler for Linux, plus a simple means of extending OpenMP parallelism to 64-bit Intel® architecture-based clusters.
		Data prefetching inserts prefetch instructions for selected data references at specific points in the program, so referenced data items are moved as close to the processor as possible (put in cache memory) before the data items are actually used.
		Intel Fortran Compiler 9.1 for Linux fully supports the Fortran 95 language standard, as well as the previous standards Fortran 90, Fortran 77 and Fortran IV.
	www.intel.com /cd/software/products/asmo-na/eng/compilers/flin/index.htm (2148 words)

	Selecting a Programming Language Made Easy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		With such a large selection of programming languages it can be difficult to choose one for a particular project.
		Reading the manuals to evaluate the languages is a time consuming process.
		So in order to assist those trying to choose a language, we have prepared a chart that matches programming languages with comparable automobiles.
	www.apocalypse.org /pub/u/zonker/fpp/html/programming-languages.html (468 words)

	PLNews: Programming Language News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		News, articles, announcements and information focusing on computer programming languages and their implementations.
		Paul McJones has announced that five ACM-copyrighted articles concerning FORTRAN are now available at the History of FORTRAN and FORTRAN II web site of the Computer History Museum.
		Included are articles such as "A Technological Review of the FORTRAN I Compiler", by F.E. Allen, and "The history of FORTRAN I, II and III", by John Backus.
	tacojuice.org /plnews/Languages/FORTRAN (206 words)

	FORmula TRANslator - FORTRAN
		Short for FORmula TRANslator, FORTRAN was one of the first programming languages.
		FORTRAN began being created in 1954 by members of the IBM team and is still used today.
		Were you able to locate the answer to your questions?
	www.computerhope.com /jargon/f/fortran.htm (61 words)

	Find in a Library: Introduction to Fortran II and Fortran IV programming
		Introduction to Fortran II and Fortran IV programming
		To find this item in a library, enter a postal code, state, province, or country in the field above.
		WorldCat is provided by OCLC Online Computer Library Center, Inc. on behalf of its member libraries.
	www.worldcatlibraries.org /wcpa/oclc/33473 (55 words)

	Basic Education (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The targeted result was achieved ahead of schedule while maintaining high in-stock availability.
		Algerian Program Offers Amnesty, but Not Answers About Past
		BLIDA, Algeria -- For nearly a decade, this city nestled at the foot of the Atlas Mountains anchored one corner of Algeria's "triangle of death," a killing field overrun by bomb throwers, throat-slitters and masked gunmen during an apocalyptic civil war that killed an estimated 200,000 people.
	basiceducation.info (378 words)

	www.news2mail.com Usenet via e-Mail
		Bulletin Board and QandA for x86 assembly language topics.
		ML languages including Standard ML, CAML, Lazy ML, etc. (Moderated)
		The M (MUMPS) language and technology, in general.
	www.news2mail.com /lists/groups.html (523 words)

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