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	Fabrizio Ruffo - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Fabrizio Ruffo (September 16, 1744 - December 13, 1827) was a Neapolitan cardinal and politician.
		Ruffo was born at San Lucido in Calabria.
		Ruffo went to Naples, where he was named administrator of the royal domain of Caserta, and received the abbey of S. Sophia in Benevento in commendam.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Fabrizio_Ruffo (632 words)

	[No title]
		RUFFO, FABRIZIO (1744-1827), Neapolitan cardinal and politician, was born at San Lucido in Calabria on the 16th of September 1744.
		Ruffo was placed by the pope among the chierici di camera—the clerks who formed the papal civil and financial service.
		Ruffo's own side of the question is stated in Memorie Storiche sulla vita del Cardinale Fabrizio Ruffo, by Domenico Sacchinelli (Naples, 1836).
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /correction/edit?content_id=57818&locale=en (542 words)

	Parthenopaean Republic
		Meanwhile the court at Palermo sent Cardinal Fabrizio Ruffo[?], a wealthy and influential prelate, to Calabria to organize a counter-revolution.
		Ruffo, with the addition of some Russian and Turkish allies, now marched on the capital, whence the French, except for a small force under Méjean[?], withdrew.
		Ruffo indignantly declared that once the treaty was signed, not only by himself but by the Russian and Turkish commandants and by the British captain Foote, it must be respected, and on Nelson’s refusal he said that he would not help him to capture the castles.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/pa/Parthenopaean_Republic.html (776 words)

	Parthenopaean Republic - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Ruffo, joined by the Russian and Turkish ships under command of Admiral Ushakov, now marched on the capital, whence the French, except for a small force under Méjean, withdrew.
		On 13 June 1799 Ruffo and his troops reached Naples, and after a desperate battle at the Ponte della Maddalena, entered the city.
		After some negotiation the parties concluded an armistice and agreed on capitulation (onorevole capitolazione), whereby the castles were to be evacuated, the hostages liberated and the garrisons free to remain in Naples unmolested or to sail for Toulon.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Parthenopaean_Republic (1042 words)

	Science Fair Projects - Fabrizio Ruffo
		Fabrizio Ruffo (September 16, 1744 - December 13, 1827) Neapolitan cardinal and politician, was born at San Lucido in Calabria.
		Backed up by the Russian fleet of Admiral Ushakov, Ruffo had no difficulty in upsetting the republican government established by the French, and by June had advanced to Naples.
		Ruffo's own side of the question is stated in Memorie Storiche sulla vita dei Cardinale Fabrizio Ruffo, by Domenico Sacchinelli (Naples,, 1836).
	www.all-science-fair-projects.com /science_fair_projects_encyclopedia/Fabrizio_Ruffo (671 words)

	Ruffo Fabrizio: Free Encyclopedia Articles at Questia.com Online Library
		In the reaction under Cardinal Ruffo, he was to bear the full brunt and force...was added the skill of the appeal of Ruffo, who knew, far better than did the deluded...
		RUFFO, FABRIZIO fabre tseo roof fo, 1744 1827, Neapolitan general, cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church.
		During his absence on one occasion, the royalist commander, Fabrizio Ruffo, made a generous peace with the Neapolitan republicans.
	www.questia.com /library/encyclopedia/ruffo_fabrizio.jsp (510 words)

	La San-Felice et Emma Lyonna
		Cardinal Ruffo, however, is appointed Viceroy, and returns to Cortone, on the toe of the Italian boot, and raises a rag-tag royalist army composed of feudal retainers, brigands, and wannabe looters.
		By June 1799, Cardinal Ruffo is at the gates of Naples, and is joined by military contingents from Russia, Austria, and Turkey, allied against France.
		In Dumas' account, the courageous, competent, and honorable men on both sides, such as General Championnet, Cardinal Ruffo, and Admiral Caricciolo, fighting either for their country envisaged in the person of the King, or for their country envisioned as "the people" wind up persecuted or dead, while the inept, corrupt, and criminal survive and prosper.
	www.cadytech.com /dumas/work.php?key=125 (1708 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for Ruffo, (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Ruffo, Fabrizio RUFFO, FABRIZIO [Ruffo, Fabrizio], 1744-1827, Neapolitan general, cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church.
		He entered the service of the king of Naples in 1798 and with Cardinal Ruffo resisted the French invasion (1799) of the kingdom.
		Ruffo llama a enfrentar la nueva situaciÃ³n polÃtica y 'construir un PAN para los mexicanos y no un PAN para los panistas'.
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=Ruffo, (509 words)

	RUFFO, FABRIZIO (1744-... - Online Information article about RUFFO, FABRIZIO (1744-...
		Ruffo was placed by the pope among the chierici di See also:
		Ruffo's biographer, Sachinelli, says that he incurred hostility by restricting the feudal See also:
		sulla vita del Cardinale Fabrizio Ruffo, by Domenico Sacchinelli (Naples, 1836).
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /RON_SAC/RUFFO_FABRIZIO_1744_1827_.html (660 words)

	Remain Calm
		In 1799 he same thing had happened in Naples, whose liberals, supported by the French, were massacred by the very peasants and plebeians they wanted to emancipate, mustered into a militia of the "Holy Faith" by Cardinal Fabrizio Ruffo (the scon, coincidentally, of Calabria's most powerful landowning family).
		Ruffo easily persuaded his followers that all promises of merely material betterment were irrelevant, because the real aim of the French and the liberals was to destroy the Catholic relgion in the service of Satan.
		Spain's clergy repeated Ruffo's ploy, and their illiterate followers could not know that the very first clause in Joseph's draft constitution had declared the Roman Apostolic Catholic Church the only one allowed in Spain.
	satp.blogspot.com /2005_01_29_satp_archive.html (557 words)

	cronox (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Bishop Fabrizio Ruffo, with a group of soldiers, faithful to the King, disembarks at Reggio Calabria.
		Bishop Fabrizio Ruffo appoints himself as the new Pope (Pio VI is exilied in Tuscan) and the "Sanfedisti" are accepted by the people as defenders of the faith and as liberators.
		The republican government of Naples is at the mercy of the "Sanfedisti" and the fleet led by Admiral Nelson.
	www.tightrope.it /napoli1799/Inglese/crono3.html (1275 words)

	The Italians : Three Centuries of Italian Art \| Double portrait \| (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Traditional literature, on the other hand, placed it in the collection of Cardinal Ludovico Ludovisi (1595–1632), which was dispersed in 1660 by his brother Niccolò, the Prince of Piombino, in whose inventory of 1633 it appeared as a work by Castelfranco’s maestro.
		In 1734, it was in Ferrara, in the collection of Cardinal Tommaso Ruffo, where it was attributed to Dosso Dossi.
		Following the donation by Prince Fabrizio Ruffo di Motta Bagnara in 1919, the work entered the Museo del Palazzo di Venezia.
	www.theitalians.com.au /theitalians/Detail.cfm?IRN=161146&ViewID=2 (158 words)

	Trafalgar Day - Nelson: a counterrevolutionary adventurer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The king sent Cardinal Fabrizio Ruffo, a wealthy and influential prelate, to Calabria to organize the "Christian army of the Holy Faith" (Esercito Cristiano della Santa Fede).
		Ruffo’s rag-tag army indiscriminately began to slaughter those thought to be French sympathisers.
		Ruffo was desperate to come to terms with the Republicans for the evacuation of the castles, although the queen had issued express orders that no terms be offered to the rebels.
	www.marxist.com /trafalgar-nelson-adventurer211005.htm (7000 words)

	Famiglie storiche - paf127 - Generated by Personal Ancestral File (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		MARGHERITA ENRICHETTA SANSEVERINO CONTESSA MARSICO was born in 1300.
		TOMMASO DOMENICO RUFFO DUC.BAGNARA-PRIO was born in 1750.
		BENEDETTO CAETANI PAPA BONIFACIO 8 was born in 1235 in ANAGNI.
	xoomer.alice.it /ulamagni/fmglstoriche/pafg127.htm (62 words)

	Ruffo, Fabrizio - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		RUFFO, FABRIZIO [Ruffo, Fabrizio], 1744-1827, Neapolitan general, cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church.
		In the French Revolutionary Wars he led the royal Neapolitan army against the Parthenopean Republic, set up at Naples under French protection.
		Find newspaper and magazine articles plus images and maps related to "Ruffo, Fabrizio" at HighBeam.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-ruffo-f1a.html (218 words)

	AllRefer.com - Parthenopean Republic (Italian History) - Encyclopedia
		In February, Cardinal Ruffo, at the head of royalist troops, landed in Calabria and attempted to oust the French.
		Military reverses in N Italy prompted the evacuation by the French of Naples in May, and in June the republic fell.
		Admiral Horatio Nelson, whose role in the victory was crucial, ignored Cardinal Ruffo's generous convention with the surrendering revolutionists and started the brutal reprisals that were continued by the restored king.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/P/ParthRep.html (275 words)

	Around Naples Encyclopedia 23
		Cardinal Fabrizio Ruffo (1744—1827) (photo, below) figures prominently in the history surrounding the short-lived Neapolitan (or Parthenopean) Republic of 1799; he was the one who formed and led the loyalist Army of the Holy Faith in its campaign to retake the kingdom of Naples from the forces of the Revolution.
		Ruffo became a member of the papal civil and financial service and was created a cardinal in 1791, though he had never been a priest.
		Clemency was not to be, and Ruffo was then genuinely outraged when his guarantee was violated by the King of Naples, Ferdinand (certainly at the behest of Queen Caroline), who had the refugees removed from ships in the harbor, returned to prison, and put on trial.
	faculty.ed.umuc.edu /~jmatthew/naples/blog23.htm (12805 words)

	Famiglie storiche - pafg34 - Generated by Personal Ancestral File
		BORIS III ZAR BULGARIA was born in 1900.
		LITTERIO RUFFO DUCA BARANELLO was born in 1700.
		FABRIZIO RUFFO BAGNARA-CARDINAL was born on 16 Sep 1744 in CASTELLO, S.LUCIDO, CALABRIA.
	xoomer.virgilio.it /ulamagni/fmglstoriche/pafg34.htm (244 words)

	Royal House of Bourbon Two Sicilies - History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		In fact, popular discontent was everywhere, and feelings of loyalty to the dynasty were expressed everywhere and everyday became more “threatening”.
		Ruffo felt satisfied with what he had been given, since he was sure that the population of the continental kingdom would follow him.
		Ruffo, aware that Nelson would massacre them all, offered them to escape via land; but they thought to better trust a Protestant than a Catholic and surrendered to the British Admiral, who hanged 99 of them with the approval of Maria Carolina more than of Ferdinand.
	www.realcasadiborbone.it /uk/archiviostorico/cs_051.htm (545 words)

	thePeerage.com - Maria Elisabetta Vaciago and others
		She married Principe Don Fabrizio Ruffo di Calabria on 5 October 1953 in Turin.
		She and Principe Don Fabrizio Ruffo di Calabria were divorced on 7 March 1988 in Turin.
		She married Principe Don Fabrizio Ruffo di Calabria on 6 September 1991 in Baschi.
	www.thepeerage.com /p17917.htm (849 words)

	Vigorito Genealogy History - References
		On the withdrawal of the French troop King Ferdinand asked Cardinal Fabrizio Ruffo to recover Naples.
		Ruffo's army ("Army of the Holy Faith") consisted of Russians, Turks, and English as well as bands of peasants and brigands.
		By the time Ruffo's army reached Naples it was 40,000 men strong.
	pirate.shu.edu /~vigorimi/genealogy/sec_millen2000_AD.html (2300 words)

	VITAL SIGNS: HISTORY -- The Italian Counterrevolution by Alberto Carosa (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The confrontation between the two sides reached its peak in early 1999, when the San Carlo Opera House in Naples opened its season with Eleonora, an opera starring Vanessa Redgrave as the main female protagonist of the 1799 French-backed revolution in Naples against the Bourbons.
		Cardinal Ruffo’s victory remains one of the most significant events in the series of popular uprisings against the French invaders and their Italian accomplices.
		They contend that Cardinal Ruffo pledged to save the lives of those revolutionaries who had surrendered, but Lord Nelson disavowed the prelate’s pledge and hanged them all.
	www.chroniclesmagazine.org /Chronicles/October2000/1000Carosa.htm (874 words)

	AllRefer.com - Fabrizio Ruffo (Italian History, Biography) - Encyclopedia
		AllRefer.com - Fabrizio Ruffo (Italian History, Biography) - Encyclopedia
		You are here : AllRefer.com > Reference > Encyclopedia > Italian History, Biographies > Fabrizio Ruffo
		Fabrizio Ruffo[fAbrE´tsEO rOOf´fO] Pronunciation Key, 1744–1827, Neapolitan general, cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/R/Ruffo-Fa.html (221 words)

	The National Archives \| Research, education & online exhibitions \| Exhibitions \| Nelson, Trafalgar, and those who ...
		Cardinal Fabrizio Ruffo, with the King’s permission, led an army of 20,000 against the French occupation.
		On arriving there, Ruffo’s rag-tag army were found to have indiscriminately killed those thought to be French sympathisers.
		Moreover, Ruffo had negotiated a surrender of French troops and any Neapolitan rebels on condition they be given safe passage home.
	www.nationalarchives.gov.uk /nelson/gallery5/hamiltons.htm (893 words)

	The Bourbons: Prelude to the Italy-to- USA Avventura
		After the notorious Cardinal Fabrizio Ruffo had succeeded in rousing the Southern Italians to overthrow the hapless Parthenopean Republic, Ruffo agreed that the leaders of the Republic would be allowed to leave Italy.
		Perhaps the execution of Admiral Francesco Caracciolo can be cited as the most infamous act of revenge that followed the abrogation of Ruffo's treaty.
		The Admiral, who had participated in evacuating the royal family from Naples at the beginning of the revolution, was captured and, at the orders of the queen, was dragged onto Nelson's flagship, at 9:00 AM on the morning of his capture.
	www.sersale.org /mancuso/borbhist.html (6328 words)

	[No title]
		The three years 1796 — 1799 are known as the triennio, years which seemed to anticipate the risorgimento, a term coined by an Italian dramatist (Alfieri) who prophesied a political and cultural ‘resurgence’ of Italy.
		In 1798 a republic was established in Naples (the Parthenopean Republic), but the radicals were massacred by a peasant army led by Cardinal Fabrizio Ruffo and the Borbons returned.
		In 1799 it was suggested to Napoleon by the Assembly that the Cisalpine Republic should be renamed Italy.
	www.rosmini.org /docs/Background.doc (3863 words)

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