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Topic: Fall of Byzantium

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	Byzantium
		In the second post we explained the reason of the fall and we noticed that it was a political fall, that Byzantium as a culture is still alive, and that today, in the secularization of the Orthodox peoples, Byzantium suffers its final, spiritual, fall.
		A question was left open, which of the Orthodox nations bears the greatest responsibility for the current spiritual fall of Byzantium, which means also, which of the Orthodox nations has the greatest responsibility to help all the Orthodox nations avoid their spiritual annulment.
		The Fall of Byzantium, I - The Identity of Byzantium
	www.ellopos.com /blog/?tag=byzantium (1021 words)

	The Idler, A Web Periodical, 9-27
		When not at war with Byzantium, they were often used by this contemporary superpower (Byzantium) to further its geopolitical goals against its enemies - very much as the Afghan Mujaheedin or the Albanian KLA collaborated with the USA and its sidekick, the EU, during the last two decades of the twentieth century.
		Byzantium, high handed and conceited, was left to fight the Islamic terrorism on its borders all by itself.
		In 1354, Ottoman mercenaries occupied and fortified the earthquake shattered Gallipoli.
	www.the-idler.com /IDLER-01/9-27.html (1566 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: The Byzantine Empire
		After the fall of Irene, the Iconoclasts again gained the upper hand, and the brief reign of Michael I, who supplanted his brother-in-law Stauracius (811), was powerless to change this.
		His rise and the fall of the Patriarch Ignatius were connected with a shabby court intrigue, the Patriarch Ignatius having ventured to oppose the all-powerful Bardas during the reign of Michael III (842-67).
		Byzantium also reaped great advantage from the establishment of the principalities of the crusaders in Syria.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/03096a.htm (16908 words)

	Byzantium - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Byzantium, present day Istanbul, was an ancient Greek city-state, which according to legend was founded by Greek colonists from Megara in 667 BC and named after their king Byzas or Byzantas (Βύζας or Βύζαντας in Greek).
		In 670 BC, the citizens of Byzantium claimed the crescent moon as their state symbol, after a battle whose victory they attributed to Artemis, the Greek goddess of the hunt.
		To date the official flag of the Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem is a lavarum of white, with a church building with two towers, and on either side of the arms, at the top, are the outline in fl of a crescent moon facing center, and a star/stars with rays.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Byzantium (783 words)

	Royalty.nu - Eastern Roman Empire - The Byzantine Empire - Emperors of Byzantium
		Byzantium: The Decline and Fall by John Julius Norwich.
		The Palaiologos dynasty and the decline of Byzantium.
		The Fall of Constantinople 1453 by Steven Runciman.
	www.royalty.nu /history/empires/Byzantine/index.html (2147 words)

	Fall of Constantinople - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Fall of Constantinople was the conquest of the Byzantine capital by the Ottoman Empire under the command of Sultan Mehmed II, on Tuesday, May 29, 1453.
		Long before the fall of Constantinople, Demetrius had fought for the throne with Thomas, Constantine, and their other brothers John and Theodore.
		Scholars consider the Fall of Constantinople as a key event ending the Middle Ages and starting the Renaissance because of the end of the old religious order in Europe and the use of cannon and gunpowder.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople (2950 words)

	Explore Byzantium: Timeline: Decline and Fall (13th to 15th Centuries) (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Byzantium’s position is exacerbated by a protracted civil war, fought out between aristocratic factions and partisans of the Palaiologos family.
		Shorn of virtually all of its territory Byzantium is a virtual dependency of the Ottoman Turks, who now surround Constantinople from Europe and Asia.
		The aftermath of the City's fall is rivalled only by that of the Fourth Crusade.
	byzantium.seashell.net.nz /articlemain.php?artid=time_last (886 words)

	Byzantium!!!
		From this date, indeed, the dark reigned for the true history of the old Empire (and its particular inhabitants), the one that was considered during the following centuries by the Occident as an example of decay and corruption.
		It is for this reason that the history of Byzantium is the story of the competition between the Byzantine emperors and the Roman Papacy, until the definitive break of 1054.
		I hope that those who read it will realize that the story of Byzantium is as interesting as that of Rome, and that Byzantine civilization was the most advanced of the Middle Ages, at a moment when the West was but a shadow lost in ignorance.
	www.imperiobizantino.com /byzantium.htm (958 words)

	Fall of Constantinople : Fall of Byzantium
		The Fall of Constantinople was the conquest of that Greek city by the Turks under the command of Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II, on Tuesday, May 29, 1453.
		Mehmed had a castle built outside the walls of Constantinople on the European side of the Bosporus, which would act as a base for the final assault on the city (this castle was called Rumeli Hisar, the "castle of Rome").
		Some scholars consider that the Middle Ages ended at the time of the Fall of Constantinople.
	www.mik.fastload.org /fa/Fall_of_Byzantium.html (886 words)

	Byzantium (ca. 330-1453) \| Special Topics Page \| Timeline of Art History \| The Metropolitan Museum of Art (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The state ruled from that city would come to be called Byzantium, although the citizens described themselves as Rhomaioi rather than Byzantines, as they considered themselves the inheritors of the ancient
		Byzantium's educated elite used Roman law and Greek and Roman culture to maintain a highly organized government centered on its great cities.
		Long after its fall, Byzantium set a standard for luxury, beauty, and learning that inspired both the Latin West and the
	www.metmuseum.org /toah/hd/byza/hd_byza.htm (567 words)

	Fall of Byzantium
		There were still two independant Byzantine shards, pieces created when the Crusaders had shattered the Byzantine punchbowl: the Despotate of the Morea, controlling the southern part of Greece, and the "Empire" of Trebizond on the south coast of the Black Sea.
		In 1400 or 1401 he had already started a siege of the city of Byzantium when they were saved -- somebody else was invading Bayezid's domain in the East.
		When they turned their attention to Byzantium in 1453, nobody was there to save it.
	merryrose.atlantia.sca.org /archive/1998-12dec/msg00141.html (729 words)

	The Fall of Constantinople 1453 - Cambridge University Press
		This classic account shows how the fall of Constantinople in May 1453, after a siege of several weeks, came as a bitter shock to Western Christendom.
		To the Greeks, the conquest meant the end of the civilisation of Byzantium, and led to the exodus of scholars stimulating the tremendous expansion of Greek studies in the European Renaissance.
		The survivors; Appendix I. Principal sources for a history of the fall of Constantinople; Appendix II.
	www.cambridge.org /catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521398320 (195 words)

	onassis (Site not responding. Last check: )
		From Byzantium to Modern Greece explores the spiritual and artistic legacy of the Orthodox Church, the importance of home and decorative arts, the adornment of women, the depictions of Greece by foreign travelers, the Greek Enlightenment, and the Greek War of Independence that led to the founding of the modern Greek state.
		The Orthodox Church-which, after the fall of the Byzantine Empire, had served as Greece's main social, cultural, and political institution, and had formalized guidelines for artistic production-was the only organization to retain broad cultural significance.
		From Byzantium to Modern Greece was curated by Professor Angelos Delivorrias, who has been serving as Director of the Benaki Museum since 1973; since his arrival, the museum has increased its holdings, reorganized its collection, and renovated and expanded its suite of buildings.
	www.onassisusa.org /onassis.art.from_byzantium_to_modern_greece.shtml (1105 words)

	Byzantine Decline and Fall - Turkish Daily News Oct 11, 1996
		The history of Byzantium in its last century and a half is a tale of misery and humiliation, and Norwich needs all of his verve and skill to prevent it from becoming merely depressing and repetitious.
		It is this valedictory brilliance that makes the fall of Byzantium genuinely tragic, rather than a mere foregone conclusion.
		Byzantium: The Decline and Fall, by John Julius Norwich, is published in paperback by Viking Press.
	www.turkishdailynews.com.tr /archives.php?id=1199 (1461 words)

	February 2008 Byzantium, Volume XVI - Official publication of the United Grand Imperial Council of the Red Cross of ...
		The Byzantium is the official publication of the United Grand Imperial Council of the Red Cross of Constantine and Appendant Orders for the United States of America, Mexico and the Philippines.
		It is published twice yearly, in the spring and in the early autumn.
		If you have something you’d like to have in an issue, and you are going to be close to the deadline (or a few days after the deadline) please contact the editor well prior to the deadline to arrange for a late submission.
	redcrossconstantine.org /RCC_pages/RCC_byzantium.html (333 words)

	12 Byzantine Rulers: The History of The Byzantine Empire - Anders.com
		The Emperor Diocletian was to erase civil war within Byzantium for the next thousand years but walked away from it all to become a cabbage farmer.
		There was no trace of the heroic about him, no charisma or sparkling personality, and yet he was to emerge as the greatest emperor of his dynasty- bending the army, the empire, and foreign princes alike to the force of his will.
		Gibbon's Decline and Fall has often been heralded as the "most significant history ever written in the English language", and there is an elegance and scope to him that is immensely rewarding.
	www.anders.com /lectures/lars_brownworth/12_byzantine_rulers (3171 words)

	Ensemble brings its acclaimed 'Music of Byzantium' to town
		The program, "Music of Byzantium: Fall of Constantinople," is one of its most acclaimed.
		There are two laments, both on the fall Constantinople by Manuel Chrysaphes, a singer in the chapel of the final Byzantine royal court, and Guillaume Dufay, a 15th-century French composer.
		The concept of "Music of Byzantium" began in 1997 with a program titled "Latins in the Levant," which dealt with the Greek East after the Crusades, said the group's executive director, Mark Powell.
	seattlepi.nwsource.com /classical/213455_clas25.html (701 words)

	Why Angels Fall - European Travel Books
		Having worked for six years as a journalist in Romania, the former Yugoslavia, and Russia, Clark was fascinated by the Eastern Orthodox churches and keen to unravel their histories and beliefs.
		All of which makes it all the more frustrating that 'Why Angels Fall' is otherwise a well-written, entertaining book, which does have some genuine insights into what makes Orthodox Europe different from Catholic/Protestant Europe.
		I believe that this "Angels Fall" book is also Fiction based on some experiences but falsified in order to prove her hatred to have some basis...
	www.european-travel-books.com /ireland/0330487884 (1201 words)

	BTC News » Byzantium, Iraq, Vietnam and Yeats: Things fall apart (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In other words, during the course of Vietnam the national character mutated from a self-sacrificing one to a hedonist one, and that mutation accounted for the loss of Vietnam (as if it were ours to lose).
		The subtitle of the Pappas article is “from Byzantium to Vietnam.” He ascribes the survival of the Byzantine regime, which he says lived on long after its citizenry lost touch with the virtues that had made it great, to a culture within the military that essentially opposed that of empire at large.
		Firesign Theater's sophomore effort was released in 1969 at the height of the last monstrously stupid US war, and features the first recorded comedy routine known to incorporate Zeno’s Paradox.
	www.btcnews.com /btcnews/742 (2307 words)

	Wikinfo \| Istanbul (Site not responding. Last check: )
		After the Fall of Byzantium (1453) it became part of and soon capital of the Ottoman Empire.
		The old city is mainly located on the Bosporus strait, which separates Europe from Asia and the Black Sea from the Marmara Sea.
		Although Istanbul is no longer the capital of Turkey, it is still the major city in Turkey's industry, commerce and culture and the most important import and export center.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Istanbul (226 words)

	Byzantine chronology -- 15th century
		The fall of Constantinople was a shock to Western Christendom.
		The Ottoman Empire from the fall of Byzantium (1453) to the failed seige of Vienna (1683) was at the hight of its power and a major threat to Christian Europe.
		After the fall of Byzantium, Venice, the Hapsburgs, and other European powers had to face the full force of Ottoman military power.
	histclo.com /chron/ancient/byz/chron/byzc15.html (2853 words)

	Resource: The Western Tradition
		From Constantinople, the Byzantine Empire carried on the traditions of Greece and Rome.
		Nearly a thousand years after Rome's fall, Constantinople was conquered by the forces of Islam.
		Barbarian kingdoms took possession of the fragments of the Roman Empire.
	www.learner.org /resources/series58.html (827 words)

	Feb 04 - Article - A-level - and the fall of Byzantium - Jonathan Bayes (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Constantine reckoned that it would be much easier to displace the pagan past at Byzantium than had proved to be the case at Rome.
		The explanation of this paradox is that the victory of the Turks prompted a mass exodus of scholars from Constantinople.
		The atmosphere in Byzantium was increasingly one of foreboding during those years, as the Islamic powers gradually gained strength.
	www.evangelical-times.org /articles/feb04/feb04a02.htm (1433 words)

	Onassis Cultural Center To Present Four Centuries of Hellenic Art
		:"From Byzantium to Modern Greece: Hellenic Art in Adversity, 1453-1830" an exhibition of treasures from the Benaki Museum, opens at the Onassis Cultural Center on December 15, and will examine the evolution of Hellenic art and culture during four centuries of tumultuous change under Venetian and Ottoman occupation.
		Beginning in the Fifteenth Century, the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Venice battled for control of the Greek islands and coastal territories, a struggle that culminated in the partial destruction of the Parthenon in 1687.
		The Orthodox Church - which, after the fall of the Byzantine Empire, had served as Greece's main social, cultural and political institution, and had formalized guidelines for artistic production - was the only organization to retain broad cultural significance.
	antiquesandthearts.com /TT-2005-11-29-11-43-05p1 (775 words)

	FT August/September 2001: The Burdens of History (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Why Angels Fall, a mixture of travelogue and theological/religious commentary on the history and culture of Orthodox Europe by a secular citizen of the European Union, is an extremely readable and informative work.
		Beginning well before the fall of Byzantium, the Eastern branch of Christianity was exposed to an expansionist Muslim power in the form of the Ottoman Empire.
		Virtually all of Europe’s Orthodox Christians, save for those of the Russian imperial lands, became part of the “Rum millet,” the subject Christian community of “Turkey in Europe.” These were not circumstances that encouraged theological speculation, the cultivation of debate and polemic.
	www.firstthings.com /ftissues/ft0108/reviews/connor.html (1067 words)

	Paul Halsall/Fordham University: Internet History Sourcebooks Project
		A website created for Fall 1999 and later for a lecture course taught at the University of North Florida.
		This course parallels a typical undergradiuate survey course, but with a reading load directed at graduate students who will be teaching such courses.
		A website created for a 4000 level research course taught Fall 2000 and later at the University of North Florida.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall (1240 words)

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