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	PlanetPapers - Fall of Constantinople
		By 350 A.D., Constantinople was one of the world’s greatest capitals.
		Constantinople was defended successfully, but the empire suffered heavy losses and continued to loose land.
		Constantinople’s sea defense was cut by warships and gunpowder helped break through the heavily fortified city.
	www.planetpapers.com /Assets/3755.php (853 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Constantinople
		Constantinople had, therefore, to sustain numberless sieges; it was attacked in 378 by the Goths, by the Avars and Persians during the reign of Heraclius (610-41), by the Arabs during the reign of Constantine Pogonatus (668-85), and again by the Arabs under Moslemeh in 717; many times also by Bulgarians, Patzinaks, Russians, and Khazars.
		The first period of the schism was coeval, especially at Constantinople, with a remarkable literary revival, inaugurated as early as the tenth century by the Macedonian dynasty and carried to its perfection under the Comneni and the Palæologi.
		Of course, after the fall of the Latin or Frankish Empire in 1261, the Latin patriarch could not deal directly with the Catholics of Constantinople; they were committed to the care of patriarchal vicars, simple priests chosen usually among the superiors of religious orders resident in the city, Observantine or Conventual Franciscans, and Dominicans.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/04301a.htm (7386 words)

	Wikinfo \| Fall of Constantinople
		The Fall of Constantinople was the conquest of that Greek city by the Turks under the command of Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II, on Tuesday, May 29, 1453.
		Mehmed had a castle built outside the walls of Constantinople on the European side of the Bosporus, which would act as a base for the final assault on the city (this castle was called Rumeli Hisar, the "castle of Rome").
		Mehmed was nicknamed "the Conqueror," and Constantinople, renamed Istanbul, became the new capital of the Ottoman Empire.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Fall_of_Constantinople (977 words)

	Fall of Constantinople - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In 1453 the "empire" consisted of little more than the city of Constantinople itself and a portion of the Peloponnese (centered on the fortress of Mystras); the Empire of Trebizond, a completely independent successor state formed in the aftermath of the Fourth Crusade also survived on the coast of the Black Sea.
		Constantinople became the new capital of the Ottoman Empire.
		Long before the fall of Constantinople, Demetrius had fought for the throne with Thomas, Constantine, and their other brothers John and Theodore.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople (2579 words)

	Ø Wilson's Almanac free daily ezine \| The Fall of Constantinople \| Constantinople Istanbul Turkey volcano ...
		On a Tuesday, Constantinople (now Istanbul) fell to the Turks, or, as it is said in the Muslim world, Constantinople was liberated, after a siege, ending the Byzantine Empire.
		Yet the antagonists of the siege of Constantinople had the minds of the Middle Ages era, and the effect of ‘ominous’ heavenly wonders probably affected the outcome.
		The Fall of Constantinople 1453 by Steven Runciman
	www.wilsonsalmanac.com /constantinople.html (1340 words)

	Fall of Constantinople, 1453 (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.netlab.uky.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Given the availability of troops and the critical sections of the walls, Giustiniani, with most of his men, as well as the Emperor and his best troops, took position in the Military St Romanus's Gate sector, where heavy damage was expected to be inflicted by the canon and the main Ottoman assault to be launched.
		The Venetian Bailo (the Head of the Venetian Community at Constantinople) Girolamo Minotto and his countrymen were charged with the defence of the region of Blachernae, where the Imperial Palace was located.
		Selected Bibliography The present narrative describing the siege and fall of Constantinople, in 1453, is based entirely on accounts written by eyewitnesses (people who were in the city during the events) as well as on modern international scholarship.
	www.greece.org.cob-web.org:8888 /Romiosini/fall.html (5206 words)

	The Fall of Constantinople in 1453 (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.netlab.uky.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The Fall of Constantinople in 1453 and the conquest of the Turks
		One of the major explanations for the fall of Constantinople in the fatal 1453 is viewing it from the angle of the political consequences of the Latin Conquest and fall of the city in 1204.
		Another significant factor that contributed to the downfall of Constantinople was the incapabilty of the church to acceptt a union with the West.
	www.geocities.com.cob-web.org:8888 /Paris/5972/Constantinople.html (3609 words)

	Constantine Palaeologus the last Hellene emperor
		In 1442 Turks under Murad, sieged Constantinople which was defended by emperor John VIII Palaeologos, while Constantine fought Turks in island of Limnos.
		Constantinople was defended only from 10000 soldiers (3000 of them were Europeans mostly Italians).
		On Friday, 20 April, in the morning, appeared in the sea of Marmara, near Constantinople, five large vessels loaded with provisions for the city.
	members.fortunecity.com /fstav1/emperors/conpaleo.html (4518 words)

	The Fourth Crusade and the Fall of Constantinople
		The Fourth Crusade and the Fall of Constantinople
		Constantinople was the greatest city of Christendom in the Middle Ages.
		Constantinople fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453, but the Byzantine Empire’s ruin was accomplished two and a half centuries earlier at the hands of fellow Christians.
	www.geocities.com /egfrothos/FourthCrusade.html (2526 words)

	Fall of Constantinople
		Constantinople, or Byzantium (today Istanbul), was dedicated by Constantine the Great as his capital in 330 AD and functioned as the glorious center of the Byzantine Empire (the eastern portion of the Roman Empire) for centuries thereafter.
		THE grief and terror of Europe when the fall of Constantinople became known revived, or seemed to revive, the old enthusiasm of the crusades.
		V had originally gathered his forces to take part in a crusade against the fall of Constantinople in 1453, but finding that no-one else was supporting the crusade, he decided to attack a more local target.
	www.u-s-history.com /pages/h1046.html (590 words)

	Pavle of Serbia : 550 years since the Fall of Constantinople
		Constantinople is perhaps the only city in the world for which it suffices to say - The City, and it is known of which one speaks.
		Constantinople was the First City and the world capital, which from its very inception was a Christian city.
		REMEMBERING, therefore, the Fall of Constantinople, we venerate the wounds of the Crucified Lord and confirm ourselves in the power of His Resurrection, witnessing before all peoples Him as the Stone, which the builders rejected and reject, and He has become the "Cornerstone, and this is marvelous in our eyes".
	www.ellopos.net /elpenor/greek-texts/fathers/pavle-constantinople.asp (561 words)

	Constantinople - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Constantinople (Greek: Κωνσταντινούπολη, Konstantinoúpoli, or Πόλη, Póli) was the capital of the Roman Empire between 330 and 395, the Byzantine Empire between 395 and 1453, and the Ottoman Empire between 1453 and 1923.
		Constantinople was besieged twice by the Arabs, once in a long blockade between 674 and 678, and once again in 717.
		Constantinople was one of the largest and richest urban centres in the Eastern Mediterranean during the late Roman Empire, mostly due to its strategic position commanding the trade routes between the Aegean and the Black Sea.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Constantinople (4313 words)

	Fall of Constantinople - OrthodoxWiki (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The Fall of Constantinople was the conquest of that Greek city by the Ottoman Empire under the command of Sultan Mehmet II, on Tuesday, May 29, 1453.
		The closing of the small mosques within Constantinople by Constantine XI and the pressures on Greek Muslims to convert back to Christianity formed the pretext for Mehmet to declare war.
		Hagia Sophia was converted into a mosque, although the Church of Constantinople remained intact, and Gennadius Scholarius was appointed Patriarch of Constantinople.
	orthodoxwiki.org /Fall_of_Constantinople (1404 words)

	KWR Book Review -The Fall of Constantinople
		The fall of Constantinople in 1453 is an event that continues to intrigue.
		It was, after all, a climax to one of the earlier clashes of civilizations, this time between the rising power of the Ottoman Turks, led by a youthful and ruthless leader and the spent power of the Byzantine Empire, confined to the city limited and a few holdings in the Aegean and mainland Greece.
		The significance of Constantinople in 1453 is captured by Shiono early in her tale: "It is not unusual, in the annals of history, for the fall of a city to be bound up with the destruction of a nation.
	kwrintl.com /library/2006/book2.html (496 words)

	Let's Sue Them All!!
		Your map may be of Constantinople and your battle strategy, or of the takeover of the entire empire.
		Has wonderful maps of the Byzantine World and the city of Constantinople before the takeover with a key to buildings and a great summary of how life was lived in the city which was different from the West.
		While in the west, trial was by ordeal, Constantinople had the foundation of Roman law which is part of the laws of the continent of Europe today.
	score.rims.k12.ca.us /score_lessons/lets_sue (3978 words)

	Donald M. Nicol - The Fall of Constantinople (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Pope Nicholas, acting Î¿n his order of priorities, appointed a legate to sail to Constantinople in Îay of that year to confirm and to celebrate the union of the churches in a ceremony in the cathedral of St Sophia.
		His manifesto was in the form of a personal confession to prove the point that he at least stood by the truth of his inherited faith, however many others might betray it in their hour of need.
		TwÎ¿ witnesses of the siege of Constantinople, Nicolo Barbaro and Leonardo of Chios, testify that in the months of crisis Constantine ordered sacred vessels to be removed from churches and melted down to produce coins tÎ¿ pay his soldiers, sappers and masons working Î¿n the repair of the walls.
	www.myriobiblos.gr /texts/english/nicol_fall.html (7821 words)

	Fall of Constantinople presented in History section
		The Byzantines persevered because Constantinople was well defended by walls and the city could be supplied by sea.
		Despite the heroic Emperor’s death in the city castles, the fall of the city brought the Byzantine Empire to an end.
		Leonardo had been present during the last weeks of Byzantine Constantinople and he reported to the pope some six weeks after the capture of the city, while his memory was still fresh.
	www.newsfinder.org /site/more/fall_of_constantinople (2110 words)

	Constantinople - Lyrics By XVR27 - They Might Be Giants - Istanbul (Not Constantinople) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Constantinople at the Byzantine Empire, what was left from the empire in Istanbul.
		Constantinople, Latin Empire of, 1204-61, feudal empire established in the S Balkan Peninsula and the Greek archipelago by the leaders of the Fourth Crusade
		Preceding its fall in 1453, Constantinople was home to traders from around the As the attack on Constantinople approaches, Shiono quickens her pace.
	findoutsite.com /fos/constantinople.htm (324 words)

	Konstantinopels fall (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		However, despite all the indications and the realization that a new siege of Constantinople was to begin at any moment, the two Italian Republics, under political and economic pressures at home, reacted without much enthusiasm.
		Etter Konstantinopels fall ble den omgjort til moske, ref bildet nedenfor til høyre.
		Constantinople was finally his and he intended to make it the capital of his mighty Empire.
	rto73.0catch.com /Spesial/Konstantinopel.htm (5514 words)

	Fall of Constantinople, 1204
		That night the Emperor Alexius of Constantinople took of his treasure as much as he could carry, and abandoned his city, his people and his family.
		A fall that would prepare the ground for the Turks to come and destroy definitely the Greek medieval state.
		And this was the third fire there had been in Constantinople since the Franks arrived in the land; and more houses had been burned in the city than there are houses in any three of the greatest cities in the kingdom of France.
	members.fortunecity.com /fstav1/emperors/fall1204.html (5080 words)

	Constantinople on the Web - History, Society, Monasticism, the Fall (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Constantinople is perhaps the only city in the world for which it suffices to say -- The City, and it is known of which one speaks.
		Constantinople and Rome : A Survey of the Relations between the Byzantine and the Roman Churches
		The final emperor was so close to his people he refused to flee Constantinople when its fall was eminent and fought to his own death with his people in defense of his empire.
	www.ellopos.net /elpenor/greek-texts/greek-resources-constantinople.asp (1468 words)

	THE FALL OF CONSTANTINOPLE
		The Turkish army would not have been able to capture Constantinople had they not had the great cannon with them, had the Byzantinians not been so isolated from the West and had the Turkish soldiers not been so devoted.
		The walls of the city were massive, and had repulsed invaders since 330 A.D. It would have taken the Turks a lot longer to breech the walls if they did not have the great cannon, and aid from the West would have arrived.
		As you can see, the three main factors that led the Turks to capture Constantinople were, the devotion of their troops, the isolation of the City (both physically and spiritually) and their innovative use of the cannon, a new weapon.
	www.onlineessays.com /essays/history/his241.php (471 words)

	Amazon.ca: The Fall of Constantinople 1453: Books: Steven Runciman (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		This classic account shows how the fall of Constantinople in May 1453, after a siege of several weeks, came as a bitter shock to Western Christendom.
		Constantinople fell not because the Ottomans were the strongest empire in the world.
		Runciman shows that the fall of Constantinople to the Turks on May 29, 1453 (550 years ago today!) was both inevitable and of mostly marginal historical significance (except, of course, to the people of the city itself).
	www.amazon.ca /Fall-Constantinople-1453-Steven-Runciman/dp/0521398320 (1201 words)

	Fall of Constantinople - Background
		Constantinople had been part of the Christian Byzantine Empire under the leadership of Constantine XI.
		At the time of the siege of Constantinople, the Byzantines were estimated to have had 7,000 to 10,000 troops and the Ottomans between 80,000 and 150,000.
		The Ottoman capitol prior to the capture of Constantinople was at Andrianpole (modern Edirne), which is in Thrace, on the modern border of Turkey and Greece a little south of Bulgaria.
	homepage.mac.com /hkaufman/foc.html (1957 words)

	Fall of Constantinople: 1453
		The siege of Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine Empire and one of the most heavily fortified cities in the world, took place in 1453.
		Sultan Mehmed II, ruler of the Ottoman Turks, led the assault.
		After using his heavy artillery to form a breach in the wall, the fist attack was launched upon Constantinople on a May morning at 1:00 a.m.
	www.thenagain.info /WebChron/EastEurope/FallConstantin.html (553 words)

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