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Topic: Fall of Khartoum

	ISN Security Watch - Sudan's changing map
		Khartoum has seen the north/south civil war spread into a center/periphery conflict that shows little sign of abating even after the initial catalyst for the fighting has been subdued.
		Khartoum's power at the geographical peripheries of Sudan continues to wane as Darfur bleeds and the northeast moves towards direct conflict.
		Khartoum responded to the rebel attacks by mobilizing and arming irregular militias of Arab Muslims called Janjaweed, roughly translated as "armed men on horseback".
	www.isn.ethz.ch /news/sw/details.cfm?ID=10562 (2124 words)

	Atbara & Omdurman, 1898: The Fall of Khartoum
		The fall of Omdurman must have been a great blow to the garrison of Khartoum, who thus lost their only position on the west bank of the White Nile.
		On the third day after the fall of Khartoum many of the prisoners saw Sir Charles Wilson’s steamers off Tuti Island with the English on board – some were present in the batteries at Omdurman when the rebels opened fire on the steamers.
		The memorable siege of Khartoum lasted 317 days, and it is not too much to say that such a noble resistance was due to the indomitable resolution and resource of one Englishman.
	sudancampaign.blogspot.com /2006/02/fall-of-khartoum.html (2893 words)

	Background Notes Archive - Africa (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The population of metropolitan Khartoum (including Khartoum, Omdurman, and Khartoum North) is growing, and ranges from 3-4 million, including over 1 million displaced persons from the southern war zone.
		Khartoum province, comprising the capital and outlying districts, is administered by a special commissioner.
		In late 1985, there was a reduction in staff at the American embassy in Khartoum because of the presence in Khartoum of a large contingent of Libyan terrorists.
	dosfan.lib.uic.edu /ERC/bgnotes/af/sudan9506.html (4086 words)

	Khartoum - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Khartoum, city in east central Sudan, capital of Sudan and of Khartoum Province, just south of the confluence of the Blue Nile and White Nile...
		Khartoum North, city, north central Sudan, in Khartoum Province, on the Blue Nile River just above its confluence with the White Nile near Khartoum....
		This report on the fall of Khartoum appeared in The Times on February 6, 1885.
	uk.encarta.msn.com /Khartoum.html (106 words)

	El Mahdi
		From then on and until the fall of Khartoum to the Mahdi's forces in January 1885 there was a continuous triumphal progress of volunteer armies fighting for the victory of Islam and the accomplishment of the eschatological mission.
		It was in 1881 at Aba Island that he proclaimed himself as the 'Mahdi' and started to unify central and southern Sudanese tribes to exploit their increasing social and economic discontent with the ruling Turks and their exploitation of the country's resources and maladministration.
		El Mahdi led a national revolution and an 'Islamic revivalism' uprising against the ruling Turks which was culminated by the fall of Khartoum and assasination of Gordon Pasha in 1885.
	lexicorient.com /e.o/mahdi_el.htm (748 words)

	Sudan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		He led a nationalist revolt against Egyptian/British rule culminating in the fall of Khartoum and the death of the British General Charles George Gordon in 1885.
		Current estimates from the United Nations as of 2006 estimate the population to be about 37 million.
		The population of metropolitan Khartoum (including Khartoum, Omdurman, and Khartoum North) is growing rapidly and is estimated at about 5-6 million, including around 2 million displaced persons from the southern war zone as well as western and eastern drought-affected areas.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Sudan (3839 words)

	Sudan: A Historical Perspective
		Muhammad Ahmad, the son of a Dongola boat-builder, was born in 1844.
		Five months after the fall of Khartoum, the Mahdi died of typhus; he was succeeded by Khalifa Abdallah.
		The inauguration of the new code was marked by a ceremony in the capital, Khartoum, on Sept.23, presided over by President Numeiry, in which stocks of alcohol were dumped in the river Nile.
	www.sudan.net /society/history.html (2247 words)

	Nubia 2 - Crystalinks
		Under his initiative trade routes were protected and expanded, Khartoum was developed as the administrative capital, and a host of agricultural and technical improvements were undertaken.
		On Jan. 26, 1885, the Mahdists captured Khartoum and massacred Gordon and the defenders.
		Although the Sudanese government had crushed the initial hopes of the congress, the British officials were well aware of the pervasive power of nationalism among the elite and sought to introduce new institutions to associate the Sudanese more closely with the task of governing.
	www.crystalinks.com /nubia2.html (4335 words)

	Encyclopedia
		The son of a British general, Gordon was born on Jan. 28, 1833, in Woolwich, England.
		KHARTOUM (q.v.), the Sudanese capital, in February 1884, evacuating about 2500 women, children, and sick and wounded before the Mahdi's forces surrounded the city.
		In March Gordon requested that the forces of Zubayr Rahama Pasha (1830–1913), the brilliant Sudanese military leader and slave trader whose power Gordon had previously crushed, be brought to bear against the Mahdi.
	historychannel.com /encyclopedia/article.jsp?link=FWNE.fw..go067000.a (877 words)

	JA'AFAR PASIEIA MAZHAR - A WORTHY GOVERNOR-GENERAL - 1865-1871
		When summoned to Khartoum in March 1866, it was to find himself appointed Hikimdar in the place of Ja'afar Sadek and charged with a major overhaul of the machinery of government.
		The management of these two several expeditions, the former of which to Fertit was not ready to move until after the rains of 1869, was undermined by the limited availability of river transport, a factor, but only one, in the delayed departure of the Baker expedition in February 1870.
		Only in 1873 by which time Mumtaz, promoted to the general-governorate of Khartoum, had been dismissed for alleged peculation and Munzinger had been appointed to the general-governorate of the eastern Sudan, did it become evident that their forecast profits of cotton cultivation were proving to be a chimera.
	www.dur.ac.uk /justin.willis/udal.htm (2247 words)

	International EFL Cafe. Worldwide English travel abroad country information for Sudan. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Khartoum is situated at the confluence of the Blue and White Nile Rivers.
		However, the Arab-led Khartoum government reneged on promises to southerners to create a federal system, which led to a mutiny by southern army officers that sparked 17 years of civil war (1955-72).
		Although the U.S. Ambassador returned to Khartoum in November, relations with the Sudan remained static until early 1976, when President Nimeiri mediated the release of 10 American hostages being held by Eritrean insurgents in rebel strongholds in northern Ethiopia.
	internationaleflcafe.com /worldwide-english-travel-abroad-country-information-for-sudan.htm (6611 words)

	[No title]
		Gordon said that he believed that the danger at Khartoum had been "grossly exaggerated," and that the two Englishmen there had "lost their heads"; he would be able to bring away the garrisons without difficulty.
		Lord Wolseley, preparing for the sending of a military force to Khartoum this autumn, stated that his force must be exclusively British, for he doubted whether the very best of our Indian regiments could stand the charges of the Arabs, besides which our natives took the field encumbered with followers.
		Gladstone, who was still ill. The Cabinet decided against an expedition to Khartoum, but the Chancellor' (Lord Selborne) 'gave us to understand that he should resign if one were not sent in the autumn, and Harcourt intimated that he should resign if one were sent.
	www.gutenberg.org /dirs/etext05/8dlk210.txt (15372 words)

	Charge of the 21st Lancers, Omdurman on Flickr - Photo Sharing!
		Khartoum was invested by the Mahdi in May 1884 and Britain was forced to organise a relief expedition to rescue Gordon.
		Realising that his infantry, travelling in boats up the Nile, might not reach Khartoum in time to save Gordon, he detached a desert column under to travel overland by a faster, but more dangerous route.
		Britain saw the death of Gordon at Khartoum as a national humiliation, and there was strong pressure on the Government for an expedition to be sent to avenge him and restore Egyptian rule.
	www.flickr.com /photos/meandophelia/2089039 (717 words)

	The National Capital, Khartoum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Facing Khartoum from the northeastern bank of the Blue Nile is the town of Khartoum North.
		The mosque was enlarged and reconstructed during the reign of the Turkish ruler Al Khurshid Pasha.
		The second church of Sayeda EI Bushara was constructed in Khartoum in 1910.
	www.sudan-embassy.co.uk /infobook/khartoum.php (1165 words)

	Al-Ahram Weekly \| Opening up for Khartoum
		The way in which Khartoum has handled those changes reflects the maturity and skill of the government and its leader of 10 years, President Omar Al-Bashir.
		The Sudanese opposition, and hostile neighbours, particularly Eritrea, Uganda and Ethiopia, were known to have started the count-down to the fall of the Khartoum regime.
		In a December 1997 meeting in Kampala of the foreign ministers of Sudan's neighbours Albright announced that the regime in Khartoum was a danger to all and that they should seek to overthrow it.
	weekly.ahram.org.eg /1999/429/re4.htm (1120 words)

	EO Newsroom: New Images - Khartoum, Sudan
		Sudan’s capital city, Khartoum, translates as “Elephant’s Trunk.” The name describes the shape of the Nile where the Blue and the White Nile Rivers unite to form the single Nile River that flows northward into Egypt.
		Khartoum is one of the largest Muslim cities in North Africa, but it has a fairly short history.
		Today, Khartoum is home to more than a million people, including many refugees, both from neighboring countries as well as from an ongoing civil war in southern Sudan.
	earthobservatory.nasa.gov /Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=16916 (366 words)

	Epochtimes English Edition :: Sudan Gov't, Rebels Reach Wealth-Sharing Agreement
		The southern government will run its own branch according to what he calls international financial standards, while the Khartoum government will administer the northern branch, in his words, along Islamic financial norms.
		Government officials claim the areas fall under Khartoum's jurisdiction, according to terms established at the time of independence.
		But the rebels say people living in those three areas have experienced the same repression and marginalization as southern Sudanese, and should therefore be included in the south.
	english.epochtimes.com /news/4-1-6/18049.html (538 words)

	Dervishes, Mahdism - and Islamic End of Times (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Although William Ewart Gladstone, as prime minister, would concede that the policy of non-intervention had to alter after the fall of Khartoum, he had once memorably described the Mahdists as a 'people struggling to be free, and they are struggling rightly to be free'.
		The brutality was evident, too, in the sacking of Khartoum, Sennar (19 August 1885) and Gondar (23 January 1888), where days of slaughter, pillage, and the abduction of women and children ensued.
		Once Khartoum fell, the Mahdi informed Sir Charles Wilson, who was leading the advance party of the relief expedition, that his quest was in vain but promised safety for his men and himself if they surrendered.
	pnews.org /ArT/EuR/Dervishes.shtml (5670 words)

	The River War - An Account of the Reconquest of the Sudan (1902) By Winston S . Churchill- Chapter 3 from Nalanda ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		After the fall of Khartoum and the retreat of the British armies the Mahdi became the absolute master of the Soudan.
		The presence of women increased the vanity of the warriors: and it was not very long before the patched smock which had vaunted the holy poverty of the rebels developed into the gaudy jibba of the conquerors.
		Since the unhealthy situation of Khartoum amid swamps and marshes did not commend itself to the now luxurious Arabs, the Mahdi began to build on the western bank of the White Nile a new capital, which, from the detached fort which had stood there in Egyptian days, was called Omdurman.
	www.nalanda.nitc.ac.in /resources/english/etext-project/history/riverwar/chapter3.html (6235 words)

	The Four Feathers (2002) Synopsis, Storyline, Plot - MovieWeb
		But when an army of Sudanese rebels attacks a colonial British fortress in Khartoum and his regiment is sent to active duty in North Africa, Harry becomes overwhelmed by self-doubt and uncertainty and resigns his commission as his regiment is being shipped off to war.
		But the Madhi's warriors proved to be too much for Gordon, and he and his men found themselves besieged in Khartoum, which eventually fell in 1885, sending the general and much of his army to their graves.
		It is the extraordinary story of the courageous British reinforcement troops sent to raise the siege of Khartoum, and it exemplifies the pride of those young soldiers as well as their vulnerability against an enemy unafraid to die.
	www.movieweb.com /movies/film/59/59/synopsis.php (623 words)

	BookRags: Charles George Gordon Biography
		He was killed at the fall of Khartoum.
		Arriving in Khartoum in February 1884, Gordon proceeded to proclaim the Sudan's independence, open communications with the Red Sea, demand Turkish troops to assist him, and request the presence of Zobeir Pasha, a notorious slave dealer, to form an alternative leadership to the Mahdi.
		In March 1884 the Mahdists began their attack on Khartoum, and Gordon sent telegrams bitterly denouncing the government for neglect, until communications were cut off in April.
	www.bookrags.com /biography/charles-george-gordon (884 words)

	Discover the Wisdom of Mankind on Sudan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The lawyer of presidential envoy to Darfur Tomo Kriznar who is jailed in Sudan, Halil Tukras is of the opinion that Khartoum wants to use Kriznarâs arrest as a warning to the international community not to interfere with Sudanese...
		He led a nationalist revolt against Egyptian rule culminating in the fall of Khartoum in 1885, in which the British General Gordon was killed, and during which a tribe in the region of Port Sudan inspired Rudyard Kipling's poem Fuzzy Wuzzy.
		He was responsible for building the road from Khartoum northward to the town of Shendi.
	www.blinkbits.com /blinks/sudan (3208 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: William Bede Dalley
		In 1857 he became a representative of Sydney in the first parliament elected under responsible government in New South Wales; was solicitor-general (1858-9), and attorney-general (1875-7, 1883-5).
		After the fall of Khartoum (1885) Dalley (then acting-premier) dispatched a contingent of nine hundred men to the Sudan to aid the imperial troops.
		Dalley, who had declined a knighthood and the office of Chief Justice of New South Wales, was in 1887 appointed a member of the Privy Council -- the first Australian on whom that honour was conferred.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/04606a.htm (194 words)

	Colonel Gordon and the Mahdi
		Striving for a kind of kitschy grandeur, "Khartoum" begins with a 5-minute overture that superimposes the word "Overture" on a blank screen so the audience will understand that it is not dealing with some technical difficulty.
		While it is understandable that a movie like "Khartoum" might fail to explore the question of how slavery had become so widespread in the Sudan to begin with, scholarly literature leaves much to be desired as well.
		After the death of the Mahdi, who succumbed to smallpox shortly after the fall of Khartoum and the execution of Charles Gordon, and until the British re-conquest of the Sudan in 1896, a Mahdist state existed under the leadership of the Khalifa 'Abd Allahi.
	www.columbia.edu /~lnp3/mydocs/fascism_and_war/mahdism.htm (5011 words)

	Comparative Criminology \| Africa - Sudan
		There continued to be reports that Christian secondary school students in Khartoum were not allowed to continue their compulsory military service because they attended church.
		The Government did not authorize the construction of any churches in the Khartoum area or in the district capitals; the Government often claimed that local Islamic community objections restricted the issuance of permits.
		After Nimeiri's fall, the cabinet position of minister of interior was restored, and the director general of police was made responsible to him.
	www-rohan.sdsu.edu /faculty/rwinslow/africa/sudan.html (13506 words)

	Nuba Mountains Sudan
		The bombing runs were not very accurate as the bombs were rolled out of the doors of the cargo planes, but because of the closeness of the small villages, they created a great deal of destruction.
		He told me Khartoum continues to try to infiltrate the Nuba people but that the Nuba are very questioning of strangers and expel them.
		Since they had been brainwashed as to their inferior status in the camps, they were asked by the Nuba leaders to reacclimate themselves in camps for six months prior to rejoining their tribes.
	www.lnsart.com /nuba_mountains.htm (3377 words)

	globalEDGE (TM) \| country insights - History of Sudan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		However, the Arab-led Khartoum government reneged on promises to southerners to create a federal system, which led to a mutiny by southern army officers that launched 17 years of civil war (1955-72).
		On the eve of independence in 1955, when the Khartoum Government reneged on promises to southerners to create a federal government, southern army officers mutinied.
		Further talks are scheduled for the fall of 2005 and will cover power sharing, wealth sharing, and security arrangements.
	globaledge.msu.edu /ibrd/CountryHistory.asp?CountryID=137&RegionID=5 (3444 words)

	White feather - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The book The Four Feathers was written by A. Mason and first published in 1902.
		It tells the story of the fictional character Harry Feversham, an officer in the British Army who decides to resign his commission on the eve that his regiment is dispatched to fight in Sudan (the 1882 First War of Sudan leading to the fall of Khartoum).
		Harry's three fellow officers and his fiancée conclude that he is resigning in order to avoid fighting in the conflict and each send him a white feather.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/White_feather (655 words)

	Time traveller's guide to Victorian Britain
		They are under attack from Sudanese leader Mohammed Ahmad – known as the Mahdi – who is leading an uprising against the Egyptian and Western occupiers.
		British forces are commanded by General Gordon, based in the Sudanese capital Khartoum.
		Mahdist forces besiege Khartoum and capture it on 21 February 1884, killing Gordon.
	www.channel4.com /history/microsites/H/history/guide19/timeline87.html (108 words)

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