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Topic: Fall of Sassanid dynasty

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	Sassanid - Encyclopedia.com
		Sassanid Sasanid, or Sassanian, last dynasty of native rulers to reign in Persia before the Arab conquest.
		Under the Sassanids, who revived Achaemenid tradition, Zoroastrianism was reestablished as the state religion.
		The name of the dynasty was derived from Sassan, an ancestor of the founder of the dynasty, Ardashir I, who took and ruled Ctesiphon (224-40).
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-Sassanid.html (1184 words)

	Sassanid Empire
		The Sassanid Dynasty was established by Ardashir I (226–241), a descendant of a line of the priests of goddess Anahita in Istakhr, Persis (Pars) who at the beginning of the third century had acquired the governorship of Persis.
		The first encounter between Sassanids and Muslim Arabs was in the Battle of the Bridge in 634 which resulted in a Sassanid victory, however the Arab threat did not stop there and reappeared shortly from the disciplined armies of Khalid ibn Walid, once one of Muhammad's chosen companion-in-arms and leader of the Arab army.
		This symbol is explicit on Sassanid coins where the reigning monarch, with his crown and regalia of office, appears on the obverse, backed by the sacred fire, the symbol of the national religion, on the coin's reverse.
	www.wikipediaondvd.com /nav/art/3/d.html (11056 words)

	Sassanid dynasty - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Sassanids established an empire roughly within the frontiers achieved by the Achaemenids, with the capital at Ctesiphon in the Khvarvaran province.
		Sassanid rule and the system of social stratification were reinforced by Zoroastrianism, which became the dominant religion, but not the official state religion, because other religions were still allowed (this is a controversially discussed topic, see for example Wiesehöfer, Ancient Persia, or the Cambridge History of Iran, vol 3).
		Although the Kushan empire declined at the end of the 3rd century, leading to the rise to power of an indigenous Indian dynasty, the Guptas, in the 4th century, it is clear that Sassanid influence remained relevant in the north-west of India.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Sassanid_dynasty (5842 words)

	Fall of Sassanids - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Sassanid era is considered to be one of the most important and influential historical periods in Iran (Persia).
		One of them was the Sassanid dynasty which indeed was the true heir of the older Persian empire of the Achaemenid dynasty.
		The Sassanids were further weakened by the increasing power of the provincial landholders, and a rapid turnover of rulers.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Fall_of_Sassanids (814 words)

	Sassanid Empire Biography,info
		The Sassanid dynasty was founded by Ardashir I after defeating the last Parthian (Arsacid) king, Artabanus IV (Persian: اردوان Ardavan) and ended when the last Sassanid Shahanshah (King of Kings), Yazdegerd III (632–651), lost a 14-year struggle to drive out the early Islamic Caliphate, the first of the Islamic empires.
		During his reign the Sassanid capital Ctesiphon was sacked by the Romans, led by the emperor Carus (282–283).
		On different occasions Sassanid kings sent their most talented Persian musicians and dancers to the Chinese imperial court at Luoyang during the Jin and Northern Wei dynasties and to Chang'an during the Sui and Tang dynasties.
	www.parsnava.com /biography/sdmc_Sassanian (9801 words)

	Sassanid dynasty
		Dynasty of Ancient Iran (224- 651 CE), which at its largest covered an area of modern Iran and Iraq, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia and large parts of Pakistan.
		After the fall of the dynasty, and the arrival of Muslim rulers over the old Iranian territories, Zoroastrianism would gradually loose its importance.
		Despite the conflicts, this year is defined as the beginning of the Sassanid Dynasty.
	i-cias.com /e.o/sassanid.htm (1279 words)

	Sassanid. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		The name of the dynasty was derived from Sassan, an ancestor of the founder of the dynasty, Ardashir I, who took and ruled Ctesiphon (224–40).
		The Armenians were overwhelmed by Yazdagird II in 451, and their land was overrun by Sassanians under Khosrow I, who reigned 531–79 and who also invaded Syria.
		Both countries were again overrun by Khosrow II (ruled 590–628), whose conquest of Egypt was the final victorious achievement of the dynasty.
	www.bartleby.com /65/sa/Sassanid.html (327 words)

	Sassanid dynasty (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		The later Sassanids were further weakened by economic decline, heavy taxation, religious unrest, rigid social stratification, the increasing power of the provincial landholders, and a rapid turnover of rulers.
		Sassanid rulers adopted the title of shahanshah (emperor; literally "king of kings"), mirroring the Achaemenid example, as sovereigns over numerous petty rulers, known as shahrdars (under Shahpur I, 7 satraps were still in office alaong them).
		Sassanid Emperors were conscious of their role as military leaders: many took part in battle, and some were killed; the Picture Book of Sassanid Kings showed them as warriors with lance or sword.
	en.showmy.net /Sasanian (3231 words)

	Roman Empire - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		However, their background as a military dynasty led to further irrelevancy of the senate, and the move from princeps, or first citizen, to imperator, or emperor, was finalized during their reign.
		The popular movies The Fall of the Roman Empire (1964) and Gladiator (2000) were loosely based on the career of the emperor Commodus, although they should not be taken as accurate historical depictions of his life.
		After the fall of Constantinople, the Russian Empire, as inheritor of the Byzantine Empire's Orthodox Christian tradition, counted itself as the third Rome (with Constantinople being the second).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Roman_Empire (9257 words)

	YourArt.com >> Encyclopedia >> Lakhmids (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		The founder of the dynasty was 'Amr, whose son Imru' al-Qais (not to be confused with the famous poet Imru' al-Qais who lived in the 6th Century) converted to christianity.
		The Lakhmid kingdom was a major centre of Nestorian sect of Christianity which was approved by Sassanids as it opposed of Orthodox sect of Byzantine.
		It is now widely believed that annexation of Lakhmid kingdom was one of the main factors behind the Fall of Sassanid dynasty by Muslim Arabs and Islamic conquest of Iran.
	www.yourart.com /research/encyclopedia.cgi?subject=/Lakhmids (755 words)

	Sassanid dynasty - Universipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		The Sassanid dynasty (also Sassanian) was the name given to the kings of Persia, which includes much of present-day Iran, during the era of the second Persian Empire, from 224 until 651, when the last Sassanid shah, Yazdegerd III, lost a 14-year struggle to drive out the Umayyad Caliphate, the first of the Islamic empires.
		Sassanid rule and the system of social stratification were reinforced by Zoroastrianism, which became the dominant religion, but not the offical state religion, because other religions were still allowed (this is a controversially discussed topic, see for example WiesehÃ¶fer, Ancient Persia, or the Cambridge History of Iran, vol 3).
		After The Sassanids came to power in Persia in 226 A.D. The second emperor, Shapur I (240-270), extended his authority eastwards into what is today Pakistan and northwestern India and the previously autonomous Kushans were obliged to accept his suzerainty.
	www.pillnow.net /university/Library/Sassanid_dynasty (4268 words)

	SASSANID (DYNASTY) - LoveToKnow Article on SASSANID (DYNASTY) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		SASSANID, or SASSANIAN DYNASTY (or SASANIAN), the ruling dynasty of the neo-Persian empire founded by Ardashir I. in A.D. 226 and destroyed by the Arabs in 637.
		The whole of Satara falls within the Deccan trap area; the hills consist of trap intersected by strata of basalt and topped with laterite, while, of the different soils on the plains, the commonest is the fl loamy clay containing carbonate of lime.
		On the overthrow of the Jadhav dynasty in 1312 the district passed to the Mahommedan power, which was consolidated in the reign of the Bahmani kings.
	www.1911ency.org /S/SA/SASSANID_DYNASTY_.htm (2757 words)

	Bushehr Province - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Bushehr remained a significant region during the Parthian and Sassanid ages, as Bakht e Ardashir was reported to have been a large port in the Persian Gulf during the time of Ardashir I of Persia.
		Tabari even compares the fall of "Rey-shahr" to the Battle of al-Qādisiyyah in terms of its significance.
		By 1734, Bushehr had once again risen to prominence due to Nadir Shah of the Afsharid dynasty, and his military policies in The Persian Gulf.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Bushehr_province (1054 words)

	531 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		It is thought the dynasty originated from the Tuoba clan of the non-Han Xianbei tribe.
		Kavadh I (449-531), son of Peroz, was a Sassanid king (488-531), crowned by the nobles in place of his deposed and blinded uncle Balash.
		Sassanid society was very complex with many different people (including nomadic people) living inside the empire each having a seperate organization.
	531.en.reference.pl (8323 words)

	AllRefer.com - Sassanid, Iran History (Iranian History, Biography) - Encyclopedia
		Under the Sassanids, who revived Achaemenid tradition, Zoroastrianism was reestablished as the state religion.
		The name of the dynasty was derived from Sassan, an ancestor of the founder of the dynasty, Ardashir I, who took and ruled Ctesiphon (224–40).
		Both countries were again overrun by Khosrow II (ruled 590–628), whose conquest of Egypt was the final victorious achievement of the dynasty.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/S/Sassanid.html (384 words)

	Encyclopedia: Sassanid dynasty (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		The Sassanid dynasty (also Sassanian) was the name given to the kings of
		Sassanid rulers adopted the title of shahanshah (king of kings), as sovereigns over numerous petty rulers, known as shahrdars.
		Sassanid rule and the system of social stratification were reinforced by Zoroastrianism, which became the state religion.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Sassanid-dynasty (167 words)

	Exilarch - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		After the fall of the first Temple, the Greeks used the term to refer to the leader of the people.
		The office lasted to the sixth century, under different regimes (the Arsacids and Sassanids).
		The history of the exilarchate falls naturally into two periods, separated by the beginning of the Arabic rule in Babylonia.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Exilarch (5409 words)

	MidEast Web - Middle East Israel - Palestinian Conflict TimeLine
		Jewish conquest of Jerusalem; reign of David (maps); After the death of David's son, Solomon, the kingdom split into two: Israel in the north, Judea in Jerusalem and the south (maps).
		Jewish quarter of the old city of Jerusalem falls to the Jordan Legion.
		The inhabitants were protected from the wrath of a lynch mob by the Legion under Abdullah Tell, and noncombatants were expelled to West Jerusalem.
	www.mideastweb.org /timeline.htm (7707 words)

	Saudi Aramco World : The Dusty Shell (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		The vault is open to the east, to make a kind of open porch or iwan common in later Muslim architecture, and the Sassanid builders may have inspired the vaulted entrances of later Persian mosques.
		The neo-Persian Empire ended with the fall of the Sassanid dynasty in the 7th century.
		The river was not subject to such reason, however, and over the centuries it continued to lick at the mud bricks of the palace and add their silt to its delta.
	www.saudiaramcoworld.com /issue/196801/the.dusty.shell.htm (1048 words)

	Sassanid dynasty - Psychology Central (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		After initial success, his conquest came to a halt following the Siege of Singara due to raids by nomads in the eastern borders of the empire specially in Transoxiana which was utmost important for Sassanids because of Silk road and the fact that his military force was not sufficient to hold the captured cities.
		Many new families had risen after dissolution of Parthian dynasty, even so some of the dominant Parthian clans from Seven Parthian clans remained important, overall the empire was dominated by Persian noble families with small margin given to other influential families.
		Image:QizilDonors.jpg Other than Zoroastrianism, other religions, particularly Christianity were existent in the Sassanid society, and they were mostly free to practice and preach their belief.
	psychcentral.com /psypsych/Sassanian (5520 words)

	Iransaga - Ferdowsi's Shahnameh
		Therefore, in the collective memory of the Iranian peoples, their history was mixed with legends and myths in order to revive the past in a new appearance not manifestly incompatible with the faith of the conquerors.
		It is that piece of leather which becomes, as Edward G. Browne describes, "by a patriotic apotheosis", the Iranian national flag or their "standard of national liberty", and remains flying in the Shahnameh from the reign of Faridun, the Pishdadi king, to the fall of the Samanid dynasty.
		Therefore, the epic narratives were primarily prevalent among and developed by the ordinary people who gathered round and listened to the gosans (minstrels), and also by the aristocratic dehgans, who had remained away from the effects of urban life and the influences of the Sassanian court.
	www.art-arena.com /fs.htm (1654 words)

	Exilarch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		After the fall of the first Temple, the Greek term exilarch was used for the leader of the Jews of the Babylonian exile.
		The history of the exilarchate falls naturally into two periods, which are separated from each other by the beginning of the Arabic rule in Babylonia.
		The first historical documents referring to it date from the time when Babylon was part of the Parthian empire, and it was preserved uninterruptedly during the rule of the Sassanids, as well as for several centuries under the Arabs.
	www.portaljuice.com /exilarch.html (4858 words)

	SparkNotes: The Fall of Rome (150CE-475CE): Rome from Tranquility to Crisis: Marcus Aurelius to Diocletian (161-285 CE)
		SparkNotes: The Fall of Rome (150CE-475CE): Rome from Tranquility to Crisis: Marcus Aurelius to Diocletian (161-285 CE)
		Responding to the challenge was a succession of generals of peasant stock from Illyricum and Pannonia (the Balkans and Danube frontier), each elevated by their legions and ruling for a while until assassinated by rival generals.
		Further, continuous conflict, both in the West and against resurgent Persians under the Sassanids, meant that geographically wide-ranging military commitments outstripped military manpower, and sections of impossibly long borders were denuded of soldiers.
	www.sparknotes.com /history/european/rome4/section1.html (2603 words)

	CycleASIA - Pre-Islamic History of Iran (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		The Illamit Dynasty was established in 3000 B.C. The Illamit Dynasty engaged in several wars with the Mesopotamian civilization (Somers and Babylonians).
		This was the prelude to the establishment of the Median Dynasty.
		Madaen, the capital city of the Sassanid Dynasty, which comprised of seven other cities, including Tisfoon, was seized by the Muslims.
	activated.decs.act.gov.au /cycleasia/about/trip/places/Iran/historyPreIslamic.htm (1359 words)

	History of Iran: Parthian Empire
		The end of this loosely organized empire came in 224 CE, when the last king was defeated by one of their vassals, the Persians of the Sassanid dynasty.
		After the fall of the Achaemenid Empire, Parthia, northeastern Iran, was governed by the Seleucid kings: a Macedonian dynasty that ruled in the Asian territories of the former Persian Empire.
		The Arsacid dynasty was recognized as the lawful ruler of Parthia, but the kings had to pay tribute to Antiochus.
	www.iranchamber.com /history/parthians/parthians.php (1968 words)

	Oath of Empire: The Sassanid Army (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		This is certainly the case with the Sassanian (also known as Sassanid) dynasty of Iran, an empire which at one time ruled from the Indus to the Nile, from Yemen to the Caucasus.
		It apparently was present at most major battles from the dynasty's inception, guarded by a circle of spearmen surrounded by a ring of archers.
		Early in the Sassanian dynasty, it appears that they lacked the sophistication of the Romans, and yet had already begun to lessen the powers of the great noble families.
	www.throneworld.com /oathofempire/en/sassanids.htm (5419 words)

	ipedia.com: Iran Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Persia emerged in the 6th century BC under the Achaemenid dynasty as a vast empire that controlled an area from India to Greece.
		It was conquered by Alexander the Great, but soon after Persia regained its independence in the form of the Parthian and Sassanid Empires.
		In 1953, Iran's prime minister Mohammed Mossadeq, who had been elected to parliament in 1923 and again in 1944, and who had been prime minister since 1951, was removed from power in a complex plot orchestrated by British and US intelligence agencies ("Operation Ajax").
	www.ipedia.com /iran.html (1258 words)

	Untitled Document
		THE PRINCE Gholam-Reza Pahlavi, son of Reza Shah the Great, founder of the Pahlavi dynasty, and brother of of the last Shah of Iran was a privaledged witness of his reign of thirty seven years.
		Thirty months after the fall of Saddam Hussein there are signs that the intense interest Iraq had aroused at the time may be waning.
		Opinion polls in the United States, Britain and Italy, the three members of the US-led coalition that account for 90 per cent of the troops present in Iraq, show that more than half of the population desire disengagement from an enterprise that seems to them to be going nowhere.
	www.rozanehmagazine.com /NoveDec05/MainNovDec05.html (2598 words)

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