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	Fallacy of composition - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A fallacy of composition arises when one infers that something is true of the whole from the fact that it is true of some (or even every) part of the whole.
		This fallacy is often confused with the fallacy of hasty generalization, in which an unwarranted inference is made from a sample to the population from which it is drawn.
		The fallacy of composition is the converse of the fallacy of division....
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Fallacy_of_composition (213 words)

	Fallacy of division - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A fallacy of division occurs when one reasons logically that something true of a thing must also be true of at least some of its constituents.
		The converse of this fallacy is called fallacy of composition; it arises when one fallaciously attributes a property of some part of a thing to the thing as a whole.
		If a system as a whole has some property that none of its constituents has (or perhaps, it has it but not as a result of some constituent having that property), this is sometimes called an emergent property of the system.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Fallacy_of_division (183 words)

	Types of Informal Fallacy
		Fallacy of argumentum ad baculum (arguing from power or force).- The Latin means "an argument according to the stick," "argument by means of the rod," "argument using force." Arguing to support the acceptance of an argument by a threat, or use of force.
		Fallacy of argumentum ad hominem (argument against the man).-The Latin means "argument to the man." Arguing against, or rejecting a person's views by attacking or abusing his personality, character, motives, intentions, qualifications, etc., as opposed to providing evidence why the views are incorrect.
		Fallacy of argumentum ad ignorantiam (argument from ignorance).- The Latin means "argument to ignorance." Arguing that something is true because no one has proved it to be false, or arguing that something is false because no one has proved it to be true.
	www.beige.org /~gltweasl/fallacy.html (2396 words)

	Fallacy: Composition
		The fallacy of Composition is committed when a conclusion is drawn about a whole based on the features of its constituents when, in fact, no justification provided for the inference.
		The first type of fallacy of Composition arises when a person reasons from the characteristics of individual members of a class or group to a conclusion regarding the characteristics of the entire class or group (taken as a whole).
		The second type of fallacy of Composition is committed when it is concluded that what is true of the parts of a whole must be true of the whole without there being adequate justification for the claim.
	www.vex.net /~nizkor/features/fallacies/composition.html (660 words)

	The Atheism Web: Logic & Fallacies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		This fallacy is an argument of the form "A implies B, B is true, therefore A is true." To understand why it is a fallacy, examine the truth table for implication given earlier.
		The Fallacy of Composition is to conclude that a property shared by a number of individual items, is also shared by a collection of those items; or that a property of the parts of an object, must also be a property of the whole thing.
		This fallacy is the reverse of the Fallacy of Accident.
	www.infidels.org /news/atheism/logic.html (5794 words)

	Fallacies of Relevance (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		These appeals to the emotions of the crowd are fallacious because they replace the responibility of presenting evidence and rational argument in clear non-emotional language with expressive or emotional language designed and calculated to excite enthusiasm, excitement for their proposal and anger or hatred for the speaker's opponent and his proposal.
		Lecture 21: Fallacies of Ambiguity: When the meaning of a word or a phrases shifts meaning as a result of inattention or deliberate deception within the course of an argument, mistakes of inattention or deception of this kind are called fallacies of ambiguity.
		The fallacy of division (same confusion as fallacy of composition) is the reverse (proceeds in the opposite direction) of the fallacy of composition As in the case of composition, two varieties of division should be distinguished.
	campus.murraystate.edu /academic/faculty/franklin.robinson/FALLACIESOFRELEVANCE.htm (1588 words)

	A Freeper's Introduction to Rhetoric (Part 11, Fallacies of Composition and Division)
		This second kind of composition fallacy may be defined as "the invalid inference that what may truly be predicated of a term distributively may also be truly predicated of the term collectively.
		This first variety of the division fallacy would be committed in any such argument, as in moving from the premiss that a certain machine is heavy, or complicated, or valuable, to the conclusion that this or any other part of the machine must be heavy, or complicated, or valuable.
		Thus it is the fallacy of division to conclude that, because an army as a whole is nearly invincible, each of its units is nearly invincible.
	www.freerepublic.com /focus/f-chat/1056286/posts (2169 words)

	American History I: Syllabus
		Fallacies are the kinds of mistaken beliefs or faulty reasoning that thwart construction of a good thesis or argument.
		The fallacy of division is the opposite of the Fallacy of Composition.
		This is the "fallacy fallacy" of arguing that a proposition is false merely on the grounds that it has been presented as the conclusion of a fallacious argument.
	www.geocities.com /CollegePark/Quad/6460/hfaq/fallacy.html (2285 words)

	English Composition 1: Logical Argument
		This fallacy ignores the possibility that the two things might be unrelated, having different causes, and that their simultaneous appearance was coincidence.
		This is the opposite of the fallacy of composition.
		Fallacy of the undistributed middle / A is based on B fallacies /...
	papyr.com /hypertextbooks/comp1/logic.htm (6650 words)

	Fallacy of Composition (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		To commit the fallacy of composition is to reason that what one family or company can (or should) do also can (or should) be done by a whole group of families or companies.
		This is a fallacy because it ignores the possibility that the group of families or households may interact (for example, taking away customers from one another) so that the group works differently than an individual does.
		Since interactions of this kind are very common in economics, the fallacy of composition is one we have to be on the look-out for.
	william-king.www.drexel.edu /top/Prin/txt/Intro/Eco112d.html (465 words)

	Fallacies [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The composition fallacy occurs when someone mistakenly assumes that a characteristic of some or all the individuals in a group is also a characteristic of the group itself, the group "composed" of those members.
		Guilt by association is a version of the ad hominem fallacy in which a person is said to be guilty of error because of the group he or she associates with.
		This fallacy is a kind of non sequitur in which the premises are wholly irrelevant to drawing the conclusion.
	www.utm.edu /research/iep/f/fallacies.htm (13501 words)

	Fallacies of Ambiguity
		The fallacy of accent arises from an ambiguity produced by a shift of spoken or written emphasis.
		The fallacy of composition involves an inference from the attribution of some feature to every individual member of a class (or part of a greater whole) to the possession of the same feature by the entire class (or whole).
		For the fallacy of composition, the crucial fact is that even when something can be truly said of each and every individual part, it does not follow that the same can be truly said of the whole class.
	www.philosophypages.com /lg/e06c.htm (701 words)

	The NonSequitur » Failures of Composition
		Instead, the fallacy lies in arguing that the Left is weak on terrorism on the basis that a few members of the left are weak on terrorism.
		The fallacy of composition is often very close to the fallacy of hasty generalization, in which the attribution of a property to some members of a set is taken too quickly as evidence that the whole set possesses that property.
		Similarly the fallacy of division is often very close to the fallacy of accident, in which a generalization that is accidentally true of a collection is applied to an instance where it is untrue.
	thenonsequitur.com /?p=119 (1338 words)

	Informal Logical Fallacy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		An informal fallacy is one that is not formal, that is, it is a type of fallacy in which the content of the argument is relevant to its fallaciousness, or which is fallacious for epistemological, dialectical, or pragmatic reasons.
		Also, because content is important in informal fallacies, there are arguments with the form of the fallacy which are cogent.
		For this reason, when forms for informal fallacies are given, this is for identification purposes only, that is, one cannot tell from the form alone that an instance is fallacious.
	www.fallacyfiles.org /inforfal.html (129 words)

	Fallacy of Composition
		The fallacy of composition is the fallacy of inferring from the fact that every part of a whole has a given property that the whole also has that property.
		This pattern of argument is the reverse of that of the fallacy of division.
		The fallacy of composition is therefore only sometimes a fallacy.
	www.logicalfallacies.info /fallacyofcomposition.html (179 words)

	False Opposition
		Fallacy of supporting a view on the basis of an irrelevant appeal to emotions or pity.
		Fallacy of concluding that a property applies to a whole because it applies to the parts. That is, wrongly reasoning from the properties of the parts to the properties of the whole.
		Fallacy of concluding that a property applies to the parts of a whole because it applies to the whole.
	www.jeffyoshimi.net /teaching/Logic/FallacyOverview.htm (679 words)

	Hussman Funds - Weekly Market Comment: January 10, 2005 - Fallacy of Composition
		The illusion that what is true for each member of a group must be true for the group as a whole is known as the “fallacy of composition.” It's an error that overlooks the interrelationships between the members.
		The fallacy of composition has an opposite called the “fallacy of division.” The fallacy of division is the error of assuming that what holds true for a group must hold true for each of its individual members.
		The fallacy of composition also leads people to overlook their own ability to change the world — they pass up opportunities to help others, whether strangers in Thailand or Burma, or people in need nearby, because they believe that their contribution is too small to matter.
	www.hussmanfunds.com /wmc/wmc050110.htm (1450 words)

	The Fallacies of Composition and Division
		The fallacies of composition and division arise from ambiguity in the denotation of general terms in cases like (1) – (4) above, where the general term functions as the subject of a statement.
		The fallacy of composition consists in assuming (wrongly) that predicate that applies to a subject distributively must also apply collectively.
		The move from (1) to (2) is an obvious fallacy of composition because wetness is an emergent property.
	instruct.westvalley.edu /lafave/composition_and_division.htm (1588 words)

	Fallacies of Composition and Division (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Both the fallacy of composition and the fallacy of division involve parts and wholes.
		The fallacies are arise because wholes often have properties that their parts lack, and parts often have properties that do not belong to the whole that they constitute.
		The fallacy of composition is not committed as frequently as many of the other fallacies we've studied, and the fallacy of division is committed even less.
	www.ou.edu /ouphil/faculty/chris/compdivtop.html (340 words)

	Tutorial- The Fallacy of Composition (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The fallacy of composition occurs when we assume that what is true of a part must be true of the whole.
		Of course, parts and wholes do sometimes have the same properties, but we commit the fallacy of composition when we jump to a conclusion about the whole without taking into account whether the nature of the property in question makes it reasonable.
		It would be a fallacy of composition to infer that my car as a whole was made by Motorola, just because one part was.
	www.wwnorton.com /college/phil/logic3/ch6/compos.htm (98 words)

	fallacies
		A motive-based fallacy that encourages deference to someone else's view when, in fact, those listening to or reading the argument are at least as competent to reason it through as is the presumed authority.
		A fallacy in which a statement is claimed to be true because there is no evidence showing it to be false.
		Distinguish the fallacy of appealing to the people from arguments where appealing to the people is relevant, as in some inductive generalizations.
	phi2100-02.sp00.fsu.edu /fallacies.html (1795 words)

	Rhetoric & Composition - Spring 2005: Fallacy examples (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The biggest fallacy that I think of when political activists say something like,"If we don't rid ourselves of the patriot act, the government will trample our rights of privacy." The patriot act allows access to people's homes with wire taps and searchs without a warrant.
		I think that this fallacy has a point in stating that where does someone draw the line when it comes to what the government can do.
		Though fallacy in general is usually mostly false, it sparks in us a skepticism that is healthy and should be explored in every situation, by an intelligent person.
	www.cwrl.utexas.edu /~hristova/spring05/archives/000428.html (133 words)

	The Fallacy of Composition
		Single-handedly, the Fallacy of Composition prevents the application of the scientific method to the study of ideas — their composition, their geometries, and the laws governing their linkages.
		The Fallacy of Composition distinguishes between the properties of a 'whole' (an object, or a collection/set of individual members) and the properties of the parts or members that make up the whole.
		This is considered a violation of the Fallacy of Composition not because the logic fails (it does not, either nomologically or factually), but rather because of what the statement implies (described below).
	www.geometryofideas.com /the_fallacy_of_composition.html (1488 words)

	Fallacy
		Bateson attributes the identification of this fallacy to Whitehead.
		The multiplication fallacy is related to the fallacy of composition.
		An attempted justification of this fallacy may be based on the idea that the prevalence of such rumours demands an explanation, and the most likely explanation is that some of them are true.
	www.users.globalnet.co.uk /~rxv/demcha/fallacy.htm (2382 words)

	Logical Fallacy: Composition
		Let's call a property which distributes from all of the parts to the whole an "expansive" property, using Nelson Goodman's term.
		If P is an expansive property, then the argument form above is validating, by definition of what such a property is. However, if P is not expansive, then the argument form is non-validating, and any argument of that form commits the fallacy of Composition.
		If it were true that human beings as a whole have a function, this would be a very different notion of function than that of the function of a human organ.
	www.fallacyfiles.org /composit.html (271 words)

	Deduction
		fallacy of arguing from the premise(s) that something is a property of each individual in a group or each part of the whole.
		fallacy of composition: the mistake of concluding that a property applies to the whole of something because it applies to each of its parts.
		Example: fallacy of composition: Sodium is poisonous, and chlorine is poisonous, table salt is sodium chloride, so table salt must be poisonous.
	members.aol.com /wutsamada2/crithink/wilson10.htm (2038 words)

	FalofComp
		Composition: When it is observed that the parts of a whole have a certain property and then
		argued that the whole has that property the informal fallacy of composition has been committed.
		of individual members.) Composition is the fallacy of inferring characteristics of the whole from
	webpages.charter.net /Phil106/FalofComp.html (342 words)

	Fallacy of composition - Reviews on RateItAll
		(Informal fallacy) This is the fallacy of arguing from properties of parts to a property of the whole.
		We see this fallacy from those who try to condemn all of Christianity or Islam by pointing out misdeeds of a few headline makers who have badly misinterpreted the basics of their religion.
		Irrationally projecting the problem behaviors of a very small percentage of an population onto the whole of a group is all too commonplace, sadly.
	www.rateitall.com /i-49397-fallacy-of-composition.aspx (436 words)

	Richard Carrier - the composition fallacy - IIDB
		It occours to me that relying no composition is not a fallacy when there is an inductive rule in effect.
		So if composition is not a fallacy if there is an inductive rule in effect, can we decide that the universe is entirely a cause-and-effect affair?
		There are many obvious examples of when properties of parts are shared by a whole--the fallacy lies in assuming this must always be so.
	www.iidb.org /vbb/showthread.php?t=548 (534 words)

	Economics Interactive (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The fallacy of composition plays a more important role in economics than a few introductory comments can convey.
		Many important ideas in economics are the result of avoiding the fallacy, and to the extent the average citizen or politician fails to recognize and avoid the pitfall, we economists have a clearer understanding of the world than they.
		Before presenting the usual explanation of the curves' shapes, it is helpful to preface one's remarks with a review of the fallacy of composition.
	www.unc.edu /~rbyrns/PrinEcon/GI_2004/03-ProdMrkt/GI-09.htm (4580 words)

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