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Topic: Fallacy of distribution

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	Fallacy
		Fallacy of exclusive premises The fallacy of exclusive premises is a formal invalid because both of its premises are neg...
		Fallacy of the Accident The Fallacy of the Accident mistakenly applies a general rule to a particular case that is atypi...
		Fallacy of the undistributed middle The fallacy of the undistributed middle is a categorical syllogism isn't distributed...
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /topics/fallacy.html (678 words)

	Distribution
		Distribution America Distribution America is primarily a 1991 by the merger of Liberty Distributors and Sentry Hardware...
		Erlang distribution The Erlang distribution is a probability density function of the Erlang distribution is The Erlang d...
		Fallacy of distribution A fallacy of distribution is a logical fallacy occurring when an argument assumes there is no di...
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /topics/distribution.html (1025 words)

	Logical fallacy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		A logical fallacy is an error in logicalargument which is independent of the truth of the premises.
		Thepresence of a logical fallacy in an argument does not necessarily imply anything about the argument's premises or its conclusion.Both may actually be true, but the argument is still invalid because the conclusion does not follow from the premises using theinference principles of the argument.
		Fallacies are used frequently by pundits in the media and politics.
	www.therfcc.org /logical-fallacy-1432.html (1625 words)

	Normal distribution Information - TextSheet.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		It is actually a family of distributions of the same general form, differing only in their location and scale parameters: the mean and standard deviation.
		The normal distribution was first introduced by de Moivre in an article in 1733 (reprinted in the second edition of his The Doctrine of Chances, 1738) in the context of approximating certain binomial distributions for large n.
		The cumulative distribution function of the normal distribution is the probability that a given standard normal variable has a value less than z.
	aaronkid.sferahost.com /encyclopedia/n/no/normal_distribution_1.html (2139 words)

	Science Fair Projects - Logical fallacy
		A logical fallacy is an error in logical argument which is independent of the truth of the premises.
		Recognizing fallacies in practical arguments may be difficult since arguments are often structured using rhetorical patterns that obscure the logical connections between assertions.
		Indeed, fallacies very often lay in unstated assumptions or implied premises in arguments that are not always obvious at first glance.
	www.all-science-fair-projects.com /science_fair_projects_encyclopedia/Logical_fallacy (2037 words)

	fallacy (philosophy) - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about fallacy (philosophy)
		In Aristotelian logic (syllogism) and in modern formal logic, there are rules for detecting and preventing fallacies, and ensuring that an inference is valid.
		Begging the question is a fallacy that occurs when one of the premises of an argument could not be known to be true unless the conclusion were first assumed to be true.
		Other fallacies include fallacies of ambiguity; of arguing against a person, rather than against what the person says; and of arguing that something is true simply because there is no evidence against it.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /fallacy+(philosophy) (179 words)

	Normal distribution - free-definition (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The normal distribution has the very important property that under certain conditions, the distribution of a sum of a large number of independent variables is approximately normal.
		While for most practical purposes the distributions of IQ and intelligence (or at least psychometric g) can be seen as the same thing, it is important to distinguish between the two terms when discussing whether they are normally distributed.
		The derivation of the maximum-likelihood estimator of the covariance matrix of a multivariate normal distribution is perhaps surprisingly subtle and elegant.
	www.free-definition.com /Normal-distribution.html (3180 words)

	The Distribution Age: Chapter IV
		Income distribution treats the subject of physical distribution and the buying and selling of goods, the questions in which we are at present most interested, from a standpoint with which we are not here concerned.
		The cost of physical distribution is the cost of transporting goods from the places of production to the places where they are to be consumed, of storing them in warehouses and stores until such time as consumers are in need of them, and the overhead expense incidental to these two processes.
		Distribution, then, is not a process which begins after the cotton has been woven and finished--after its conversion into a form ready for use by ultimate consumers.
	www.soilandhealth.org /03sov/0303critic/030308borsodi.dist.age/030308ch4.htm (3215 words)

	Fallacy of distribution - Freepedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		A fallacy of distribution is a logical fallacy occurring when an argument assumes there is no difference between a term in the distributive (referring to every member of a class) and collective (referring to the class itself as a whole) sense.
		While fallacious, arguments that make these assumptions may be persuasive because of the representativeness heuristic.
		fallacy of the undistributed middle - a different kind of error of distribution of terms
	en.freepedia.org /Fallacy_of_distribution.html (118 words)

	Normal distribution
		It was first found by De Moivre as a limiting form of the binomial distribution in 1733, but was neglected until it was rediscovered by Gauss in 1809 and it is often called the Gaussian distribution.
		The normal distribution was put forward by Gauss as a plausible distribution for measurement errors, and indeed it is found to be applicable over almost the whole of science and engineering measurement.
		The birth month fallacy is an example of a very common error of this sort, and it emerges several times a year.
	www.numberwatch.co.uk /normal_distribution.htm (443 words)

	The extreme value fallacy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		These extreme values exhibit special distributions of their own, which depend on the distribution of the original variate and the number of ranked samples from which they were drawn.
		The fallacy occurs when the extremes are treated as though they were single samples from the original distribution.
		Since inverse distributions are available in such packages as MathCad ®, this is easy to calculate, which is why the mode has been used in these pages to illustrate such phenomena as records.
	www.numberwatch.co.uk /extreme_value_fallacy.htm (492 words)

	Electronic Distribution
		When implemented in a corporate setting, therefore, self-booking adds complexity to the travel process and distributes labor that had been concentrated in a travel agent or corporate travel department across a broad range of travelers—many of whom are far more expensive that the specialists they are displacing.
		The appropriate resolution, it is reasoned, is to reduce costs at any accessible level of the distribution system through "disintermediation" (collapsing of the distance between vendors and their customers by eliminating intermediaries) and through outright compensation cuts where these can be rationalized.
		The "equalizer" fallacy arises from a misunderstanding of the forces driving technology evolution in travel and society as a whole, and the ways in which users will be prepared to embrace that technology.
	www.wardell.org /electronic_distribution.htm (5774 words)

	Distribution
		The case of Distribution compared with Exchange in general in respect to such limitation of supply has only this peculiarity, -- that the danger of this policy defeating itself is in the case of Distribution specially visible and threatening.
		To sum up this criticism, as Distribution is a species of Exchange, it seems undesirable to employ a phrase so foreign to the general theory of Exchange as the dictum that one of the parties to an exchange normally gains nothing.
		To illustrate the distribution of produce between those who have contributed at different times to its production, let us at first make abstraction of other differences, and imagine economic men uniting the functions of workman and capitalist-entrepreneur, differing only in the amount of capitalisation, the length of time during which their labour is invested.
	socserv2.socsci.mcmaster.ca /~econ/ugcm/3ll3/edgeworth/distribution.html (11708 words)

	Three Myths About Distribution
		Together you create the distribution network that places your book in front of the largest number of people in the shortest period of time.
		Although there is some overlap and duplication of effort, each level of the distribution network performs marketing tasks and is compensated out of the proceeds from the sale of your book.
		Second is the fallacy that you will receive payment for the difference between their deductions and your list price in 90 to 120 days.
	www.bookmarketingworks.com /3Myths.htm (1437 words)

	Syllogistic Fallacy
		The subfallacies of Syllogistic Fallacy are fallacies of this rule-breaking type.
		The notion of distribution plays a role in some of the syllogistic fallacies: the terms in a categorical proposition are said to be "distributed" or "undistributed" in that proposition, depending upon what type of proposition it is, and whether the term is the subject or predicate term.
		Specifically, the subject term is distributed in the A and E type propositions, and the predicate term is distributed in the E and O type propositions.
	www.fallacyfiles.org /syllfall.html (409 words)

	Tim Worstall: A Gross Fallacy.
		The fallacy is not the statement that they believed this, but that the belief was true.
		The tolerable administration of justice, easy taxes and the secure administration of property along with trade, lots and lots of lovely trade (no, it doesn’t matter of the trade is inside a family, across a city or between nations).
		For until we have in fact created sufficient wealth to provide sufficient per capita (and what that is is also arguable) we have to measure our allocation system against whatever bad effects it may or may not have on the wealth creation.
	timworstall.typepad.com /timworstall/2005/07/a_gross_fallacy.html (994 words)

	FindLaw for Legal Professionals - Case Law, Federal and State Resources, Forms, and Code
		Danforth, 428 U.S., the constitutionality of a blanket prohibition of the distribution of contraceptives to minors is a fortiori foreclosed.
		JUSTICE POWELL concluded that the prohibition against distribution of contraceptives to persons under 16 is defective both because it infringes the privacy interests of married females between the ages of 14 and 16 and because it prohibits parents from distributing contraceptives to their children, thus unjustifiably interfering with parental interests in rearing children.
		Nevertheless, the restriction of distribution channels to a small fraction of the total number of possible retail outlets renders contraceptive devices considerably less accessible to the public, reduces the opportunity for privacy of selection and purchase, 6 and lessens the possibility of price competition.
	caselaw.findlaw.com /cgi-bin/getcase.pl?navby=volpage&court=us&vol=431&page=688#688 (11940 words)

	Joseph Story: Distribution of Powers
		As it is tacitly assumed, as a fundamental basis in the constitution of the United States, in the distribution of its powers, it may be worth inquiry, what is the true nature, object, and extent of the maxim, and of the reasoning, by which it is supported.
		It was said, that the several departments of power were distributed, and blended in such a manner, as at once to destroy all symmetry and beauty of form; and to expose some of the essential parts of the edifice to the danger of being crushed by the disproportionate weight of the other parts.
		But it may here be said, that the experience of more than forty years has demonstrated the entire safety of this distribution, at least in the quarter, where the objection was supposed to apply with most force.
	www.lonang.com /exlibris/story/sto-307.htm (5762 words)

	The Fallacy Files Glossary
		For instance, an ambiguous or vague sentence is not in and of itself fallacious, since it is not an argument, but it may cause somebody to infer a false conclusion.
		A term in a categorical proposition is distributed if and only if the proposition implies every proposition that results from replacing the term with a more specific term.
		Example: The subject term "mammals" in "all mammals are animals" is distributed because it implies "all cats are animals", "all dogs are animals", "all humans are animals", etc. In contrast, the predicate term "animals" is not distributed because the proposition doesn't imply that all mammals are cats.
	www.fallacyfiles.org /glossary.html (1781 words)

	Global sounds and local brews. Musical developments and music industry in Europe (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		He labels such a determinism as "the fallacy of distribution" and emphasizes that the distribution of cultural products, does not automatically lead to a cultural change in the direction of the message content.
		European branch offices function as national distribution and marketing units for the global acts and in most cases have certain own competencies and responsibilities, for instance to produce and market national talent on their national markets and abroad.
		The potentialities of these new distribution systems are immense, it could make distribution much easier and maybe cheaper, but at the other hand the potential threats, especially in terms of protections of rights of writers, composers, publishers and producers, can be a threat to a healthy exploitation of musical products by those parties.
	www.icce.rug.nl /~soundscapes/DATABASES/MIE/Part2_chapter01.html (6008 words)

	Fallacies
		In order to understand what a fallacy is, one must understand what an argument is. Very briefly, an argument consists of one or more premises and one conclusion.
		To be more specific, a fallacy is an "argument" in which the premises given for the conclusion do not provide the needed degree of support.
		A deductive fallacy is a deductive argument that is invalid (it is such that it could have all true premises and still have a false conclusion).
	www.nizkor.org /features/fallacies (524 words)

	List of topics in logic - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		There is a list of paradoxes on the paradox page.
		There is a list of fallacies on the logical fallacy page.
		Modern mathematical logic is at the list of mathematical logic topics page.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/List_of_topics_in_logic (527 words)

	internet culture
		Call this the Frame Fallacy, after the mistake of inferring from the fact that a movie is made up of discrete frames, to the conclusion that the experience of watching a movie is the experience of a series of discrete frames.
		That this is a fallacy is evident from the fact that the computer does not force the user to jump around in the manner that it enables.
		For as soon as the distribution of labor comes into being, each man has a particular, exclusive sphere of activity which is forced upon him and from which he cannot escape.
	www.brandeis.edu /pubs/jove/HTML/V6/iculture.html (8643 words)

	THE BASE RATE FALLACY RECONSIDERED:
		This confusion or "inverse fallacy" produces responses that are descriptively consistent with the assignment of no weight to base rates (and any information aside from the hit rate, for that matter).
		As the remaining error variability is reduced, the distributions about the best parameter estimate (i.e., the mean) become tighter, and one's confidence that the estimate is at or near the mean increases.
		At the normative level, the popular form of the base rate fallacy should be rejected because few tasks map unambiguously into the narrow framework that is held up as the standard of acceptable decision-making.
	www.bbsonline.org /documents/a/00/00/05/31/bbs00000531-00/bbs.koehler.html (16383 words)

	The Idea Shop: guest post: galton's fallacy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		To see why this leads to a fallacy, let’s do a simulation where we generate, loosely speaking, 2250 standard normally distributed* random variables with a correlation coefficient of 0.5 and plot them against each other.
		Now assume that the distribution of true scores follows a normal distribution with a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15.
		That’s what gives the appearance of a “regression to the mean.” And the same explanation applies to the father-son sample: a father with a height of 2 (which is 2 standard deviations taller than the average father) does not have on average a son with an equally extreme height.
	the-idea-shop.com /index.php?id=43 (1131 words)

	Re: The Distribution Fallacy & Non-linear 2nd quantization
		But really what we are talking about here is the undefinability of the multiplication of operator valued distributions which appears to be implicit both in the definition of the interaction Hamiltonian, ej.A, and also in the perturbation expansion itself.
		But it is only the equal time multiplication of fields which causes a problem, and the physical analysis of a model of particle interactions described as a spin network shows that the equal time multiplication does not physically occur.
		The Distribution Fallacy and Non-linear 2nd quantization (was: Spin foams and gauge theories)
	www.lns.cornell.edu /spr/2000-10/msg0028878.html (671 words)

	Encyclopedia: List of topics in logic
		Elimination rule -- End term -- Exclusive disjunction -- Existential fallacy -- Existential quantification
		Fallacy of distribution -- Fallacy of the four terms -- First-order predicate - First-order predicate calculus - First-order resolution -- Fluidic logic -- Forward chaining -- Free variables and bound variables -- Fuzzy logic
		Law of excluded middle -- Law of non-contradiction -- Laws of logic -- Linear logic -- Logic -- Logic gate -- Logical assertion -- Logical biconditional -- Logical conditional --Logical conjunction -- Logical disjunction -- Logical equivalence -- Logical fallacy -- Logical language -- Logical nor -- Logical operator -- Logicism -- Logic programming
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/List-of-topics-in-logic (560 words)

	BBC - h2g2 - The Gambler's Fallacy
		The gambler's fallacy is the incorrect belief that the outcome of any particular event in a series of identical, independent events which have outcomes of a fixed probability, is influenced by the outcomes of previous events in that series.
		This is known as the theory of uneven distribution, which tells us that the smaller the sample (number of events), the less likely it is for the possible outcomes to occur exactly according to their probabilities.
		Another thing to remember when playing casino games is that all of those games are designed to favour the house, so that regardless of your strategy or skill in play, the house always wins overall in the long term.
	www.bbc.co.uk /dna/collective/A963470 (923 words)

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