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Topic: Fallacy of many questions

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	Fallacy of many questions - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Many questions, also known as complex question, presupposition, loaded question, or plurium interrogationum (Latin, "of many questions"), is a logical fallacy.
		It is committed when someone asks a question that presupposes something that has not been proven or accepted by all the people involved — i.e., a premise is included which is at least as dubious as the proposed conclusion.
		This fallacy is often used rhetorically so that the question limits direct replies to something that serves the questioner's agenda.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Fallacy_of_many_questions (621 words)

	Begging the question - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In logic, begging the question is the term for a type of fallacy occurring in deductive reasoning in which the proposition to be proved is assumed implicitly or explicitly in one of the premises.
		Fowler states that it is "The fallacy of founding a conclusion on a basis that as much needs to be proved as the conclusion itself." This is more commonly known as the Fallacy of many questions.
		Begging the question is also related to the Fallacy of many questions—a fallacy of technique that results from presenting evidence in support of a conclusion that is less likely to be accepted than merely asserting the conclusion.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Circular_reasoning (1227 words)

	FALLACY - LoveToKnow Article on FALLACY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		Verbal Fallacies are those in which a false conclusion is obtained by improper or ambiguous use of words.
		The purely Logical or Formal fallacies consist in the violation of the formal rules of the Syllogism (q.v.).
		They are (a) fallacy of Four Terms (Quaternio terminorum); (b) of Undistributed Middle; (c) of Illicit process of the major or the minor term; (d) of Negative Premises.
	4.1911encyclopedia.org /F/FA/FALLACY.htm (598 words)

	Types of Informal Fallacy
		Fallacy of argumentum ad baculum (arguing from power or force).- The Latin means "an argument according to the stick," "argument by means of the rod," "argument using force." Arguing to support the acceptance of an argument by a threat, or use of force.
		Fallacy of argumentum ad hominem (argument against the man).-The Latin means "argument to the man." Arguing against, or rejecting a person's views by attacking or abusing his personality, character, motives, intentions, qualifications, etc., as opposed to providing evidence why the views are incorrect.
		Asking a question for which a single and simple answer is demanded yet the question (a) requires a series of answers, and/or (b) requires answers to a host of other questions, each of which should be answered separately.
	www.beige.org /~gltweasl/fallacy.html (2396 words)

	[No title]
		fallacies of ambiguity: these are arguments where certain words or phrases have ambiguous meanings that are shifted or reinterpreted in the course of the argument, rendering them fallacious.
		Fallacy of argumentum ad baculum (argument from power or force.) The Latin means "an argument according to the stick." "argument by means of the rod," "argument using force." Arguing to support the acceptance of an argument by a threat, or use of force.
		Asking a question for which a single and simple answer is demanded yet the question (a) requires a series of answers, and/or (b) requires answers to a host of other questions, each of which have to be answered separately.
	www.empowermentzone.com /fallacy.txt (6108 words)

	Logical Fallacy: Loaded Question
		A question with a false, disputed, or question-begging presupposition.
		Since a question is not an argument, simply asking a loaded question is not a fallacious argument.
		This is a series of loaded questions and it illustrates one of the common uses of the loaded question as a rhetorical device, namely, innuendo.
	www.fallacyfiles.org /loadques.html (1318 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		The logical fallacy of appeal to belief is committed when an argument infers the truth (or plausibility) of a proposition merely from the fact that it is widely believed.
		Many questions, also known as complex question, loaded question, or plurium interrogationum (Latin, "of many questions"), is a logical fallacy.
		The logical fallacy of false dilemma, also known as fallacy of the excluded middle, false dichotomy, either/or dilemma or bifurcation, is to set up two alternative points of view as if they were the only options, when they are not.
	www.ilstu.edu /~laoster/logoscribsheet.htm (846 words)

	Christian Fallacies
		This is the fallacy of assuming that A caused B simply because A happened along with B, or prior to B. Here's what the fallacy looks like: "Most rapists read pornography when they were teenagers; obviously, pornography causes violence toward women." But the two phenomena can have a correlation without one causing the other.
		This fallacy is often masked as an appeal to avoid the "slippery slope." A variant is reductio ad absurdum, where one carries the opponent's position to its logical end, without mentioning that this is not the inevitable result of the opponent's viewpoint.
		Many fallacies can be grouped under the heading "irrelevant conclusion," where instead of proving the facts in question, the arguer seeks to divert attention to some extraneous fact.
	www.etymonline.com /columns/fallacy.htm (1750 words)

	The Cocaine Fallacy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		To a logician, fallacies are the debris of formal argument and need to be discovered and swept away to preserve the integrity of logic.
		Fallacious arguments, spun around ethical (character) and pathetic (emotion) appeals, have driven political and commercial arguments since the emergence of a mass media.
		Most people recognize this fallacy in the question: "Have you stopped beating your wife?" To answer "yes" or "no" is to validate the premise of the question.
	cctr.umkc.edu /~acline/c2000/COCAINE.HTML (1001 words)

	The Atheism Web: Logic & Fallacies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		This fallacy is an argument of the form "A implies B, B is true, therefore A is true." To understand why it is a fallacy, examine the truth table for implication given earlier.
		This fallacy is the reverse of the Fallacy of Accident.
		This fallacy is an argument of the form "A implies B, A is false, therefore B is false." The truth table for implication makes it clear why this is a fallacy.
	www.infidels.org /news/atheism/logic.html (5794 words)

	[No title]
		Why this is begging the question will be explained in detail shortly, but since the entire presumption of the argument for creationism rests on this circular logic regarding ‘high information content’ it is, in a sense, the most fundamental failing made here.
		This fallacy with creationism is so well known at this point that it should have been at the forefront of your mind the moment you gleaned the nature of the article.
		The Limited Depth fallacy explains that a theory used to associate two or more things to a cause must include an explanation as to why that cause, rationally, is the lone and definite parent of the conclusion, which creationists don’t do.
	www.procyon.com /~froody/funparty/quiz.doc (2095 words)

	Fallacies
		Its relation to the study of fallacies is, admittedly, not quite straightforward, and we find elements relevant to it, from time to time, in positive theories of reasoning also; but, if the scattered survival of discussions of fallacies requires a justification other than in terms of entertainment value, this is what it must be.
		In fact a question-and-answer system, in which A asks questions and B must provide syntactically correct answers to them, is really simpler than this, since a questioner is not directly involved in the matter of consistency; but, even so, provides a generic dialectical setting for the decision-problems of all the formal logical calculi.
		Questions of consistency may also enter at the level of the object-language, provided that, as is usually the case, we envisage this as containing statements, in some reasonably normal sense of that word.
	www.ditext.com /hamblin/8.html (8905 words)

	Fallacies
		For example, one fallacy is called "sweeping generalization." Someone may argue: "That is the richest sorority on campus; so Sue, who belongs to that sorority must be one of the richest women on campus." Well, Sue may be one of the richest; or she may be one of the poorest.
		This is the converse of the fallacy of affirmation of the consequent.
		Fallacy of composition: the idea that a property shared by a number of individual items, is also shared by a collection of those items; or that a property of the parts of an object, must also be a property of the whole thing.
	www.ship.edu /~cgboeree/fallacies.html (4664 words)

	Quoderat » Of Dilbert and Torture
		Adams has structured his question so that whether you answer ‘yes’ or ‘no’, you’re forced first to accept the premise that torture is an effective way to get information — in other words, there’s no way to answer the question directly without agreeing with him.
		This trick is called the Fallacy of many questions — the classic (somewhat disturbing) example is the question “when did you stop beating your wife” — and in a formal debate, it would result in a severe penalty.
		Isn’t this a Fallacy of the excluded middle(i.e.
	www.megginson.com /blogs/quoderat/archives/2005/12/23/of-dilbert-and-torture/trackback (892 words)

	Logical fallacy - Gurupedia
		A logical fallacy is an error in logical argument which is independent of the truth of the premises.
		Appropriately, since it plays on an ambiguity, this sort of fallacy is called the fallacy of equivocation, that is, equating two incompatible terms or claims.
		By definition, arguments with logical fallacies are invalid, but they can often be (re)written in such a way that they fit a valid argument form.
	www.gurupedia.com /f/fa/fallacy.htm (1752 words)

	Select Bibliography of Recent Work on the Fallacies
		A sketch of an epistemic theory of fallacies.
		Whose is the fallacy: A rejoinder to Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky.
		Criteria of fallacy and sophistry for use in the analysis of Platonic dialogues.
	www.ditext.com /eemeren/bib.html (1185 words)

	Jeff Richardson's Argumentation Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		The fallacy of Non Causa Pro Causa occurs when one identifies something as the cause of an event but it has not actually been shown to be the cause.
		The fallacy is to assume that mentioning two different situations, in an argument about a general rule, constitutes a claim that those situations are analogous to each other.
		It is not strictly a fallacy to fail to state all of one's assumptions; however, it is often viewed with suspicion.
	www.cox-internet.com /triddorus/argument.htm (4363 words)

	[No title]
		THE FALLACY OF ACCIDENT The Fallacy of Accident is committed when a general rule is applied to a particular case whose "accidental" circumstances mean that the rule is inapplicable.
		DENIAL OF THE ANTECEDENT This fallacy is an argument of the form "A implies B, A is false, therefore B is false".
		RED HERRING This fallacy is committed when irrelevant material is introduced to the issue being discussed, so that everyone's attention is diverted away from the points being made, towards a different conclusion.
	web.mit.edu /mbarker/www/faqs/f035372.txt (4403 words)

	Fallacy of Modal Logic
		Modal fallacies are formal fallacies in which modality plays a role in the fallaciousness of a type of argument.
		Since modalities are frequent topics in philosophy―alethic modalities in metaphysics, epistemic ones in epistemology, and deontic ones in ethics―modal fallacies are quite frequent in philosophical and pseudo-philosophical argumentation.
		So, while students of philosophy should, of course, study logic and fallacies in general, they should pay particular attention to modal fallacies including the subfallacy below.
	www.fallacyfiles.org /modalfal.html (316 words)

	woxy.com > Boards - Report faults Air Force Academy on religion
		I can't believe you want to sit here and argue semantics about what a "question" is. If you say "continue to defend" something, then that person must have been defending it in the first place to even be able to continue it.
		It is committed when someone asks a question that presupposes something that has not been proven or accepted upon by the people involved--i.e., a premise is included which is at least as dubious as the proposed conclusion.
		Note that the fallacy is all in context: the fact that a question presupposes something does not in itself make the question fallacious.
	www.woxy.com /boards/showthread.php?p=570259 (2891 words)

	researchpaper (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		•Many claims of value, however, can be defended or attacked on the basis of standards.
		Motivational or based on the values of the arguer and the audience (ex.: as Americans, we seem to share the belief that no American should be forced to starve to death).
		A fallacy can be a non sequitur; that is, our claims don't logically follow from the way we have framed the basis of our argument.
	www.scs.k12.tn.us /SCS/subject-areas/Research_paper/researchpaper.htm (1631 words)

	How to argue like a "Liberal" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		Never forget that an answer to a question you have asked should always be regarded as a personal attack if the answer is something you don't like, and that the answer to all evils personal, spiritual, moral and societal is more government money.
		Preferably loudly during lunch or dinner or on a bus where they'd be able to maximize their annoying of everyone in the general vicinity.
		When you ask a liberal a yes-or-no question, and the correct answer will reveal to them their error, they will say, "That's not the issue," and go to something completely irrelevant.
	www.freerepublic.com /focus/f-news/1108336/posts (4720 words)

	Fallacies
		In order to understand what a fallacy is, one must understand what an argument is. Very briefly, an argument consists of one or more premises and one conclusion.
		To be more specific, a fallacy is an "argument" in which the premises given for the conclusion do not provide the needed degree of support.
		A deductive fallacy is a deductive argument that is invalid (it is such that it could have all true premises and still have a false conclusion).
	www.nizkor.org /features/fallacies (524 words)

	A List Of Fallacious Arguments
		This is a variation of the Genetic Fallacy, but has the psychological appeal of seniority and tradition (or innovation).
		This fallacy is a variant of the Argument From Age.
		This is a relative of Begging The Question, except that the circularity there is in what you are trying to prove, instead of what you are trying to disprove.
	www.don-lindsay-archive.org /skeptic/arguments.html (6781 words)

	Many Questions
		When listening to a complex question or statement, we have a limited ability to understand everything.
		This causes confusion and we will may stumble through a partial answer or say nothing, letting the speaker pick up again and perhaps answer the question in the way they want, or just to continue.
		If unrelated questions are asked, the effect is multiplied as the listener not only tries to remember them but also make sense of them with regard to the relationship between them.
	changingminds.org /techniques/argument/fallacies/many_questions.htm (195 words)

	Thinking Straighter: The Fine Art (& Science) of Reasoning S-Z
		Many sects, and even mainstream religions, utilize these hurdles to "protect" especially their younger members from exposure to the "wrong" influences.
		Quite simply it is the fallacy that if one repeats a claim often enough, or if enough people repeat the claim (making it a form of Appealing to the Crowd), that, by itself, lends it validity.
		Related to the fallacies of The Map is Not the Country, and Common Sense, this is when a common saying, popular truism, or wide-held axiom, becomes considered as an Absolute Law.
	www.gdg.00freehost.com /s_thinking/index5.htm (5655 words)

	Fallacies
		Here is a list of everyday fallacies take from Peter A. Angeles Dictionary of Philosophy-- published by Barnes and Noble, copyright 1981.
		(a) Arriving at a conclusion from statements that themselves are questionable and hae to be proved but are assumed true.
		IGNORATIO ELENCHI is sometimes used as a general name for all fallacies that are based on irrelevancy (such as ad baculum, ad hominem, as misericordiam, as populum, ad verecundiam, consensus gentium, etc.)
	abyss.uoregon.edu /~js/glossary/fallacies.html (2718 words)

	2.2b (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		The many questions fallacy happens when someone asks a question that either includes a hidden assumption or asks more than one question, and the person asking the question calls for a yes or no answer.
		Whichever answer is given traps the respondent in an unintended admission.
		Many questions is also known as complex question, compound question, fallacy of interrogation, and plurium interrogationum
	www.humboldt.edu /~act/HTML/tests/fallacy3/2.2b.html (99 words)

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