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Topic: False Confession

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	RIGHTS-IRAN: No Winners in False Confession Game (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Resalat claims that Jahanbeglou confessed he was on a mission to participate in a "Velvet Revolution" in Iran, similar to the bloodless uprising in Czechoslovakia that saw the overthrow of the communist government there.
		False confessions are intended to destroy the personality of political prisoners and intimidate prospective critics of the government.
		A month later, all four journalists were made to confess to their crimes on television, admitting that all of their journalistic activities were part of a plan constructed and paid for by "foreign enemies" who wanted to paint a dark picture of the revolutionary establishment.
	www.ipsnews.net /news.asp?idnews=34019 (1276 words)

	The HooK: NEWS- False confession: When the innocent admit guilt
		Now waging a civil suit expected to end soon in Charlottesville, Washington and his plight have put a spotlight on false confessions, an emerging topic on the national scene and one that a few folks believe may have caused some local teens to be jailed indefinitely.
		False confessions have been around for centuries; a prominent US example is the Salem witch trials.
		Third is the internalized false confession made by vulnerable people who didn't commit the crime and have no memory of it, but who, when police tell them they have evidence, actually begin to believe they committed the crime.
	www.readthehook.com /stories/2006/05/04/newswashington.aspx (1180 words)

	FALSE CONFESSIONS BY ADULTS
		Confessions while in custody are assumed to be involuntary, and the burden is on the State to show that the confession was voluntarily made.
		He was subjected to 23 interrogations over five months of hypnotism and coercion by his church minister to confess, provided with graphic crime details, and influenced by a police psychologist who told him that sex offenders often repress memories of their crimes.
		The case became famous because it was the first instance of an individual confessing to Satanic Ritual Abuse in the U. Dr. Richard Ofshe, an expert in interrogation techniques, told Ingram that his children disclosed that he had forced them to engage in sexual activities with each other.
	www.religioustolerance.org /false_co.htm (2650 words)

	False Confessions?
		To estimate the frequency of false confessions, one should canvass the available empirical evidence for estimates of (1) the number of criminal cases; (2) the error rate (that is, the wrongful conviction rate) in those cases; and (3) the proportion of wrongful convictions attributable to false confessions.
		If a person who has made a false confession is not convicted-because the police do not arrest, the prosecutor does not indict, or the jury does not convictthen the screens in the system have at least worked to prevent the ultimate miscarriage of justice, the conviction of an innocent person.
		Fairchild confessed to, and was convicted of, participating in the murder and rape of Marjorie Mason on February 26,1983.
	www.prodeathpenalty.com /guilt.htm (15322 words)

	Fight the Death Penalty in USA - Articles
		In December, the convictions of five men who confessed to the 1989 rape and beating of a jogger in New York's Central Park were reversed after an imprisoned rapist took sole responsibility for the assault.
		The use of false evidence (including statements such as, "Your fingerprints are on the gun") in interrogation is implicated in almost every false-confession case, but American courts have upheld the practice.
		False confessions are generated in cell blocks as well as interrogation rooms, a fact not lost on detectives under fire for the Central Park jogger case.
	www.fdp.dk /act/030430_false_confessions.php (604 words)

	False Confession Syndrome Defense Quashed in Murder Trial
		He went on to make several confessions, three of which were taped, in which he detailed how he: met with the victim; had a brief sexual encounter with her; became enraged at her; lost control of his car while striking her, causing it to slide into the ditch; and eventually drowned her in the creek.
		A guilty person who confesses should be able to provide "clincher detail", that is accurate details about the crime that the police had not previously revealed to the public, which could only be known by someone who is guilty.
		Boyer, who cited the fact that in his confession he mentioned that he had grabbed some of the victim's schoolbooks from her car and strewn them about on the sidewalk—a fact not previously revealed to the public.
	echo.forensicpanel.com /1997/5/1/falseconfession.html (1290 words)

	False Confession Anotated Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Most jurisdictions adhere to the doctrine that a false confession will be judicially decided based upon analysis and consideration of the totality of the circumstances, which means police conduct, defendant's conduct, and other circumstances.
		Low IQ subjects are more likely to believe that falsely confessing will have little or no consequences, because of their knowledge of the truth of the matter and belief that truth always wins out.
		Combined with susceptibility to acquiescence, suggestibility, compliance with authority, and proclivity to confabulate puts low IQ subjects at significantly higher risk for false confession in context of a police interrogation.
	www.psychologyandlaw.com /false.htm (1293 words)

	False Confessions, the Tucson Four
		Another type of false confession, called “coerced-compliant,” usually occurs when the suspect feels he must avoid duress or seeks to benefit from the confession.
		Instead of confessing to get out of an undesirable situation or to tie down a lenient plea bargain, the suspect unconsciously incorporates into his own memory the information given to him during police interrogation.
		He also argued that his confession was false because it had been extracted by the same interrogators, who had used on him the same technique that they had used to extract false confessions from the Tucson Four.
	garylstuart.com /220FalseConfessionsTheTucsonFour.htm (971 words)

	The Innocence Project - Understand the Causes: Forensic Science Misconduct
		Confessions obtained from juveniles are often unreliable – children an be easy to manipulate and are not always fully aware of their situation.
		People with mental disabilities have often falsely confessed because they are tempted to accommodate and agree with authority figures.
		Mentally capable adults also give false confessions due to a variety of factors like the length of interrogation, exhaustion or a belief that they can be released after confessing and prove their innocence later.
	innocenceproject.org /understand/False-Confessions.php (547 words)

	Howstuffworks "Why would a person make a false confession to a crime?"
		False confessions are relatively common in high-profile criminal cases.
		There are several reasons why a person might come forward to falsely confess to a high-profile crime.
		A 2004 study of false confessions revealed that most people who make false confessions are young, developmentally disabled or mentally ill. Often, a jury will believe a confession even when physical evidence in the case suggests or proves that the defendant did not commit the crime.
	people.howstuffworks.com /false-confession.htm (651 words)

	Police Induced False Confession Comes to Light - Innocent Man Released From Custody - Sean Hannity Discussion
		The problem of police forcing false confessions from suspects they feel are guilty, is a much larger problem than you might think.
		Confess and get 15 to life or deny the killing and run what appears to you to be the very real chance that you could get the death penalty.
		Ochoa and Popp said they would urge the commission to recommend legislation requiring that police be required to videotape every moment of their contact with a suspect to avoid false confessions.
	www.hannity.com /forum/showthread.php?t=75083 (1175 words)

	Maricopa County Attorney Richard Romley - The Debra Jean Milke Case
		False confessions are hardly a rarity in Arizona.
		The Supreme Court concluded in MIRANDA that compelled confessions were obtained by police because suspects were unaware of their constitutional right to remain silent, or they were unable, without a lawyer present to weigh the consequences of talking with police officers.
		Generally, a confession obtained in violation of MIRANDA - failing to inform suspects of their rights - may not be used by the prosecution in a trial.
	www.debbiemilke.com /en/mjplay/romley.shtml (2179 words)

	How to Get a False Confession
		Notice that there is not even the hint of the possibility of false confessions and the complete confidence of the interrogator in his ability to read the "buy signs" of his suspect—the body language and other physical reactions that suggest the suspect's guilt and that he is ready to confess.
		He does this by reminding Michael that if he confesses to the crime, he will likely be treated differently than if he defiantly continues to deny it despite the evidence against him.
		With the suspect closer to giving a confession, the interrogator must overcome the harriers of fear that prevent the guilty person from telling the truth.
	www.truthinjustice.org /get-confession.htm (2644 words)

	Anatomy of a false murder confession
		At least 60 people confessed falsely in the United States between 1973 and 1998, with 29 convicted, 11 sentenced to life imprisonment, three sentenced to death and one executed, according to a 1998 study by UC Professors Richard Ofshe and Richard Leo that was published in the the Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology.
		And once the judge barred prosecutors from using Cowling's taped confession to prove his guilt because of the Miranda violation, the state was forced to rely on the detectives' admittedly scanty notes and faulty memories of what they claimed was an earlier unrecorded confession.
		Leo, one of the UC professors who studied false confessions, testified for the defense that Oakland's interrogation techniques are like those of other police agencies around the country and pose a risk of false confessions.
	www.mindfully.org /Reform/Anatomy-False-Murder-Confession.htm (2874 words)

	COURTTV.COM - TOP NEWS - Expert: Confession of convicted Long Island killer was false
		Martin Tankleff, found guilty in 1990 of killing his wealthy parents, was manipulated by police into confessing to the crime, according to a renowned psychologist.
		He said the biggest lie police told — that his father came out of his coma and told police the then-17-year-old boy was his attacker — led to statements by Tankleff that formed the core of his later trial and conviction.
		In fact, the physical evidence suggested that Seymour Tankleff was bludgeoned and stabbed in his study before the killer bludgeoned and nearly decapitated Arlene Tankleff in her bedroom on the opposite end of the home.
	www.courttv.com /news/tankleff/072104_ctv.html (899 words)

	69% of Innocent People in Experiment Signed False Confession
		To measure the effect of confronting a suspect with false evidence of his or her guilt, half the participants were told an onlooker (a confederate in the experiment) was an eyewitness to their pressing of the “ALT” key, while the other half were not presented with independent evidence that they had pressed the key.
		The experiment’s finding that there is a high likelihood an innocent person can be induced to falsely confess is highlighted by the finding that 35% of the participants falsely confessed who had a low vulnerability and no eyewitness claimed to have seen him or her press the “ALT” key.
		The mere presence of a confession was thus sufficient to turn acquittal into conviction, irrespective of the contexts in which it was elicited and presented.
	www.justicedenied.org /issue/issue_27/69pct_innocent_confessed.html (1199 words)

	Amnesty Magazine
		And one of the best ways to accomplish that, he argues, is by proposing a story that presents the suspect in a favorable light, suggesting, say, that an obviously deliberate assault was in fact inadvertent, or that his rape victim was “asking for it,” or that low wages and miserable working conditions made embezzlement inevitable.
		While it is true that relatively few wrongful convictions—8 to 14 percent, in Leo’s estimation—are due to false confession, with the bulk caused by false testimony and mistaken eye-witness accounts and identifications, confession is disproportionately influential.
		Remedying the policies and procedures that tend to produce false confessions would not only protect the accused from coercion, finally fulfilling the promise of the Miranda decision; it would help to ensure the integrity of the criminal justice system.
	www.amnestyusa.org /amnestynow/false_confessions.html (2822 words)

	Leo & Ofshe: Consequences of False Confessions
		There are four sub-types of proven false confessions: the suspect confessed to a crime that did not happen; the evidence objectively demonstrates that the defendant could not possibly have committed the crime; the true perpetrator was identified and his guilt established; or the defendant was exonerated by scientific evidence.
		police elicited a false confession to a sexually motivated killing from Ivan Reliford, but later discovered that Reliford was in custody when the crime was committed.
		[FN217] Tankleff confessed to beating his mother with a dumbbell and then fighting with her, which would have been consistent with the defensive wounds on her arms, but Tankleff's body was unscratched and the absence of any bruises suggested that he had not been in a life or death struggle with anyone.
	www.law.wayne.edu /Faculty/Fac_web/moran/LeoOfshe.htm (4642 words)

	Saul Kassin \| Professor of Psychology
		The social psychology of false confessions: Compliance, internalization, and confabulation.
		Confessions expert testimony passes the Frye test in Nassau County, NY.
		Investigating interrogation practices and false confessions in Canada, CBC has a web page to accompany their television news story, Inside the Interrogation Room.
	www.williams.edu /Psychology/Faculty/Kassin/research/confessions.htm (406 words)

	Witness for False Confession No Expert
		Nevertheless, since Beltran never claimed that his confession was false, and since the expert in this case provided no guidance to the trier of fact on how to determine if a confession is false, the facts of this case did not support allowing admission of the expert testimony.
		With respect to these dilemmas, and the zeal with which some approach their responsibility to protect the public, behavioral science intersects this issue not only in the type of interviewing done to elicit the false confession, but the defendant most vulnerable to it.
		Persuaded false confessions, both coerced and non-coerced, result from successfully convincing the suspect that he has not remembered his crime.
	echo.forensicpanel.com /1998/2/1/witnessfalse.html (896 words)

	IPT Journal - "A False Confession of Child Sexual Abuse on the Navaho Reservation: The Gudjonsson Suggestibility ...
		The overall result is an increase in the likelihood of false allegations not being detected, since the investigation of major sources of error are blocked.
		The danger of multiple interviews by interrogators unfamiliar with the reality of false allegations was again emphasized, as was the necessity to utilize open-ended questioning during the initial stages of an interview, only resorting to agreed-upon memory-enhancement techniques during the later stages of the interview.
		His false confession is consistent with the coerced-compliant type, since he retracted the confession after his emotional turmoil abated (Kassin and Wrightsman, 1985).
	www.ipt-forensics.com /journal/volume5/j5_4_1.htm (5385 words)

	Psychology Today: The False Confession
		The convictions of five men who confessed to the 1989 rape and beating of a jogger in New York's Central Park were reversed after an imprisoned rapist took sole responsibility for the assault.
		Governor George Ryan commuted the sentences of Illinois' 150 death-row inmates to life in prison, due in part to concern about the role of false confessions in securing wrongful convictions.
		Although it is difficult, if not impossible, to estimate the number of false confessions nationwide, a review of one decade's worth of murder cases in a single Illinois county found 247 instances in which the defendants' self-incriminating statements were thrown out by the court or found by a jury to be insufficiently convincing for conviction.
	www.psychologytoday.com /rss/pto-20030430-000002.html (685 words)

	FALSE CONFESSIONS and other contributing factors in wrongful murder convictions in Illinois since the William Heirens ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Until recent years, false confessions, false forensic evidence, and, more generally, wrongful convictions were widely assumed by the legal profession and general public alike to be only regrettable anomalies in an otherwise well-functioning criminal justice system.
		3 (6.7%) both confessed -- or were said to have confessed -- and were implicated by a codefendant's false confession or perjured testimony.
		Summaries of the cases of 45 defendants who were convicted of murder in Illinois and subsequently legally exonerated -- Appendix A. Chart identifying factors contributing to convictions in the documented Illinois wrongful murder conviction cases -- Appendix B.
	www.freeheirens.com /report.html (761 words)

	JOHN E. REID & ASSOCIATES, INC.
		The limitation excluded areas where his novel science appears unproven and essentially untested, where he appeared to be exceeding his true area of expertise or sought to use terms of significant legal consequence that could confuse or mislead the jury, or where his testimony would not be of assistance to the trier of fact.
		When the Court reviewed all material provided by the parties on this issue, the one clear impression left is that the area of false confessions during police interrogation is an area of study in its infancy with different views and countervailing opinions.
		Poorly trained interrogators use false "evidence ploys" in conjunction with inappropriate psychological "motivators" to coerce false confessions without knowing that the confessions are false.
	www.reid.com /educational_info/r_ccorner.html (1457 words)

	False Confession, Wrongful Conviction & Eyewitness Error (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Some people continue to confess to this day about these crimes, and include people who were not even born at the time.
		Saul Kassin, a psychologist, has probably studied the topic of false confessions more than anybody else, and it can be safely said he has the workings of a typology about the types of people who confess.
		False events can be easily placed in memory by imagery, such as repeatedly showing someone a fake picture of themselves as a child, or by "brainwashing" a person by repeatedly inundating them with strong sensory information.
	faculty.ncwc.edu /toconnor/psy/psylect06.htm (4709 words)

	Teenager jailed in 1983 cleared of farm murder
		Three judges unanimously agreed with lawyers for John Roberts that his confession to the crime when he was 19 was unreliable because new psychiatric evidence had shown that he was then in a vulnerable mental condition and tended to be compliant with people in authority.
		As his conviction in 1983 for murdering Daniel Sands, 41, a farmer, was based solely on his confession, the judges, headed by Lord Justice Henry, ruled that it was unsafe and must be quashed.
		The novelty of the psychologist's task had been to conduct a retrospective assessment of Mr Roberts's susceptibility in 1982 to making a false confession and she had concluded that his type of false confession was the "coerced-compliant" type.
	www.telegraph.co.uk /htmlContent.jhtml?html=/archive/1998/03/24/npol24.html (859 words)

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