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	Galeazzo Ciano - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Galeazzo was the son of Costanzo Ciano, a veteran of World War I and one of the founding Fascists.
		Ciano was returned to the Mussolini regime in Salo on October 19, 1943 where he was imprisoned in Verona with several Fascist Grand Council members who had voted against Mussolini.
		In the end, however, he was one of the few who seriously opposed the dangerous alliance between Fascist Italy and National Socialist Germany.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Galeazzo_Ciano (1088 words)

	Fascism - MSN Encarta
		The main tool for the Fascistization (conversion to Fascism) of the masses and the creation of the new Fascist man was not propaganda, censorship, education, or terror, or even the large fascist social and military organizations.
		Instead, the Fascists relied on the extensive use of a ritualized, theatrical style of politics designed create a sense of a new historical era that abolished the politics of the past.
		The death, destruction, and misery of the fighting in Italy was inflicted on a civilian population that had come to reject the Fascist vision of Italian renewal, but whose public displays of enthusiasm for the regime before the war had kept Mussolini in power.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761568245_4/Fascism.html (2369 words)

	[No title]
		Fascist political parties and movements capitalized on the intense patriotism that emerged as a response to widespread social and political uncertainty after World War I (1914-1918) and the Russian Revolution of 1917.
		Sometimes fascists define the nation as the same as a nation-state (country and people with the same borders), but in other cases the nation is defined as a unique ethnic group with members in many countries.
		Fascists promise that with their help the national crisis will end and a new age will begin that restores the people to a sense of belonging, purpose, and greatness.
	www.angelfire.com /tx5/ara/pde/facism.html (10379 words)

	Italian Fascism: An Interpretation
		The fascist party, not the state, was the guardian of the fascist ideals, especially including syndicalism and the corporate organization of the state.
		The fascist party is the sole agent of secular redemption; it is the guardian of the future and the protector of the past.
		While fascist states could cause by their own efforts final victory, they could as well by errors of omission and commission cause the battle to be lost.
	www.ihr.org /jhr/v04/v04p--5_Whisker.html (9772 words)

	Italy - MSN Encarta
		The outlook for Fascist Italy in 1942 was gloomy.
		Corruption and inefficiency among Fascist officials and evasion of the rationing laws by the wealthy and influential contributed to demoralization.
		On his return to Rome he was confronted with a demand for a meeting of the Fascist Grand Council to consider the Italian military crisis.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761555207_15/Italy.html (756 words)

	Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini
		Benito Mussolini was the fascist dictator of Italy from 1922 to 1943.
		When the liberal governments of Giovanni Giolitti, Ivanoe Bonomi, and Luigi Facta failed to stop the spread of anarchy, and after Fascists had organised a demonstrative "Marcia su Roma" (Oct. 28th 1922), Mussolini was invited by the king to form a new government.
		He was also head of the all-powerful Fascist party (formed in 1921) and the armed Fascist militia.
	www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org /jsource/biography/Mussolini.html (1506 words)

	History Of Italy
		The Fascists had not yet promulgated a party platform, and Mussolini explained that "the Fascists are the gypsies of Italian politics; not being tied down to any one goal." "We have no fixed principles," he said, "and we have none because we are no church, we are a movement.
		Soon afterward all parties except the Fascists were officially disbanded and their representatives were excluded from parliament on the grounds that they had forfeited their seats by withdrawing from parliament.
		In 1928 the grand council of the Fascist Party was made an official organ of the state.
	members.tripod.com /~worldsite/italy/history.html (18405 words)

	Mussolini, Benito. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		In 1921 he was elected to parliament and the National Fascist party (see fascism) was officially organized.
		Parliamentary government ended in 1928, and the state economy was reorganized along the lines of the Fascist corporative state.
		In July, 1943, the Fascist grand council refused to support his policy—dictated by Hitler—and the king dismissed him and had him placed under arrest.
	www.bartleby.com /65/mu/Mussolin.html (760 words)

	Some Historical Notes, I
		Appointed Fascist Minister of the Colonies, De Bono was one of the first Fascists to contemplate the invasion of Ethiopia.
		The Council, by then highly critical of Mussolini's disastrous conduct of the European war, passed a resolution declaring that the Duce should request the King of Italy to assume "supreme command over the armed forces on land, sea, and in the air".
		After the Fascist occupation of Addis Ababa, Rosselli devoted much attention to the Spanish Civil War, in which Fascist and Nazis soldiers and airmen were participating, supposedly as "volunteers", on Franco's side.
	www.addistribune.com /Archives/2003/01/03-01-03/Some.htm (1436 words)

	1922 - dKosopedia
		December 4: Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill, passed by the U.S. House of Representatives, is withdrawn from the Senate after a southern Senator's filibuster.
		November 16: Fascist Duce Benito Mussolini asks the Italian parliament for a vote of confidence in his new government.
		December 15: Fascist Grand Council, which performs the function of both the state and ruling party, is established.
	www.dkosopedia.com /wiki/1922 (345 words)

	Fascist Italy
		Despite their relatively minor representation in Parliament, no government could survive without the support of the National Fascist Party, and in October 1922 Mussolini was summoned by Victor Emmanuel III to form a government as prime minister.
		The much-heralded March on Rome by 300,000 armed Fascists, usually credited with bringing Mussolini to power by a coup, was in fact the result rather than the cause of his appointment to office, a brilliant bluff intended to impress the nationÑand EuropeÑwith the strength and determination of his following.
		The Fascists, under a revised electoral law, polled two-thirds of the votes cast in the 1924 elections.
	www.shsu.edu /~his_ncp/FasItaly.html (2510 words)

	NARA - Military Agency Records - Military Agency Records
		Marcel Pilet-Golaz was a member of the Swiss Federal Council (1929-1944), head of the Ministry of the Interior in 1929, head of the Federal Postal and Railways Department, 1930-1940, and head of the Political Darprtment, 1940-1944.
		Fascist Caudillo (leader) of Spain, who refused to join the Axis and would not permit the passage of German troops through Spain to attack Gibraltar.
		The founder of the Norwegian Fascist National Union Party, proclaimed himself Norway's prime minister after the German invasion of Norway in April 1940, and in February 1942, Hitler made him the country's minister-president and began the Nazification of his country.
	archives.gov /research/holocaust/finding-aid/military/part-1-notes.html (8762 words)

	Defeatists and Disfattisti by Kevin Beary
		For Mussolini and his loyal fascist followers, the ultimate act of defeatism was the decision of the fascist Grand Council in July 1943 to remove him as head of the government for his bungling of the war.
		Nevertheless, in January 1944, five of the fascist leaders who had voted against Mussolini (the others were in hiding) found themselves tried for treason.
		Had the Duce paid heed to the murmurings of the disfattisti in the shops and taverns, had he accepted the resolution of the Grand Council disfattisti and gone into the political obscurity he afterwards longed for too late, he might have saved his beloved Italy much grief and blood.
	www.lewrockwell.com /orig3/beary2.html (578 words)

	The Public Eye : Website of Political Research Associates
		The Fascist conception of the State is all-embracing; outside of it no human or spiritual values can exist, much less have value.
		Thus understood, Fascism is totalitarian, and the Fascist State--a synthesis and a unit inclusive of all values--interprets, develops, and potentiates the whole life of a people.
		The Labour Charter (Promulgated by the Grand Council ofr Fascism on April 21, 1927)—(published in the Gazzetta Ufficiale, April 3, 1927) [sic] (p.
	www.publiceye.org /fascist/corporatism.html (622 words)

	The World at War (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Galeazzo Ciano was born march 18, 1903 at Livorno, Italy was one of the key figures in the Fascist regime of Benito Mussolini.
		At the age of 18 Ciano took part in the Fascist march on Rome that overthrew the republic and then studied law at the University of Rome.
		Still Ciano and other leading fascists retained enough power to force Mussolini's resignation at an historic meeting of the Grand Council in late July 1943.
	worldatwar.net /biography/c/ciano/index.html (320 words)

	TIME.com: Grand Fascist Blank -- Dec. 18, 1933 -- Page 1
		The fl pistol was the fl-shirted Fascist Grand Council, supreme organ of the Italian State.
		After the recent scathing anti-League campaign in the Fascist Press (TIME, Nov. 27) many an Italian had expected the Grand Council to fire not a blank but the bullet of Italian resignation from the League.
		Deliberately the Grand Council did not postulate last week how the framework of the League should be changed.
	www.time.com /time/archive/preview/0,10987,746541,00.html (541 words)

	Chronology 1938
		The fascist Iron Guard and socialist Peasants' Party both opposed these policies, but a national plebiscite, held on February 24th and closely monitored by the new government, overwhelmingly supported the king.
		The Council of the League of Nations accepted the Swiss appeal for unconditional neutrality, a decision which released the Swiss government from all obligations, including participation in future economic sanctions against aggressor nations.
		The Fascist Grand Council eliminated the last vestige of the old constitution by abolishing the Chamber of Deputies.
	www.indiana.edu /~league/1938.htm (8269 words)

	Some Ethio-Italian Historical Notes, II
		Another Fascist luminary of this time who joined the Italian Air Force for the invasion of Ethiopia was the Fascist lawyer, Roberto Farinacci, a sometime Secretary of the Party.
		He subsequently attended the final meeting of the Fascist Grand Council, in July 1943, when, seemingly loyal to the Duce, he accused Grandi of sabotaging the war, but nevertheless abstained on the final vote.
		There was later some talk of Farinacci forming an alternative Italian Fascist Government on German soil, but, largely due to his lack of charisma (which could not compete with the Duce), this failed to materialise.
	www.addistribune.com /Archives/2003/01/10-01-03/Some.htm (1329 words)

	Giovanni Gentile e Benito Mussolini: about this text
		He created an anti-democratic, fascist state through the use of propaganda; through total control of the media, he disassembled the existing democratic government system.
		When the liberal governments of Giovanni Giolitti, Ivanoe Bonomi, and Luigi Facta failed to stop the spread of anarchy, and after Fascists had organised the demonstrative and threatening Marcia su Roma ("March on Rome") (October 28th 1922), Mussolini was invited by Vittorio Emanuele III to form a new government.
		He was also head of the all-powerful Fascist party (formed in 1921) and the armed local Fascist militia that terrorized incipient resistances in the cities and provinces.
	wings.buffalo.edu /litgloss/mussolini/about.shtml (2297 words)

	Comando Supremo: Field Marshal Emilio De Bono
		As Balbo, he joined the fascist movement and was another of the four organizers of the March on Rome (the so-called Quadrumviri).
		As a member of the fascist Grand Council, he helped to topple Mussolini on July 25, 1943.
		In revenge, he was later captured by the Germans, handed over to the RSI and shot along with Galeazzo Ciano in Verona on January 11, 1944.
	www.comandosupremo.com /Debono.html (259 words)

	Index Ci-Cl
		After three terms in the city council, where he was an able mediator, in 1981 he was elected mayor of San Antonio, the first Mexican-American to win such an important municipal post.
		A new Council was formed and became responsible for the administration of the islands.
		In 1980 the Council requested the Australian government "to do whatever is necessary to remove John Clunies-Ross permanently from the Cocos Islands." In 1984 the Malay population of the Cocos voted overwhelmingly for integration with Australia.
	rulers.org /indexc3.html (8250 words)

	25 Jul History: This Date
		Shortly after the Grand Council vote, Mussolini, groggy and unshaven, kept his routine 20-minute meeting with the king, during which he normally updated Victor Emanuele on the current state of affairs.
		There was no attempt by fellow fascists to rescue him from the penal settlement on the island of Ponza to which he was committed.
		Initially, Mussolini, who was appointed prime minister at the head of three-member Fascist cabinet, cooperated with the Italian parliament, but, with the assistance of his brutal police organization, he soon became the effective dictator of Italy.
	www.safran-arts.com /42day/history/h4jul/h4jul25.html (10440 words)

	Kingdom of Italy - Ministerial Flags (1923-1945)
		The Kingdom of Italy was not dispanded until after the war (after a referendum in 1946), in fact Mussolini was fired by king Victor Emmanuel III of Italy (with support from the Fascist Grand Council!) Mussolini was "only" a PM.
		Even though the flag was only used by Mussolini, and might go on to be used by him as president of the Repubblica Sociale Italiana, it was the flag of the Prime Minister of (Fascist) Italy and not the personal flag of Mussolini.
		Ownership/management interests were represented by in the corporation structure by 22 corresponding "confederations." There were also confederations of workers in various sectors, but I'm not sure that the labor confederations matched up exactly with the alignment of the corporations; there may have been some overlap on the labor side.
	www.crwflags.com /fotw/flags/it_kpm.html (1041 words)

	Index De-Dh (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		He was among the earliest adherents of the Fascist movement and in 1922 was one of the quadrumvirs in the famous March on Rome, which signaled the beginning of the Fascist regime.
		After serving as chief of police and commander of the Fascist militia, he was appointed governor of Tripolitania in 1925 and in 1929 became minister for the colonies.
		Appointed minister of state in 1942, he participated in the historic meeting of the Fascist Grand Council (July 24/25, 1943) and was among those who voted against Mussolini, thus causing the leader's downfall.
	www.manic-raven.com /rulers/indexd2.html (13404 words)

	GI -- World War II Commemoration
		BENITO MUSSOLINI, (1883-1945), Fascist dictator of Italy from 1922 to 1943.
		He centralized all power in himself as the leader (il duce) of the Fascist party and attempted to create an Italian empire, ultimately in alliance with HITLER's Germany.
		Following Italian defeats on all fronts and the Anglo-American landing in Sicily in 1943, most of Mussolini's colleagues turned against him at a meeting of the Fascist Grand Council on July 25, 1943.
	gi.grolier.com /wwii/wwii_mussolini.html (1568 words)

	TBRNews.org
		As a member of the Fascist Grand Council, he had voted for Grandi's motion and against Mussolini the night of July 24-25, 1943.
		Grandi, Bocchini and some other top Fascist leaders were frankly afraid of war, aware as they were of Italy's weak financial and military position -- and uneasy, personally, about the ruthlessness of Hitler and the ultimate consequences of the German alliance signed by Ciano.
		As a result, Mussolini did not call for a meeting of the Fascist Grand Council to decide the issue of war or peace, as constitutional procedure required.
	tbrnews.org /Archives/a101.htm (5429 words)

	Italy in the Second World War
		Mussolini headed a coalition of fascists and nationalists and parliamentary government continued until the murder of the socialist leader, Giacomo Matteotti in 1924.
		Galaezzo Ciano remained a member of the Fascist Grand Council and argued that Italy should sign a separate peace with the Allies.
		His first was the arrest and execution of five of those who had voted against him on the Fascist Grand Council, including his son-in-law, Galaezzo Ciano.
	www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /Italy.htm (815 words)

	Axis History Factbook: Introduction to Repubblica Sociale Italiana (RSI)
		Following the fall of the Italian "empire" in Africa and the allied invasion of Sicily July 1943, the Fascist Grand Council met 24 July for the first time since the beginning of the war.
		Mossolini was presuaded by Adolf Hitler into establishing a new fascist government in Italy and the Repubblica Sociale Italiana (RSI) (Italian Social Republic) was founded 23 Sep 1943 at Salò on the Garda Lake.
		The new regime was nothing more than a puppet regime which was controlled by Germany, still many Italians were still loyal to the Mussolini and new units were formed that would fight with the germans until the bitter end.
	www.axishistory.com /index.php?id=1090 (636 words)

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