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Topic: Fascist Italy

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Fascist

Fascism

National Socialist

Roberto Farinacci

Mussolini

Benito Mussolini

Political colour

Fascist manifesto

Capitalism and related political ideologies

Nationalist

Separation of church and state

General Treaty for the Renunciation of War

Totalitarism

Doctrine of Fascism

Victor Emanuel III of Italy

	Fascism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Italy's intervention (June 10th 1940) as Germany's ally in World War II brought military disaster, and resulted in the loss of her north and east African colonies and the American-British-Canadian invasion of Sicily in July 1943 and southern Italy in September 1943.
		The Fascist movement, on the other hand, sought to preserve the class system and uphold it as the foundation of established and desirable culture, although this is not to say that Fascists rejected the concept of social mobility.
		Protestantism in Italy and Spain was not as significant as Catholicism.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Fascist (8867 words)

	History of Italy as a monarchy and in the World Wars - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Modern Italy became a nation-state during the Risorgimento on March 17, 1861 when most of the states of the peninsula and Kingdom the Two Sicilies were united under king Victor Emmanuel II of the Savoy dynasty, hitherto king of Sardinia, a realm that included Piedmont.
		Until 1922, Italy was a constitutional monarchy with a parliament, mostly elected with restricted suffrage (in 1913, the first universal male suffrage election was held).
		Under the postwar settlement, Italy received most of the territories promised in the 1915 agreement, except for Dalmatia, which was mostly given to the newly formed Kingdom of Yugoslavia.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Fascist_Italy (1530 words)

	Sternhell.html (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Fascist ideology is seen therefore as the immediate product of a crisis that had overtaken democracy and liberalism, and bourgeois society in all its fundamental values: the break-away was so disruptive as to take on the dimensions of a crisis in civilization itself.
		Fascist ideology saw itself as a reaction against the 'materialistic positivism of the nineteenth century,'62 which it sought to replace by a 'religious and idealistic manner of looking at life.'03 It refused, in the words of Jose Antonio, 'to accept the materialistic interpretation of history,'64 or, as Mussolini thought, 'the materialistic conception of happiness....
		Fascist supporters of left-wing persuasions saw this as the weakness of the fascist case, since the retention of traditional economic structures, seemed scarcely compatible with the establishment of a new social and human order.
	www.coloradocollege.edu /Dept/PS/Finley/PS425/reading/Sternhell.html (15090 words)

	Fascist Italy
		Italy, an economically underdeveloped country, was late in entering Europe's scramble for overseas possessions, but Prime Minister Francesco Crispi pursued a determined expansionist policy in the 1880s and 1890s to ensure Italy's place among the European colonial powers.
		Imperialism remained an aspect of Italy's foreign policy, and Italy's colonial holdings increased with the occupation of Libya and the Dodecanese during the war with Turkey (1911-12).
		The much-heralded March on Rome by 300,000 armed Fascists, usually credited with bringing Mussolini to power by a coup, was in fact the result rather than the cause of his appointment to office, a brilliant bluff intended to impress the nationÑand EuropeÑwith the strength and determination of his following.
	www.shsu.edu /~his_ncp/FasItaly.html (2510 words)

	ipedia.com: Fascism Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		More particularly, "Fascist" is sometimes used by people of the Left to characterize some group or persons of the far-right or neo-far-right, or the far left activists as a description of any political or cultural influences perceived as "non-progressive," or merely not sufficiently progressive.
		Despite the themes of social and economic reform in the initial Fascist manifesto of June 1919, the movement came to be supported by sections of the middle class fearful of socialism and communism, while industrialists and landowners saw it as a defence against labour militancy.
		However, the fact that fascist states, on the one hand, and the USSR and the Soviet bloc, on the other, were police states does not mean that their commonality is a product of socialism.
	www.ipedia.com /fascism.html (5945 words)

	Italian Fascism: An Interpretation
		The fascist party, not the state, was the guardian of the fascist ideals, especially including syndicalism and the corporate organization of the state.
		The fascist party is the sole agent of secular redemption; it is the guardian of the future and the protector of the past.
		While fascist states could cause by their own efforts final victory, they could as well by errors of omission and commission cause the battle to be lost.
	www.ihr.org /jhr/v04/v04p--5_Whisker.html (9772 words)

	Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany: Comparisons and Contrasts
		The ten essays in Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany, arranged in five Italy/Germany pairs, explore topics in the social, economic and political history of the two regimes.
		Fascist mass organisations were largely unsuccessful in co-opting the working classes: there were even mass strikes in spring 1943, before the Allied invasion of Italy or the German occupation.
		Carl Levy describes the role of Fascism in modernising Italy and the continuities between fascism and "post-fascism".
	dannyreviews.com /h/Fascist_Nazi.html (630 words)

	Death of the Father-Mussolini & Fascist Italy
		He engaged in colonial wars, the Spanish civil war and, in 1937, formed an alliance with the Axis powers: Hitler's Nazi regime and Hirohito's Imperial Japan.
		After the Allied occupation of southern Italy (1943), the King ordered Mussolini to be arrested in order to sign the armistice.
		Imprisoned, then liberated by the Germans, Mussolini lived in northern Italy until his capture and execution, on April 28, 1945, along with his mistress, Claretta Petacci, by military forces of the Italian Resistance.
	cidc.library.cornell.edu /DOF/italy/italy.htm (287 words)

	index
		Mosaics of ancient and modern workers, fascist eagles in central piazza.
		Statue at stadium representing a region of Italy.
		Statue of Rome, personified in the Fascist Palazzo della Civiltà del Lavoro, E.U.R., Her tablet is inscribed: Roma Invicta.
	ccwf.cc.utexas.edu /~tjmoore/imagesofrome/Mussolini (697 words)

	Fascism in Italy
		The Fascists represented a means to stop the socialists and the communists (in the eyes of conservative politicians, who sought to moderate and control Fascism to their purposes)
		This was a feature of the Fascist state in Italy…Under corporativism, a group composed of representatives of the employers, the workers, and the state would govern a corporation.
		Italy’s interests concentrated in three areas: the Mediterranean, Africa, and the Balkans; yet there was a desire to ‘revise’ the settlement of 1919-1920.
	www.revision-notes.co.uk /revision/21.html (1538 words)

	Fascist Italy
		He promised the people of Italy that he could bring this about and introduced what he considered to be appropriate measures.
		The intention behind the policies was to boost the population of Italy, providing a greater human resource, and was therefore named the 'Battle for Births'.
		Mussolini was striving to create an Italy that was perceived by the world as a strong nation, which was capable of anything and everything.
	www.coursework.info /i/657.html (520 words)

	Mussolini and Fascist Italy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		According to the author, fascism was born as a replacement for the fumbling parliamentary liberalist system in Italy towards the late 1890s.
		Fascism was born from the evolution of the Risorgimento system which stood for the achievement of the Italian nationhood.
		According to the author although Italy was a party state it was different in its approaches to those in Russia and Germany.
	www2.tltc.ttu.edu /kelly/_5346sp01/0000002c.htm (685 words)

	Fascism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Italy, Germany, Austria, Hungary, Rumania, Poland, Finland, Norway, Denmark, Great Britain, Belgium, France, and Spain were fascist or had a large fascist movement in their country.
		The Fascists centered on an Ethnic state, in which they are all united by their heritage and looks.
		The fascist movement was made illegal after the resistance killed Benito Mussolini, and without a strong leader the Fascist party crumbled.
	www.kings.edu /departments/history/20c/fascism.html (7000 words)

	Italy - Timeline 1918-1938
		The fascist movement (not yet a party) is widely popular in rural areas and in the towns of northern and central Italy.
		Disagreements between Vatican and Italy are caused by the Azione Cattolica, an organization that is "too independent from the State" according to the Fascists.
		October the 3rd - Italy invades Abissinia (Africa); DeBono and Graziani are in charge of the troops.
	www.fortunecity.com /tattooine/zenith/134/timelin1.htm (3391 words)

	GI -- World War II Commemoration
		BENITO MUSSOLINI, (1883-1945), Fascist dictator of Italy from 1922 to 1943.
		When Italy declared war on Turkey in 1911, he was imprisoned for his pacifist propaganda.
		He was also head of the all-powerful Fascist party (formed in 1921) and the armed Fascist militia.
	www.grolier.com /wwii/wwii_mussolini.html (1568 words)

	Racial Theories in Fascist Italy - Aaron Gillette - Microsoft Reader eBook
		Racial Theories in Fascist Italy examines the role played by race and racism in the development of Italian identity during the fascist period.
		This is the first book to examine in detail the debates over racial theory in Fascist Italy between the academic and scientific communities, and among the fascist leadership itself.
		Racial Theories in Fascist Italy will be of interest to historians, to political scientists concerned with the development of fascism and scholars of race and racism.
	www.ebookmall.com /ebook/82431-ebook.htm (587 words)

	How totalitarian was fascist Italy?
		Radio was used to spread Fascist ideas with two hours a day of official broadcasts whipping up excitement and national pride.
		Mussolini sought to increase the population of Italy, and went about this via the "Battle for Births", where he attempted to promote a higher birth rate in order to increase the population greatly within only one generation.
		Although the King never had enormous prestige or popular support and was known to take a backseat on political issues, the Fascists were never able to remove him from his powerful role.
	www.coursework.info /i/16867.html (508 words)

	Amazon.com: Books: Fascist Ideology : Expansionism in Italy and Germany, 1922-1945 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Kallis provides a comparative investigation of fascist expansionism by focusing on the close relations between ideology and action under Mussolini and Hitler.
		This book is a fascinating study of the expansionist visions of Hitler and Mussolini and it enlightens our understanding of the dynamics and evolution of the fascist policies of Italy and Germany to the end of the Second World War.
		Without doubt, the fascist phenomenon has dominated the postwar debate about the course of modern Italian and German history.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0415216125?v=glance (511 words)

	Stone, M.S.: The Patron State: Culture and Politics in Fascist Italy.
		In the case of Italy under Mussolini, authoritarian cultural politics were driven by a willingness to co-opt a spectrum of aesthetic movements, from modernist to neo-classical.
		Rather than legislate an "art of the state," the Fascist regime continually experimented with and revised its arts policy, as it pursued the support of artists and audiences.
		Her inquiry into Fascist intervention in the art world is ultimately a cultural history of Fascist Italy, one with wide resonance and broad interest.
	pup.princeton.edu /titles/6340.html (283 words)

	Harvard University Press/The Sacralization of Politics in Fascist Italy/Reviews (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Gentile's superb study, originally published in Italy in 1993, is the fruition of articles he has previously written on fascists Italy's institutionalization of a new civic religion, the first since the French Revolution.
		Under fascism the political arena became permeated with myths, rites, and symbols of a secular religion, imbued with fundamental values, and intended to mold the moral consciousness and meaning of existence for all Italians.
		The Sacralization of Politics in Fascist Italy is beautifully written and has extraordinary breadth, outstanding range, conceptual unity, and an uncanny ability to cite just the right bit of evidence at each step of the way.
	www.hup.harvard.edu /reviews/GENSAC_R.html (444 words)

	Harvard University Press/The Sacralization of Politics in Fascist Italy
		Rereading signs, symbols, cults, and myths, Italy's leading scholar of Fascism offers a new history of Italian nationalism as a civic religion, albeit in its extreme form, and of Italian Fascism as a vital catalyst for contemporary mass politics.
		Emilio Gentile decodes Italy culturally, going beyond political and social dimensions that explain Italy's Fascist past in terms of class, or the cynicism of its leaders, or modernizing and expansionist ambitions.
		He shows how Mussolini used the concept of propaganda as a project in civic pedagogy, and how the Fascists thus cultivated a new consciousness that filled the void left by the decline of traditional religion.
	www.hup.harvard.edu /catalog/GENSAC.html (190 words)

	JMIS: The prefects and party-state relations in Fascist Italy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		This is a study of the prefects, the arm of central government in the provinces, under the Fascist regime.
		Using the author's own survey of those appointed prefects after the decision to establish the 'totalitarian' state, it considers the phenomenon of the 'Fascist prefects' in relation to the progress of career officials, methods of recruitment and the prevailing bureaucratic culture, in order to assess the extent of the 'Fascistization' of the Interior Ministry.
		It then looks at how both career and 'Fascist prefects' actually operated on the ground and their relations with the Fascist Party in the provinces.
	www.brown.edu /Research/Journal_Modern_Italian_Studies/3.3/morgan.html (137 words)

	Former fascist Italy's foreign minister - (United Press International) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Rome, Italy, Nov. 19 (UPI) -- The Italian politician who turned the nation's neo-Fascist party into a mainstream conservative party has become the foreign minister.
		The rise of Gianfranco Fini, who famously described Mussolini as "the greatest statesman of the 20th century," as Italy's top diplomat also boosted his shot at eventually becoming prime minister, the Times of London reported Friday.
		And twice he has visited Israel in the past year to make amends for Fascist anti-Semitism and backed the controversial Israeli fence on the West Bank.
	washingtontimes.com /upi-breaking/20041119-070940-2344r.htm (158 words)

	Table of contents for Jews in Italy under Fascist and Nazi rule, 1922-1945 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Michele Sarfatti, "Characteristics and Objectives of the Anti-Jewish Racial Laws in Fascist Italy, 1938-1943" 5.
		Frank Coppa, "The Papal Response to Nazi and Fascist Antisemitism: From Pius XI to Pius XII" 15.
		Susan Zuccotti, "Pius XII and the Rescue of Jews in Italy: Evidence of a Papal Directive" Part VI: Aftermath: Contemporary Italy and Holocaust Memory 16.
	www.loc.gov /catdir/toc/ecip052/2004024830.html (410 words)

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