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	Fast breeder - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Surrounding the reactor core is a blanket of tubes containing non-fissile uranium-238 which, by capturing fast neutrons from the reaction in the core, is partially converted to fissile plutonium 239 (as is some of the uranium in the core), which can then be reprocessed for use as nuclear fuel.
		Fast reactors typically use liquid metal as the primary coolant, to cool the core and heat the water used to power the electricity generating turbines.
		The largest fast breeder reactor to date, Superphénix, entered service in France in 1984, producing 1,200 MW of electricity, and used a liquid sodium heat transfer medium.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Fast_breeder (1569 words)

	Fast neutron reactor - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A fast neutron reactor or simply a fast reactor is a category of nuclear reactor in which the fission chain reaction is sustained by fast neutrons.
		This is the concept of the fast breeder reactor or FBR.
		The Dounreay fast reactors, DFR (Doureay Fast Reactor) and PFR (Prototype Fast Reactor), in Caithness, in the Highland area of Scotland.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Fast_neutron_reactor (489 words)

	Fast breeder reactor - Patent 4664876
		A fast breeder reactor according to claim 1, further comprising heat exchange means responsive to the high temperature sodium in the third sodium chamber for producing a thermal capacity therefrom.
		A fast breeder reactor according to claim 1, wherein said convection-preventing means includes a plurality of convection-preventing members provided in the second sodium chamber and spaced from one another in the direction extending from the reactor core toward the wall of the reactor vessel.
		A fast breeder reactor according to claim 13, wherein said convection-preventing means includes a plurality of convection-preventing members provided in the second sodium chamber and spaced from one another in the direction extending from the reactor core toward the wall of the reactor vessel.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4664876.html (2103 words)

	Fast Breeder Reactors
		In the breeding of plutonium fuel in breeder reactors, an important concept is the breeding ratio, the amount of fissile plutonium-239 produced compared to the amount of fissionable fuel (like U-235) used to produced it.
		The plutonium-239 breeder reactor is commonly called a fast breeder reactor, and the cooling and heat transfer is done by a liquid metal.
		The construction of the fast breeder requires a higher enrichment of U-235 than a light-water reactor, typically 15 to 30%.
	hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu /hbase/nucene/fasbre.html (744 words)

	Breeder Reactors
		This is a satisfactory and efficient way to treat water moderated thermal reactors, but it is not at all desirable for use with fast breeders, since the latter are specifically designed to prevent neutron moderation and to maintain the hardest possible energy spectrum.
		The actual distribution of neutron energies in a fast breeder is quite wide and it is therefore important to have a large number (on the order of 100) of energy groups built into the model.
		A fast breeder has an active core, which is loaded with fuel containing both fissile and fertile isotopes, and blankets, which are loaded with depleted uranium.
	members.cox.net /sidelock/pages/breederreactors.html (2501 words)

	Of achievements and challenges
		On October 23, Prime Minister Manmohan Singh inaugurated the construction of the 500 MWe Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor at Kalpakkam in Tamil Nadu.
		Fast breeder reactors are more important to India than other countries that have capabilities in nuclear power technology.
		This is due to the breeding potential of the fast reactors, using the plutonium-uranium cycle.
	flonnet.com /fl2202/stories/20050128001404900.htm (2263 words)

	ipedia.com: Fast breeder Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The fast breeder is a type of nuclear reactor without a moderator, designed to produce more fissile material than it consumes.
		A fast breeder reactor used for power generation is known as an FBR.
		To date, all fast breeders have also relied on plutonium in the initial fuel charge, and have then produced more plutonium by irradiation of non-fissile uranium-238.
	www.ipedia.com /fast_breeder.html (646 words)

	The Hindu : Fast breeder reactor: Is advanced fuel necessary?
		Breeder technology works on the principle of self-sustenance and ability to produce more plutonium than it actually consumes to produce power.
		The breeding ratio is 1.1 in the case oxide fuel while it 1.2-1.3 in the case of carbide and nitride fuels.
		I personally think that we may not use nitride or metallic fuel for breeder programme." According to him the availability of technology, producing power at cheaper cost, gaining expertise and earning public acceptance are vital to breeder programme.
	www.hindu.com /thehindu/seta/2002/10/10/stories/2002101000030200.htm (1483 words)

	Reactor types
		The largest nuclear power plant with a fast breeder reactor is the Superphenix in France, which started operation in 1986.
		In the French Phénix breeder reactor it was determined that for 100 fission reactions there are 115 newly produced fissile nuclei.
		Obvously, in a fast reactor there must not be any moderator, which implies that water is not at all suitable as coolant.
	www.npp.hu /mukodes/tipusok/gyorsreak-e.htm (451 words)

	THE FAST BREEDER ROUTE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The highlight of the fast breeder programme is the mastery of a technology using indigenously prepared mixed carbide fuel in the smaller Fast Breeder Test Reactor commissioned in 1985.
		The fast breeder was once considered the best energy source to meet growing electricity demand and to help conserve uranium resources.
		More important factors that go against the fast breeder are its failure to be cost competitive with thermal nuclear reactors and the availability of cheaper alternative energy sources.
	www.igcar.ernet.in /press_releases/press3.htm (582 words)

	The Hindu Business Line : `Fast breeder reactor projects put on fast track'
		With the technology learnt from the Fast Breeder Test Reactor project — an R&D project — the nuclear establishment is putting up a 500 MW prototype fast breeder reactor at Kalpakkam.
		Now that we have mastered the fast breeder technology, the potential of domestic uranium which was at 10,000 MW (fifty years ago) has gone up to 500,000 MW.
		At the moment, the plan is that we will use oxide fuels in the next three or four fast breeder reactors and after that change over to metallic fuel systems.
	www.thehindubusinessline.com /2004/08/13/stories/2004081301990400.htm (1386 words)

	Glossary N-Z Trends in International Energy R&D Investment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Fast Breeder Reactor (FBR): A reactor in which the fission chain reaction is sustained primarily by fast neutrons rather than by thermal or intermediate neutrons.
		Fast reactors require little or no use of a moderator to slow down the neutrons from the speeds at which they are ejected from fissioning nuclei.
		Gas-Cooled Fast Breeder Reactor (GCBR): A fast breeder reactor that is cooled by a gas (usually helium) under pressure.
	energytrends.pnl.gov /glosn_z.htm (2556 words)

	US fast-breeder policy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		General accounts of the fast breeder in the popular press usually state something to the effect that it "produces more fuel than it uses".
		Breeders can not only extend the fuel supply, they can also transform the part of the radioactive waste that is so long lived into material that decays much faster.
		Response #: 2 of 2 Author: proach Text: One of the important aspects of the IFR (Integral Fast Reactor) which is being developed at Argonne, is that the fuel is processed at the reactor.
	www.newton.dep.anl.gov /newton/askasci/1993/eng/ENG8.HTM (427 words)

	Public Citizen \| Critical Mass Energy and Environment Program \| Critical Mass Energy and Environment Program - Fast ...
		The FFTF was built in 1980 to advance breeder reactor technology by providing a fuel and material irradiation test facility, including a test environment for the Clinch River Breeder Reactor Plant, another taxpayer boondoggle that was eventually canceled.
		"Fast breeder" reactors are particularly susceptible to power instability due to the fact that they operate at higher power density.
		The Japanese Monju fast breeder reactor was shutdown in 1995 after three tons of sodium leaked, causing the reactor to over heat and burn holes in cooling pipes.
	www.citizen.org /cmep/foodsafety/food_irrad/articles.cfm?ID=1461 (1619 words)

	[No title]
		Fast breeder reactors produce more plutonium than they originally consume, creating an ever increasing supply of fuel.
		It was this self-supplying aspect of fast breeder technology that so captivated Japanese and Western policy makers in the aftermath of the 1970s oil shocks.
		The severe environmental and health risks inherent in fast breeder technology have made it extremely expensive and unpopular.
	www.ratical.org /radiation/NGP/JapansPluto.txt (1203 words)

	NRDC: DOE's Nuclear Energy Research Programs Threaten National Security
		Three of the six reactor types are "fast reactors" whose fuel cycles typically rely on nuclear fuel reprocessing and recycling plutonium, which is sometimes called a "closed fuel cycle" because the plutonium is theoretically recycled through the reactor before disposal.
		The fast reactor types and the reactors operating on a closed fuel cycle have no chance of competing economically with conventional light water reactors when operating on a once-through fuel cycle, and a number of the designs already have proven to be failures.
		The 400 MW (thermal) Fast Flux Test Facility, a prototype and fuel test facility for the Clinch River Breeder Reactor, continued to operate successfully from startup in 1980 until April 1992 as a research facility to test advanced breeder reactor fuels, materials and components.
	www.nrdc.org /nuclear/bush/freprocessing.asp (3184 words)

	[No title]
		Breeder Reactors are capable of satisfying the electrical energy needs of the world for thousands of years.
		The fundamental principle behind the fast breeder reactor concept were discovered before the end of World War II, and the potential impact of breeder reactors on future energy supplies was immediately recognized.
		A breeder, cooled with a mixture of sodium and potassium, was placed in operation in 1951 at the Argonne National Laboratory in Idaho.
	www.nuc.berkeley.edu /thyd/ne161/shir/project5.html (1465 words)

	Reactors: Modern-Day Alchemy
		Experimental Breeder Reactor II and its primary system components -- including pumps, heat exchanger, instrumentation, and fuel handling system -- were submerged in a large tank of sodium during operation.
		Experimental Breeder Reactor II was the first reactor to contain, as an integral part, a fuel reprocessing system that allowed spent uranium fuel to be removed from the sodium-cooled reactor, purified and made into new fuel elements, and then replaced into the reactor -- the ultimate recycling, energy-saving, and waste management system.
		Work on this next generation of fast reactors -- clean, resource-efficient, waste-reducing reactors -- was halted by Congress in September 1994 as the laboratory's mission was redirected by the Department of Energy into the development of electrometallurgical technology for DOE spent fuel treatment, reactor and fuel cycle safety, and decontamination and decommissioning technology.
	www.anl.gov /Science_and_Technology/History/Anniversary_Frontiers/alchemy.html (1507 words)

	Nuclear India - Jauary-February 2000 Issue
		In all these countries interest in fast breeders was given an impetus with the Middle East oil crisis in the seventies when both oil prices and prices of uranium increased sevenfolds.
		It is to be emphasised that the inevitability of fast breeders in India arises from their resources utilisation capacity more than from their growth capability.
		The liquid metal cooled fast breeder reactor operating on the fuel recycle route remains the only technology currently available that can provide energy to meet the demands that are likely to arise by 2050 and beyond in the whole world.
	www.dae.gov.in /ni/jan2000/jan2000.htm (6646 words)

	Japan puts reactor program on back burner (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		"If the choice of fast- breeder reactors as an alternative to fossil fuels becomes difficult, Japan must try to develop the use of other forms of energy to break its reliance on fossil fuel," the report said.
		Japan's continued allegiance to the fast- breeder reactor technology has flown in the face of global trends to abandon the program.
		Two more experimental fast- breeder reactors were initially planned for construction in the next century after Monju.
	dieoff.com /page155.htm (497 words)

	The Heavy-Metal Reactor (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		In designing the breeder, engineers had to find a heat transfer substance in which the nuclei are relatively heavy, not like the hydrogen and oxygen nuclei in water.
		This is the speed of the "fast" neutrons that operate in the breeder reactor.
		Revival of the breeder as the heavy-metal reactor
	academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu /physics/sobel/Nucphys/breed.html (1673 words)

	NE (NEEP) 512: Fast Breeder Reactors
		The most "recent" text, "Fast Breeder Reactors" by Walter & Reynolds, is 20 years old and assumes fast reactor technology based on large, oxide-fuelled reactors.
		Because the reactor design is "integral" in its incorporation of on-site waste reprocessing and folding fuel back into the reactor, along with minimal volume and activity of resulting waste forms, it has enormous consequencies for mitigating the environmental impact of nuclear energy.
		Safety is also a major issue underlying NEEP 512, because fast reactors are not guaranteed to have the good stability characteristics of light water reactors.
	www.engr.wisc.edu /ep/neep/courses/neep512.html (627 words)

	Science News: The compleat breeder? - integral fast reactor (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		They named it the integral fast reactor (IFR) to denote that it would contain all the components necessary for power production, fuel reprocessing and waste treatment in one facility.
		By definition, a breeder reactor is one that creates more fuel than it consumes.
		While no one downplays the importance of reactor safety, many experts believe the real make-or-break issue for the commercial viability of breeders in the United States--and the basis for most public and industry opposition to breeders--will continue to be one of cost.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1200/is_v127/ai_3614371 (1309 words)

	Rediff On The NeT: DAE seeks funds to replicate success story
		The DAE was trying to identify the critical components and the agencies needed for prototype, which would be India's first full-scale reactor in the ambitious fast breeder programme, he said.
		A fast breeder provided 35 times more power than the conventional atomic power stations, he said, and added that the fast breeder test reactor at IGCAR was expected to achieve its full capacity of 15 megawatts of electricity over the next 18 months.
		Dr Chidambaram said the technical objective of the test reactor had been realised with the fast breeder test reactor going critical, as it was "one step ahead" of the French technology.
	www.rediff.com /business/jul/18fast.htm (274 words)

	The Hindu : National : Manmohan to lay foundation for Fast Breeder Reactor
		The event is significant on two counts: it concludes the golden jubilee of the Department of Atomic Energy which began in August 2003 and it launches the second phase of the country's nuclear power programme.
		The reactor would herald the construction of four more breeder reactors of 500 MWe each and a road-map had already been made for the generation of 2,50,000 MWe of nuclear power by 2050 through the breeder route.
		In the second phase, fast breeder reactors using the plutonium-based fuel will generate electricity.
	www.hindu.com /2004/08/17/stories/2004081714761200.htm (347 words)

	Caithness CWS - Front Page Bulletins - Dounreay - UKAEA History - Fast Breeder Index
		The path that was eventually to lead to establishing Dounreay as the centre for Britain’s fast reactor development programme was long and winding yet, paradoxically, it was achieved in a relatively short time.
		As their understanding of fast reactor technology grew, their fears of an explosion diminished, although they never dismissed the possibility, or the danger associated with a release of radiation.
		Whilst all this was taking place, the fast reactor design committee continued to meet monthly, fine tuning design and details, and making amendments on the basis of feed-back from their engineers on site.
	www.caithness.org /fpb/dounreay/history/fastbreeder (2438 words)

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