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Topic: Fast reactor

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Fast breeder reactor

Fast neutron

Nuclear reactor

Nuclear power plant

Magnox

Nuclear proliferation

	Fast neutron reactor - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Shevchenko BN350 nuclear fast reactor and desalination plant situated on the shore of the Caspian Sea.
		A fast neutron reactor or simply a fast reactor is a category of nuclear reactor in which the fission chain reaction is sustained by fast neutrons.
		The Dounreay fast reactors, DFR (Doureay Fast Reactor) and PFR (Prototype Fast Reactor), in Caithness, in the Highland area of Scotland.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Fast_reactor (661 words)

	World Nuclear Association \| Information and Issue Briefs \| Fast Neutron Reactors (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Fast neutron reactors have a high power density and are normally cooled by liquid metal such as sodium, lead, or lead-bismuth, with high conductivity and boiling point and no moderating effect.
		Cooling of the fast reactor core requires a heat transfer medium which has minimal moderation of the neutrons, and hence liquid metals are used, typically sodium or a mixture of sodium and potassium.
		Fast neutron reactors may be designed as breeders to yield more fissile material than they consume or to be plutonium burners to dispose of excess plutonium.
	www.world-nuclear.org /info/inf98.htm (4869 words)

	What is a fast reactor?
		Present day commercial power reactors are called "thermal" reactors because the neutrons have been slowed to thermal energy using a "moderator"—usually water.
		In a fast reactor, however, enough plutonium can be produced and fissioned to more than make up for the uranium-235 used.
		In addition, many of the long-lived actinides that cannot be fissioned in a thermal reactor can be burned in a fast reactor, so the fast reactor is capable of destroying the major source of long-lived radiotoxicity in spent fuel.
	www.anl.gov /Media_Center/Frontiers/2003/d4ee3.html (256 words)

	National Policy Analysis #378: Integral Fast Reactors: Source of Safe, Abundant, Non-Polluting Power - December 2001
		The ALMR was to be a "fast" reactor (one in which the chain reaction is maintained by high-energy neutrons) - so called because the energy spectrum of the neutrons is said to be fast.
		Partly for historical reasons (originally, fast reactors were investigated because of their potential to breed), partly because of genuine confusion, and partly for the emotional impact, since "breeder" carries the subliminal connotation of runaway plutonium production.
		In December, 1995, at the Monju reactor, a temperature sensor broke and sodium leaked from a secondary sodium loop and caught fire.
	www.nationalcenter.org /NPA378.html (4302 words)

	Fast Breeder Reactors
		A reactor could use the heat of the reaction to produce energy for 10 years, and at the end of that time have enough fuel to fuel another reactor for 10 years.
		The plutonium-239 breeder reactor is commonly called a fast breeder reactor, and the cooling and heat transfer is done by a liquid metal.
		Liquid sodium is used as the coolant and heat-transfer medium in the LMFBR reactor.
	hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu /hbase/nucene/fasbre.html (744 words)

	fast reactor
		The reactor core is surrounded by a ‘blanket’ of uranium carbide.
		Fast breeder reactors can extract about 60 times the amount of energy from uranium that thermal reactors do.
		In the 1950s, when uranium stocks were thought to be dwindling, the fast breeder was considered to be the reactor of the future.
	www.tiscali.co.uk /reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0016490.html (297 words)

	Sodium Cooled Fast Reactor
		Other major makers of PWR reactors, including Framatome ANP and the Russian Atomstroyexport, have not yet sold their reactors in the U.S. schematic diagram of a PWR can be found at http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/nuclear/page/nuc_reactors/pwr.html.
		Cooling in a reactor refers to the process and medium by which heat is transferred from the reactor core to the steam supply cycle of the nuclear power plant.
		In so-called fast (breeder) reactors (as opposed to the thermal reactors described above), no moderator is used and some of the neutrons escape the core and strike a `jacket' of uranium where they convert the unused part of the uranium, U238, to fissile material, plutonium, which can be used as a reactor fuel.
	www.cogeneration.net /Sodium_Cooled_Fast_Reactor.htm (9919 words)

	The Integral Fast Reactor: Fulfilling Nuclear's Promise
		IFR is a type of fast reactor which uses high-energy neutrons opposed to the lower-energy ones used in most exisiting nuclear power plants.
		The reactor can be operated at a higher temperature, meaning that steam of higher temp./pressure can be made and the efficiency of electricity generation increased.
		The reactor vessel will never be subject to extreme pressure of superheated water and there is no risk of a pipe breaking and all of the coolant flashing to steam, exposing the core and creating a huge amount of pressurized steam.
	cbll.net /articles/ifr (2747 words)

	Russia
		Environmental groups, such as Chelyabinsk's Movement for Nuclear Safety, continue to fight against the reactor, noting that the project has not passed an environmental review.[9] In April 2000 the South Ural NPP project was included in Minatom's plans for projects to be realized by 2010.
		The reactors will be adapted to use plutonium only for fuel and not to "breed" any additional plutonium, as did previous fast-breeder reactors in order to produce plutonium for nuclear bombs.
		The reactors are supposed to reduce Russia's plutonium stockpile by using plutonium from dismantled nuclear warheads and highly radioactive waste stored at Ozersk.
	www.nti.org /db/nisprofs/russia/reactor/power/newpower/southura.htm (1315 words)

	Argonne fast-reactor pioneer receives international prize
		Koch, a leading world expert on fast reactor technology will be recognized for his role in development of Argonne 's Experimental Breeder Reactors I and II.
		While EBR-I successfully demonstrated the feasibility of breeder reactors, or reactors that could breed more fuel than they consumed, EBR-II showed that reactor and fuel recycle systems were scalable to a full-scale power station.
		REACTOR PIONEERS — Some of those who worked on EBR-I posed in front of the sign chalked on the wall when EBR-I produced the first electricity from atomic power.
	www.anl.gov /Media_Center/News/2004/news040507.htm (647 words)

	NE (NEEP) 512: Fast Breeder Reactors
		A significant portion of NEEP 512 is devoted to comparing the features and performance of fast reactors to existing commercial (light water, thermal) reactors.
		Because the reactor design is "integral" in its incorporation of on-site waste reprocessing and folding fuel back into the reactor, along with minimal volume and activity of resulting waste forms, it has enormous consequencies for mitigating the environmental impact of nuclear energy.
		Safety is also a major issue underlying NEEP 512, because fast reactors are not guaranteed to have the good stability characteristics of light water reactors.
	www.engr.wisc.edu /ep/neep/courses/neep512.html (627 words)

	Fast neutrons in Idaho - fission reactor testing Discover - Find Articles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The Integral Fast Reactor, as the Argonne design is called, uses high-energy, "fast" neutrons to trigger the fission chain reaction.
		Because fast neutrons can cause manv more types of elements to undergo fission, the IFR is not limited to the uranium and plutonium that conventional reactors use as fuel; it can also burn the highly radioactive elements, with half-lives of tens of thousands of years, that are the waste by-products of uranium and plutonium fission.
		IFR project manager Yoon Chang estimates that 99.9 percent of the reactor's long-lived wastes will be recycled at a facility that Argonne has just finished refurbishing, and is now testing, next to the reactor itself near Idaho Falls.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1511/is_n4_v15/ai_14935040 (503 words)

	[No title]
		The fundamental principle behind the fast breeder reactor concept were discovered before the end of World War II, and the potential impact of breeder reactors on future energy supplies was immediately recognized.
		The reactor is fueled with bred isotopes of plutonium in the core, and the blanket is natural or depleted uranium.
		It is possible to walk into the reactor room where a pool-type reactor is operating and even walk across the top of the reactor without receiving a significant radiation dose.
	www.nuc.berkeley.edu /thyd/ne161/shir/project5.html (1465 words)

	INIS Internet Directory - Fast Reactor Sites
		KAERI is developing the Korea Advanced LIquid MEtal Reactor, or KALIMER, and the current plan calls for the construction of a prototype demonstration reactor in the early 21st century.
		The concept of nuclear power with fast reactors being developed in the IPPE is aimed at general improvement of its safety, solution of ecological problems related to radioactive wastes, and radical expansion of sources of raw materials for nuclear power.
		The IAEA initiative seeks to establish a comprehensive, international inventory of fast reactor data and knowledge, which would be sufficient to form the basis for fast reactor development in 30 to 40 years from now.
	www.iaea.org /inis/ws/fnss/fr.html (557 words)

	Japan's Top Court Gives OK To Reopen Monju Fast Breeder Reactor
		The Monju nuclear reactor located in Tsuruga, 350 kilometers (217 miles) west of Tokyo, was a signature of Japan's energy projects until December 1995 when it was closed due to a massive leak of sodium coolant.
		Concerns about safety at nuclear reactors grew further after five workers were killed in the nation's worst nuclear accident in 2004 at Mihama nuclear plant just 10 kilometers (6.2 miles) away from Monju.
		Japan's insistence on the fast-breeder reactor project even after the 1995 accident is at odds with much of the developed world.
	www.spacedaily.com /news/energy-tech-05zv.html (670 words)

	The Hindu : The fast breeder reactor
		A small fast breeder reactor called the Fast Breeder Test Reactor (FBTR) was built at Kalpakkam and has been in operation from the mid-1980s.
		Some of these early reactors had many technical problems, some related to liquid sodium which is used as a coolant.
		Germany had built its own prototype reactor, which never went into operation because of strong anti-nuclear sentiment, which became unmanageable in the case of the plutonium-fuelled reactor.
	www.hindu.com /2003/09/17/stories/2003091703770800.htm (1492 words)

	Fast breeder reactor - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Early FBRs used metallic fuel, either highly enriched uranium or plutonium.
		This is a short-lived radioisotope, but its presence necessitates keeping the entire primary coolant loop within a biological shield.
		At present the scientists of the Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research (IGCAR), one of the nuclear R and D institutions of India, are engaged in the construction of another FBR - the 500 MWe prototype fast breeder reactor- at Kalpakkam, near Chennai.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Fast_breeder_reactor (2537 words)

	China
		During its basic research period from 1965 to 1987, China's research focused on fast reactor technology such as fast reactor physics, thermodynamics, sodium technology and small sodium facility.
		A preliminary foundation for a fast reactor design was established, and approximately 20 experimental setups and sodium loops were built.
		This material is produced independently for NTI by the Center for Nonproliferation Studies at the Monterey Institute of International Studies and does not necessarily reflect the opinions of and has not been independently verified by NTI or its directors, officers, employees, agents.
	www.nti.org /db/china/fbrprog.htm (672 words)

	Fast Reactors Database (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Another advantage of the LMFR is its higher thermal efficiency with respect to water-cooled reactors.
		The IAEA's activities on the development of the LMFR are coordinated by the International Working Group on Fast Reactors (IWGFR).
		Participation in IWGFR activities ensures that no country is isolated in fast reactor technology development and, at the same time, that international safety practices are taken into account during the design and operation of LMFRs.
	www-frdb.iaea.org /index.html (179 words)

	Idaho National Laboratory - Nuclear Energy
		Like thermal-spectrum, helium-cooled reactors, the high outlet temperature of the helium coolant makes it possible to deliver electricity, hydrogen, or process heat with high efficiency.
		The reference reactor is a 288-MWe helium-cooled system operating with an outlet temperature of 850 degrees Celsius using a direct Brayton cycle gas turbine for high thermal efficiency.
		The GFR's fast spectrum also makes it possible to use available fissile and fertile materials (including depleted uranium) considerably more efficiently than thermal spectrum gas reactors with once-through fuel cycles.
	nuclear.inl.gov /gen4/gfr.shtml (250 words)

	www.myspace.com/fastbreederreactor
		Fast Breeder Reactor's Latest Blog Entry [Subscribe to this Blog]
		a nuclear reactor that produces more fissionable material than it consumes 2.
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	www.myspace.com /fastbreederreactor (119 words)

	CD Baby: FAST BREEDER REACTOR: Anthems for Androids
		CD Baby: FAST BREEDER REACTOR: Anthems for Androids
		Fast Breeder Reactor would be their illegitimate child..." Electronic, Gothic, Edgy Synthpop, Melodic & Danceab
		With their half-man/half-machine approach, Fast Breeder Reactor emerged in late 2003, sticking out like a sore Nintendo-thumb among the surge of neo-garage rock in the Pittsburgh music scene.
	www.cdbaby.com /fastbreeder (282 words)

	Dounreay - prototype fast reactor - UKAEA
		New intermediate level waste cementation plant and store
		PFR was the second fast reactor to be built at Dounreay.
		As well as operating as a power station, it provided information for the future design and operation of large commercial fast reactor stations.
	www.ukaea.org.uk /sites/dounreay_prototype_fast_reactor.htm (98 words)

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