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Topic: Fatimid caliph

	The Fatimids, Ted Thornton, NMH, Northfield Mount Hermon
		In 969 the Fatimids invaded Egypt from Tunis and moved the seat of their Shiite caliphate to a new city they built just north of Fustat.
		The caliph's family, for example, had purchased from the now indigent descendants of both Amr and Ibn Tulun the two great mosques bearing their names (mosques could be passed down within families).
		When the caliph mounts his charger, there are in his procession 10,000 horses with saddles of gold, their harnesses enriched with precious stones.
	www.nmhschool.org /tthornton/mehistorydatabase/fatimids.htm (2002 words)

	THE RISE AND DECLINE OF THE FATIMID EMPIRE
		The Dawat, during the Fatimid period, was organized into a branch of government with its own functions, structure, and hierarchy, under the directions of the chief missionary and the ultimate authority of the Caliph in his capacity as Imam.
		Because the Fatimids were one of the most formidable naval powers of their time, they controlled both the Red Sea and the eastern Mediterranean seaways (6).
		The Caliph Moiz was greatly interested in geography and commended a piece of silk to be made at Tustar in Persia, representing, in gold and colours, a map of the world, which cost him 22,000 Dinars (7).
	www.ismaili.net /Source/1359b.html (2393 words)

	Fatimids
		The Fatimids claimed to be descendants of Fatima, the daughter of Muhammad, and wife of Ali, the fourth caliph and first Shi'i imam.
		The ultimate goal of the Fatimids was to replace the Abbasid caliphate of Baghdad with their own, thereby correcting what they considered to have been a grave error back in the 7th century, when the initial schism between Sunni and Shi'i Islam occurred.
		In the early periods of Fatimid rule, the caliph was personally involved in the affairs of the government.
	i-cias.com /e.o/fatimids.htm (800 words)

	12 Century (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		1121:Death of the Fatimid Caliph AI Aamir, accession of AI Hafiz.
		1149:Death of the Fatimid Caliph AI Hafiz, accession of AI Zafar.
		1154:Death of the Fatimid Caliph AI Zafar, accession of AI Faiz.
	users.aol.com /_ht_a/iftkhar1398/html/body_12_century.html (492 words)

	Fatimid - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Fatimid or Fatimite, dynasty claiming to hold the caliphate on the basis of descent from Fatima, a daughter of Muhammad the Prophet.
		The policy of employing mercenary troops begun by the 5th caliph, Aziz, was to prove fatal to the dynasty.
		The caliphs lost power to a series of viziers who eventually even took the title of king.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-fatimid.html (568 words)

	12th Century (1100-1199) C.E.
		Death of the Abbasid Caliph Mustahzir, accession of Mustarshid.
		1121: Death of the Fatimid Caliph AI Aamir, accession of AI Hafiz.
		Death of the Fatimid Caliph Al Faiz, accession of Al Azzid.
	ourislamonline.tripod.com /crono_12th.htm (499 words)

	History of Islam
		Death of the Fatimid Caliph Al Aamir, accession of Al Hafiz.
		Death of the Fatimid Caliph Al Hafiz, accession of Al Zafar.
		Death of the Fatimid Caliph Al Zafar, accession of Al Faiz.
	www.muslimaccess.com /sunnah/historyofislam/centuries/century12.html (469 words)

	PAR246 Chronology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		In the city of Qayrawan the Fatimid imam became the Fatimid caliph and assumed the messianic title of al-Mahdi.
		That the Fatimids could rival the ‘Abbasids in terms of legitimacy was further underscored by the campaigns against the Byzantines.
		Fatimid Egypt participated in the attempt to stem the European invasion, but did not shy from having political and economic ties with the various Crusader states.
	people.uncw.edu /bergh/par246/L25Caliphate.htm (4660 words)

	Hero12
		Al-Mu'ayyad was now sent by the Fatimid Caliph al-Mustansir and the Wazir al-Yazuri on a mission to the Syrian Amirs and particularly to al-Basasiri, with an army of 3000 Arab troops from Bani Kalb and a store of provisions.
		On the death of lbn Hawshab 302/914, the Fatimid Caliph let the lsmaili political power drift away, on purpose, and called lbn Hawshab's son Ja'far to the Maghrib where he was put in charge of the Da'wa.
		Two Isma'iii states accepting Fatimid sovereignty existed in Pakistan a century after that, namely in Multan from 354/965 to 401/1010 and in Mansurah from 401/1010 to 416/1025, both of which were swept away by the invasion of Mahmud of Ghazna.
	www.ismaili.net /hero/hero12.html (5178 words)

	Egypt: History - Fatimid Period
		While the time was ripe, the Fatimid general Gawhar, a former slave, marched to Fustat-Misr and took the city on August 5th, 969 for his khalif, al-Muiz.
		The Fatimids' real trouble was that they were so concerned with a "revealed" and "inner" religion that they were unable to convert the practical Egyptians.
		The Fatimids were similar to the Christians in many ways in that they believed that a Messiah was coming to protect them against sin and error and would save them all.
	www.touregypt.net /hfatimid.htm (2863 words)

	10 Century
		Death of the Fatimid Caliph Ubaidullah ; accession of Al Qaim.
		The Abbasid Caliph Muttaqi is forced to seek refuge with the Hamdanids.
		Death of the Umayyad Caliph Abdul Rahman III in Spain; accession of Hakam.
	users.aol.com /_ht_a/iftkhar1398/html/body_10_century.html (615 words)

	Fatimids
		The Fatimid Caliphate was the political pinnacle of the Ismailis, a group of Shiites who expected the appearance of a messiah descended from the marriage of Ali, the fourth caliph, and Fatima, the daughter of the Prophet Muhammad.
		From the mid-12th century, the Fatimid kingdom began to crumble internally; the caliphs lost most of their power, and the viziers, at the head of a highly centralized government, assumed much of the executive and military leadership.
		After 1129 the Fatimid caliphs were merely puppets in the hands of the army and powerful viziers (Muslim government officials).
	www.mb-soft.com /believe/txh/fatimid.htm (545 words)

	Architecture of Cairo
		Jawhar al-Siqilli, the commander of the Fatimid army, lays the foundation of the mosque of al-Qahira (later al-Azhar).
		Caliph al-Hakim establishes a Waqf for the mosque.
		Caliph al-Hafiz refurbishes the mosque and adds the four porticoes around the courtyard with their keel-arches.
	web.mit.edu /4.615/www/handout05.htm (332 words)

	Iranica.com - FATIMIDS
		Established in 297/909 in Efr^q^ya, the seat of the Fatimids was later transferred to Egypt in 362/973, and the dynasty was finally overthrown by S®ala@há-al-D^n (Saladin) in 567/1171, when the fourteenth and last Fatimid caliph, al-¿AÚzµed (555-67/1160-71), lay dying in Cairo.
		It was under such circumstances that the Fatimid capital served as the central headquarters of an Isma¿ili movement extending from North Africa and Egypt to Transoxania and Sind—a movement that was naturally also opposed to all the regimes ruling over the Iranian lands in the name of the ¿Abbasids.
		The Fatimid da@¿^s also succeeded around 347/958 in establishing a Fatimid vassal state centered in Molta@n, in northern India, where the kòotába was now read in the name of the Fatimid caliphs, instead of their ¿Abbasid rivals.
	www.iranica.com /articles/v9f4/v9f438.html (2851 words)

	Early Arab Egypt
		In 969 the Ismaili Shi'a Fatimid dynasty from Tunisia conquered Egypt and established its capital at Cairo.
		In 969 the Fatimid general Jauhar was placed at the head of an army said to number 100,000 men and attempted to seize Egypt.
		Meanwhile the caliph al-Muizz had been summoned to enter the palace that had been prepared for him, and after leaving a viceroy to take charge of his western possessions he arrived in Alexandria on May 31, 973, and proceeded to instruct his new subjects in the particular form of religion (Shiism) which his family represented.
	www.the-world-in-focus.com /Africa/Egypt/History/earlyarabegypt.html (1461 words)

	Fatimid. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		), dynasty claiming to hold the caliphate on the basis of descent from Fatima, a daughter of Muhammad the Prophet.
		In the reign (953–75) of the 4th caliph, Moizz, Fatimid fortunes reached their height.
		Hakim (996–1021), the 6th caliph, abandoned the religious toleration of his ancestors.
	www.bartleby.com /65/fa/Fatimid.html (445 words)

	Al-Ahram Weekly \| Heritage \| Gateway to victory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The Fatimid dynasty (909 to 1171), whose members were Shi'ites from north Africa, claimed direct descent from the Prophet Mohamed through his daughter Fatima, and thus regarded themselves as rightful heirs to the leadership of the Muslim world.
		Of the 14 Fatimid caliphs who reigned in Egypt, some were good and capable rulers, others less so, but on the whole they were efficient and tolerant.
		Indeed, the convivial relations between Muslims and Copts under most of the Fatimids was exemplified by the words of Patriarch Kirollos in 1086, when he told lay Copts to lead virtuous lives and obey the laws and practices of the country.
	weekly.ahram.org.eg /2003/643/he2.htm (1449 words)

	Fatimid - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In the 1040s AD, the Zirids (governors of North Africa under the Fatimids) declared their independence from the Fatimids and their conversion to "orthodox" Sunnī Islām, which led to the devastating Banū Hilal invasions.
		After about 1070 AD, the Fatimid hold on the Levant coast and parts of Syria was challenged by first Turkish invasions, then the Crusades, so that Fatimid territory shrunk until it consisted only of Egypt.
		After the decay of the Fatimid political system in the 1160s AD, the Zengid ruler Nūr ad-Dīn had his general, Saladin, seize Egypt in 1169, forming the Sunni Ayyubid Dynasty.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Fatimid (618 words)

	USC-MSA Compendium of Muslim Texts
		Death of the Abbasid Caliph Muktafi; death of the Saffarid ruler Amr.
		Death of the Abbasid Caliph Muktafi; accession of Muqtadir.
		Abdication of the Abbasid Caliph Al Muttih; accession of At Taii.
	www.usc.edu /dept/MSA/history/chronology/century10.html (598 words)

	Islamic Art - Early Medieval Period: History
		Fatimid dynasty came to power in North Africa and soon expanded its authority to Sicily and parts of Egypt.
		The Fatimid armies completed their conquest of Egypt in 969, and in that year Cairo was founded as the new capital, becoming an important cultural center that was to rival Baghdad.
		Fatimid power effectively ended in 1169, when, in an attempt to rid themselves of the Crusaders, who were then besieging Cairo, the Fatimid rulers asked a Syrian dynasty to come to their aid.
	www.lacma.org /islamic_art/emp.htm (756 words)

	Tulunid and Fatimid Dynasties in Egypt
		Ahmed Ibn Tulun, the founder of the state of Tulunids, named Caliph in Egypt.
		The rise of the Tulunid dynasty in Egypt.
		The rise of the state of Fatimids in Egypt.
	www.islamicart.com /library/history/tulunids.html (49 words)

	Saudi Aramco World : Cairo: A Millennial (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		General Gawhar, in the name of the Fatimid Caliph, had just conquered al-Fustat, then the capital of Egypt, and had chosen a site north-east of it for a new palace to house the Caliph when he came to claim his prize.
		Five years later, the Caliph's son al-'Aziz would dedicate the mosque to learning, a step that would make it, during the next 1,000 years, a major theological center of Islam, with students from all over the world gathering for instruction in Islamic theology, law and tradition, and in Arabic, grammar and rhetoric.
		During that period artisans of the land—the plasterers, woodcarvers, glassblowers and jewelers—recorded in stone, wood, plaster and in glass and precious stones, the glory of the Fatimids.
	www.saudiaramcoworld.com /issue/196905/cairo-a.millennial.htm (1927 words)

	Islamic History (Chronology)
		The Buwayhid Sultan ud Daula is Overthrown by Musharaf ud Daula, Death of the Fatimid Caliph AI Hakim, accession of Al Zahir.
		Death of the Fatimid Caliph AI Zahir, accession of Mustansir.
		Death of the Fatimid Caliph AI Aamir, accession of AI Hafiz.
	www.barkati.net /english/chronology.htm (8011 words)

	Fatimids (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The Fatimids claimed descent from Fatima, the daughter of Mohammed.
		The Fatimids conquered northern Africa and in 972 conquered Egypt where they founded a new capital, al-Kahira (Cairo), and established the famous university mosque al-Azhar.
		On the death of the last Fatimid caliph in 1171, Egypt again returned to the Sunni fold.
	www.hyperhistory.com /online_n2/civil_n2/histscript4_n2/fatimids.html (120 words)

	Iranica.com - H®AÚKEM BE-AMR-ALLAÚH
		The first Fatimid ruler to have been born in Egypt, H®a@kem had been proclaimed as heir-apparent (wali al-¿ahd) in 383/993, on the death of his elder (and sole) brother, Moháammad.
		Foremost among the Fatimid da@¿is of this period operating in the eastern provinces was H®amid-al-Din Kerma@ni (q.v.), the most accomplished Isma¿ili theologian-philosopher of the entire Fatimid period.
		H®a@kem also made the education of the Isma¿ilis and the Fatimid da@¿is a priority; in his time, various study sessions (maja@les) were established in Cairo, where he also completed the construction of the Friday mosque that still bears his name.
	www.iranica.com /articles/v11f6/v11f6006.html (1220 words)

	10th Century (900-999) C.E.
		940: Death of the Abbasid Caliph Ar Radi, accession of Muttaqi.
		946: Death of the Fatimid Caliph A1 Qaim.
		974: Abdication of the Abbasid Caliph AI Muttih; accession of At Taii.
	ourislamonline.tripod.com /crono_10th.htm (628 words)

	Seljuq
		Both the Fatimids and the Mazyadids withdrew their support, however, and al-Basasiri was killed by Seljuq forces in 1060.
		Toghrl reinstated al-Qa'im as caliph, who then gave him additional honours, including the title sultan (Arabic: sultan, "authority"), found on coins minted in the names of both the caliph and the sultan.
		And whosoever exercises independent authority, so long as he shows allegiance to the Caliph in the matter of his prerogatives [of sovereignty], the same is a sultan, whose commands and judgments are valid in the several parts of the earth.
	www.angelfire.com /nt/Gilgamesh/seljuq.html (664 words)

	Islam in North Africa
		Later Fatimid caliphs established the University of al-Azhar in Cairo, and by the 11th century, the Cairo- based Fatimids were more powerful than the Abbassids in Baghdad.
		While the Fatimids were establishing their dynasty in Cairo, the nature of the leadership of the Abbassids changed.
		In exchange for their service to the caliph, Mamluks (the word means "owned") received tax exemptions, land grants and the right to control "departments" of the government (such as tax collection in a province).
	courses.wcupa.edu /jones/his311/lectures/13na-isl.htm (2992 words)

	Saunders. History of Medieval Islam
		When the Caliphs ceased to exercise authority on the distant eastern frontier, the task was shouldered by the Samanids, perhaps the most brilliant of the dynasties which took over from the enfeebled Abbasids.
		First, the Fatimids bst their last chance of repeating the success of the Abbasids in 750: the failure of Basasiri's coup in Baghdad meant that the Alid Caliph would be restricted to Egypt and the neighbouring lands and would never acquire universal dominion in Islam.
		The Fatimids proved tougher opponents than might have been expected: the Seljuks were not destined to heal the schism that had rent the Muslim world for nearly two centuries.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/med/saunders.html (3955 words)

	Egypt - The Tulinids, Ikhshidids, Fatimids, and Ayyubids, 868- 1260
		The name of the dynasty is derived from Fatima, the daughter of the Prophet Muhammad and the wife of Ali, the fourth caliph and the founder of Shia Islam.
		Under the Fatimids, Egypt became the center of a vast empire, which at its peak comprised North Africa, Sicily, Palestine, Syria, the Red Sea coast of Africa, Yemen, and the Hijaz in Arabia, including the holy cities of Mecca and Medina.
		Cairo was the seat of the Shia caliph, who was the head of a religion as well as the sovereign of an empire.
	countrystudies.us /egypt/16.htm (1074 words)

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