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Topic: Fatty acid metabolism

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Triacylglyceride

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	Follow Your Nose::Fatty Acids
		Fatty acids are a class of chemical compounds containing a short or long "hydrocarbon chain" (composed only of hydrogens and carbons) and a "carboxylate group" (which gives acidic properties to fatty acids) at the end of the chain.
		Earl then sought to examine the role of acetyl phosphate in the synthesis of the four-carbon fatty acid, butyric acid; that is, to determine how this intermediate transfers its acetyl part to another form of by the reaction of acetyl phosphate with coenzyme A, might be an intermediate in fatty acid metabolism.
		He demonstrated that, unlike the synthesis of short-chain fatty acids in bacteria where acetyl CoA is a key intermediate, the synthesis of long-chain fatty acid acids is catalyzed by an enzyme complex in which methylmalonyl CoA is the source of active acetate.
	history.nih.gov /exhibits/stadtman/nose_fattyacids.htm (674 words)

	Fatty acid metabolism Summary
		Fatty acids are also used for protein modification, and all steroid hormones are ultimately derived from fatty acids.
		Fatty acids, stored as triglycerides in an organism, are an important source of energy because they are both reduced and anhydrous.
		Fatty acids are usually ingested as triglycerides, which cannot be absorbed by the intestine.
	www.bookrags.com /Fatty_acid_metabolism (1903 words)

	Fatty Acid Oxidation
		The free fatty acids are then absorbed by the cells and the glycerol is returned via the blood to the liver (and kidneys).
		The release of metabolic energy, in the form of fatty acids, is controlled by a complex series of interrelated cascades that result in the activation of hormone-sensitive lipase.
		The net result of the oxidation of one mole of oleic acid (an 18-carbon fatty acid) will be 146 moles of ATP (2 mole equivalents are used during the activation of the fatty acid), as compared with 114 moles from an equivalent number of glucose carbon atoms.
	www.indstate.edu /thcme/mwking/fatty-acid-oxidation.html (2774 words)

	Fatty acid - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Carboxylic acids as short as butyric acid (4 carbon atoms) are considered to be fatty acids, while fatty acids derived from natural fats and oils may be assumed to have at least 8 carbon atoms, e.g.
		Industrially, fatty acids are produced by the hydrolysis of the ester linkages in a fat or biological oil (both of which are triglycerides), with the removal of glycerol.
		Linoleic acid and arachidonic acid are omega-6 fatty acids.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Fatty_acid (1824 words)

	Lipid Metabolism
		The pathway for fatty acid synthesis occurs in the cytoplasm, whereas, oxidation occurs in the mitochondria.
		The primary fatty acid synthesized by FAS is palmitate.
		The fatty acid distribution at the C-1 and C-2 positions of glycerol within phospholipids is continually in flux, owing to phospholipid degradation and the continuous phospholipid remodeling that occurs while these molecules are in membranes.
	web.indstate.edu /thcme/mwking/lipid-synthesis.html (4721 words)

	Fatty acid stucture
		Fatty acids are a class of compounds composed of a long hydrocarbon chain and a terminal carboxylic acid group.
		Fatty acids may be saturated in which they contain no double bonds, or unsaturated in which case they have one or more double bonds.
		These fatty acids are abundant in cold water fish (such as salmon, herring, mackerel) oil and flaxseed and soy oil.
	www.db.uth.tmc.edu /faculty/alevine/1521_2000/fastructure.htm (945 words)

	Fatty acid oxidation
		-oxidation of fatty acids is the activation of the carboxyl group of the fatty acid.
		Activation of fatty acids to fatty acyl-CoA occurs in the mitochondrial matrix.
		Fatty acids are activated outside the mitochondria and transported into the mitochondria linked to carnitine.
	www.db.uth.tmc.edu /faculty/alevine/1521_2000/betaoxid.htm (1314 words)

	Pet scans can monitor fatty acid metabolism diseases
		Fatty acid metabolism disorders encompass a variety of rare inherited disorders in which sufferers cannot break down or transport certain fatty acids to make energy in the heart.
		In the study, the researchers were able to monitor blood flow in the heart, overall energy use in the heart, the percentage of fatty acid use relative to total energy use, and heart function in 11 patients and six unaffected siblings.
		The investigators found that affected children have a diminished capacity to use fatty acids compared with their siblings and that affected children’s fatty acids are deposited in a non- energy producing pathway, storing them as fat.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2001-12/cuco-psc121101.php (671 words)

	BioCarta - Charting Pathways of Life
		In animals, the sulfur-containing amino acid cysteine is synthesized from homocysteine, which is itself derived from metabolism of the amino acid methionine.
		Glycolysis was one of the first metabolic pathways studied and is one of the best understood, in terms of the enzymes involved, their mechanisms of action, and the regulation of the pathway to meet the needs of the organism and the cell.
		Fatty acids are oxidized inside the mitochondrial matrix but the fatty acids to be oxidized come fr...
	www.biocarta.com /genes/Metabolism.asp (2413 words)

	The chemical logic behind... fatty acid metabolism
		Fatty acids diffuse freely into the peroxisome: they do not need to be transported by carnitine.
		Fatty acid synthesis happens in the cytoplasm, but acetyl-CoA is produced in the mitochondrion.
		The remainder of the NADPH needed for fatty acid synthesis must be produced by the pentose phosphate pathway.
	www2.ufp.pt /~pedros/bq/fatty.htm (1169 words)

	Fatty Acid Metabolism
		Fatty acids mobilized from triacylglycerols are oxidized to meet the energy needs of a cell or organism.
		Fatty acid degradation and synthesis are relatively simple processes that are essentially the reverse of each other.
		An activated fatty acid is oxidized to introduce a double bond; the double bond is hydrated to introduce an oxygen; the alcohol is oxidized to a ketone; and, finally, the four carbon fragment is cleaved by coenzyme A to yield acetyl CoA and a fatty acid chain two carbons shorter.
	www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov /books/bv.fcgi?rid=stryer.chapter.3038 (434 words)

	Lect 34 Fatty Acid Metabolism Part 1
		Fatty acids consist of a long hydrocarbon chain (mostly saturated carbons) with a terminal carboxylate group.
		Fatty acids derivatives serve as hormones and intracellular messengers.
		The fatty acids are oxidized and the glycerol is converted to DHAP which is further metabolized by glycolysis.
	www.biochem.arizona.edu /classes/bioc460/spring/rlm/Lec34.html (753 words)

	IMPROVEMENTS IN OR RELATING TO FATTY ACID METABOLISM (WO9947685A1)
		Disclosed is an isolated nucleic acid sequence encoding a polypeptide having fatty alcohol oxidase (FAO) activity, nucleic acid deletion constructs comprising a non-functional fragment of an FAO gene, FAO deletion mutant cells, and uses thereof.
		Fatty alcohol oxidase activity is the catalysis of the oxidation of the terminal hydroxy group of a fatty alcohol, or an hydroxy fatty acid, in the presence of molecular oxygen, to form a fatty aldehyde or a fatty acid aldehyde, and H202.
		Thus, for present purposes, a fatty alcohol oxidase is an enzyme which, inter alia, exhibits greater specific activity for substrates having a chain length of 5 or more C atoms.
	www.delphion.com /details?pn=WO09947685A1 (518 words)

	BodyBio - Fatty Acid Analysis
		Disturbances in fatty acid metabolism are now rapidly being linked to a myriad of physical and mental disorders.
		Exploration of fatty acid metabolism leads the clinician to a wide realm of metabolic strategies to influence the health of the patient.
		There is virtually no system of the body that does not require attention of specific fatty acid substrates and coenzymes to maintain health and repair of bodily tissues.
	www.bodybio.com /main/products/fattyacid.htm (368 words)

	Lect 35 Fatty Acid Metabolism Part 2
		Fatty acids are synthesized and degraded by different pathways.
		The C16 fatty acid palmitate is the end-product of the fatty acid synthase reaction.
		Fatty acid metabolism is stringently controlled to balance synthesis and degradation in response to physiological demands.
	www.biochem.arizona.edu /classes/bioc460/spring/rlm/Lec35.html (743 words)

	Essential fatty acid metabolism and its modification in atopic eczema1 -- Horrobin 71 (1): 367S -- American Journal of ...
		Ziboh VA. Prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and hydroxy fatty acids in epidermis.
		Ziboh VA. The significance of polyunsaturated fatty acids in cutaneous biology.
		The effect of gamma-linolenic acid on clinical status, red cell fatty acid composition and membrane microviscosity in infants with atopic dermatitis.
	www.ajcn.org /cgi/content/full/71/1/367S (4803 words)

	Effects of intestinal fatty acid-binding protein overexpression on fatty acid metabolism in Caco-2 cells -- Darimont et ...
		proportions of phospholipids and unesterified fatty acid decreased
		H]oleic acid and of the fluorescent fatty acid
		Halldén, G., Aponte, G. Evidence for a role of the gut hormone PYY in the regulation of intestinal fatty acid-binding protein transcripts in differentiated subpopulations of intestinal epithelial cell hybrids.
	www.jlr.org /cgi/content/full/41/1/84 (4205 words)

	Lipid Metabolism
		The increased fatty acid availability in response to glucagon or epinephrine is assured of being completely oxidized since PKA also phosphorylates (and as a result inhibits) ACC, thus inhibiting fatty acid synthesis.
		This functions to prevent the newly synthesized fatty acids from entering the mitochondria and being oxidized.
		The electrons from the reduced fatty acid (saturated) and from the desaturase are transferred to molecular oxygen to form water and oxydized fatty acid (unsaturated).
	www.med.unibs.it /~marchesi/lipsynth.html (1724 words)

	blobs.org - resources - Fatty Acid Metabolism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Put in more technical terms, it is the process by which fatty acids are metabolised to obtain energy.
		The fat, found in the diet generally as something called triacylglycerol, is broken down into glycerol and 3 fatty acids by adipose tissue lipase, an enzyme.
		Mitochondria are parts of a cell in which some reactions in metabolism take place, and fatty acids have to get into one mitochondrion in order to be broken down.
	www.blobs.org /science/metabolism/index3.shtml (689 words)

	Fatty acid metabolism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Once released into the blood, the relatively hydrophobic free fatty acids bind to serum albumin for transport to tissues that require energy.
		It is important to note that carnitine acyltransferase I undergoes allosteric inhibition as a result of malonyl-CoA, an intermediate in fatty acid biosynthesis, in order to prevent futile cycling between beta-oxidation and fatty acid synthesis.
		Fatty acid synthesis occurs in the cytosol, in humans primarily in the liver, also adipose tissue and mammary gland during lactation.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Fatty_acid_metabolism (2199 words)

	CHEM-643 Intermediary Metabolism - Problem Set 3, Fatty Acid Metabolism
		At lower temperatures there is an increase in the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids which have lower melting points.
		Beta-oxidation of saturated fatty acids is an essential catabolic pathway in man. There are in addition several enzymes which permit the oxidation of
		Phytanic acid (derived from the phytol side chain of chlorophyll) cannot be metabolized in people with Refsum's disease [J.
	www.udel.edu /chem/white/C643/FattyAcidMetab05.html (634 words)

	Fatty Acid Metabolism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		In order for fatty acids to be used for energy, they must first be transported from outside a cell (the cytosol side) to inside a cell (the mitochodria).
		Once transported inside the mitochondria, these fatty acids are broken down through a process called beta-oxidation.
		What L-Carnitine does is act as a fuel line and transports fuel (fatty acids) from the gas tank (cytosol) to the engine (mitochondria) so the fuel can be burned.
	www.lonza.com /carniking/en/lonza/fatty.html (163 words)

	Coenzyme-A Technologies Inc. Fatty Acid Synthesis and Modification
		Coenzyme-A is a commonly used carrier for activated acyl groups (acetyl, fatty acyl and others).
		The fatty acid (1) obtained from fat digestion is converted into the thioester of Coenzyme-A (2) by an acyl CoA synthetase enzyme.
		(see scheme 3), while the fatty acid is oxidized from the alkane to the corresponding alkene.
	www.coenzyme-a.com /fatty_acid.html (246 words)

	Fatty Acid Metabolism
		•Thus, a net yield of 106 ATP, which corresponds to 3233 kJ/mol (or 33% energy conservation), is produced for complete oxidation of palmitic acid.
		•The high-energy yield is a direct result of the fact that the carbons of fatty acids exist in a more highly reduced state than the carbons of sugars.
		•Fatty acid oxidation results in a higher energy yield per gram of fat than does carbohydrate and is the major source of energy for long term exertion.
	www.cameron.edu /~teds/5fats_files/slide0031.htm (97 words)

	Effects of beef- and fish-based diets on the kinetics of n-3 fatty acid metabolism in human subjects -- Pawlosky et al. ...
		C-reactive protein, dietary n-3 fatty acids, and the extent of coronary artery disease.
		Visual acuity and fatty acid status of term infants fed human milk and formulas with and without docosahexaenoate and arachidonate from egg yolk lecithin.
		Bioequivalence of dietary alpha-linolenic and docosahexaenoic acids as sources of docosahexaenoate accretion in brain and associated organs of neonatal baboons.
	www.ajcn.org /cgi/content/full/77/3/565 (4146 words)

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