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Topic: Fatty acid oxidation

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Fat catabolism

Metabolic pathway

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	Ascorbic acid - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Ascorbic acid and its sodium, potassium, and calcium salts are commonly used as antioxidant food additives.
		These compounds are water soluble and thus cannot protect fats from oxidation: for this purpose, the fat-soluble esters of ascorbic acid with long-chain fatty acids (ascorbyl palmitate or ascorbyl stearate) can be used as food antioxidants.
		The relevant European food additive E numbers are: E300 ascorbic acid, E301 sodium ascorbate, E302 calcium ascorbate, E303 potassium ascorbate, E304 fatty acid esters of ascorbic acid (i) ascorbyl palmitate (ii) ascorbyl stearate.
	open-encyclopedia.com /Ascorbic_acid (212 words)

	Fatty acid oxidation
		-oxidation of fatty acids is the activation of the carboxyl group of the fatty acid.
		Activation of fatty acids to fatty acyl-CoA occurs in the mitochondrial matrix.
		Fatty acids are activated outside the mitochondria and transported into the mitochondria linked to carnitine.
	www.dentistry.leeds.ac.uk /biochem/uttb/BETAOXID.HTM (1340 words)

	BioCarta - Charting Pathways of Life
		Unsaturated fatty acids are those that contain one or more double bonds in their alkyl-chain.
		The presence of a double bond in the fatty acid chain changes the shape of the side group, and alters membrane fluidity when present in phospholipids.
		Polyunsaturated fatty acids in the diet such as omega-3 fatty acids from fish oil may have a positive influence on health, reducing cardiovascular disease and cancer.
	www.biocarta.com /pathfiles/polyunsatfattyacidPathway.asp (263 words)

	Fatty Acid Metabolism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The fatty acids are oxidized to acetyl CoA.
		Fatty acids are taken up from the blood stream by the cells in the liver and is then activated to form an acyl-CoA.
		The longer chain fatty acids cannot diffuse across the mitochondrial membrane but must be transported with the aid of a carrier protein known as carnitine.
	www.np.edu.sg /~dept-bio/biochemistry/aab/topics/aab_lipid.htm (881 words)

	Fatty Acid Oxidation
		The final fatty acid is released from monoacylglycerols through the action of monoacylglycerol lipase, an enzyme active in the absence of hormonal stimulation.
		Oxidation of fatty acids occurs in the mitochondria.
		The net result of the oxidation of one mole of oleic acid (an 18-carbon fatty acid) will be 146 moles of ATP (2 mole equivalents are used during the activation of the fatty acid), as compared with 114 moles from an equivalent number of glucose carbon atoms.
	web.indstate.edu /thcme/mwking/fatty-acid-oxidation.html (2684 words)

	Lipid Catabolism
		, an enzyme associated with the cytosolic surface of the outer mitochondrial membrane, catalyzes transfer of a fatty acid from ester linkage with the thiol of coenzyme A to the hydroxyl on carnitine.
		Carnitine Palmitoyl Transferase II catalyzes transfer of the fatty acid from carnitine to coenzyme A. (Carnitine exits the matrix in step 2.) The fatty acid is now esterified to coenzyme A within the mitochondrial matrix.
		Once fatty acids are reduced in length within the peroxisomes they may shift to the mitochondria to be catabolized all the way to CO Carnitine is also involved in transfer of fatty acids into and out of peroxisomes.
	www.rpi.edu /dept/bcbp/molbiochem/MBWeb/mb2/part1/fatcatab.htm (1184 words)

	Newborn Screening Program - MCAD and Other Fatty Acid Oxidation Disorders (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Fatty acid oxidation disorders are a group of inherited metabolic conditions that lead to an accumulation of fatty acids, and a decrease in cell energy metabolism.
		Each fatty acid oxidation disorder is associated with a specific enzyme defect in the fatty acid metabolic pathway and affects utilization of dietary and stored fat.
		MCAD is the most common of the fatty acid oxidation disorders with an incidence of approximately one in 10,000-20,000 births.
	www.idph.state.il.us /HealthWellness/fs/mcad.htm (1029 words)

	Lipid Metabolism
		The pathway for fatty acid synthesis occurs in the cytoplasm, whereas, oxidation occurs in the mitochondria.
		The primary fatty acid synthesized by FAS is palmitate.
		The fatty acid distribution at the C-1 and C-2 positions of glycerol within phospholipids is continually in flux, owing to phospholipid degradation and the continuous phospholipid remodeling that occurs while these molecules are in membranes.
	web.indstate.edu /thcme/mwking/lipid-synthesis.html (4466 words)

	tartaric acid on Encyclopedia.com
		Tartaric acid is found in many plants, e.g., grapes; this natural acid is chiefly the dextrorotatory d -tartaric acid, called also d -2,3-dihydroxysuccinic acid or l -2,3-dihydroxybutanedioic acid.
		Tartaric acids can be synthesized from maleic acids or fumaric acids by reaction with aqueous potassium permanganate.
		Tartaric acid is used chiefly in the form of its salts, e.g., cream of tartar and Rochelle salt.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/t1/tartaric.asp (276 words)

	Omega-3 Fatty Acid Molecule
		These fatty acids were originally designated as "Vitamin F", until it was realized that they must be classified with the fats.
		carbon backbone of the fatty acid, counting from the end opposite the acid group, occurs in the third carbon-carbon bond.
		There are also initial reports that omega-3 fatty acids may lower the risk of dementia in old age.
	www.worldofmolecules.com /foods/omega_3.htm (471 words)

	Expression of fatty acid binding proteins inhibits lipid accumulation and alters toxicity in L cell fibroblasts -- ...
		H]phytanic acid oxidation was inhibited (74-100%) and phytanic
		Roles of fatty acid methyl branching and intracellular fatty acid binding protein expression in saturated fatty acid uptake in L cells.
		of phytanic acid cytotoxicity by intracellular fatty acid was
	ajpcell.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/283/3/C688 (8587 words)

	The Antianginal Drug Trimetazidine Shifts Cardiac Energy Metabolism From Fatty Acid Oxidation to Glucose Oxidation by ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		of ischemia and reperfusion because of an inhibition of glucose oxidation.
		acid oxidation secondary to an inhibition of long-chain 3-ketoacyl
		An imbalance between glycolysis and glucose oxidation is a possible explanation for the detrimental effects of high levels of fatty acids during aerobic reperfusion of ischemic hearts.
	www.circresaha.org /cgi/content/full/86/5/580 (5107 words)

	L-23: Fatty Acid Oxidation
		Know how fatty acids are hormonally mobilized from storage and transported via the blood bound to albumen to tissues 2.
		Know how fatty acids are "activated" (attached to CoA) and transported into the mitochondrial matrix, which is the rate limiting step for oxidation.
		Elongation and Desaturation A. Elongation via endoplasmic reticulum similar to fatty acid synthase mechanism; requires malonyl CoA and NADPH B. Elongation in mitochondria is similar to oxidation; requires Acetyl CoA, but final reduction step is NADPH C. Desaturation in endoplasmic reticulum 1.
	www.usd.edu /med/som/somdept/biochem/courses/bioc520/b520_234.htm (776 words)

	Human placenta metabolizes fatty acids: implications for fetal fatty acid oxidation disorders and maternal liver ...
		palmitoyltransferase I (CPT I) (26) inhibit fatty acid uptake
		FAO enzymes are expressed mainly in the synctiotrophoblast layer (fl arrows), but there is detectable, lower expression in cytotrophoblasts (white arrows).
		be the 50% decrease in maternal hepatic long-chain fatty acid
	ajpendo.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/284/6/E1098 (4931 words)

	Expression of fatty acid binding proteins inhibits lipid accumulation and alters toxicity in L cell fibroblasts -- ...
		Expression of fatty acid binding proteins inhibits lipid accumulation and alters toxicity in L cell fibroblasts -- Atshaves et al.
		Expression of fatty acid binding proteins inhibits lipid accumulation and alters toxicity in L cell fibroblasts
		inhibition of branched-chain fatty acid oxidation that correlated
	ajpcell.physiology.org /cgi/content/abstract/283/3/C688 (348 words)

	The Coactivator PGC-1 Cooperates with Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor alpha in Transcriptional Control of ...
		fatty acid known to be present in lipid droplets within adipocytes.
		FAO enzymes, is consistent with a role for this coactivator in
		acids of the PGC-1 molecule was responsible for transactivation.
	mcb.asm.org /cgi/content/full/20/5/1868 (6018 words)

	Pex11p Plays a Primary Role in Medium-Chain Fatty Acid Oxidation, a Process that Affects Peroxisome Number and Size in ...
		Fatty acids can enter peroxisomes via two pathways: medium-chain fatty acids enter as free fatty acids and require Pex11p and the peroxisomal membrane-associated acyl-CoA synthetase, Faa2p, for their activation inside peroxisomes.
		Long-chain fatty acids are activated outside peroxisomes and are translocated across the peroxisomal membrane via the heterodimeric peroxisomal ABC transporter comprised of Pat1p and Pat2p (Pxa2p and Pxa1p).
		C labeled fatty acids of different chain length and ß-oxidation activity was measured (see Materials and Methods).
	www.jcb.org /cgi/content/full/150/3/489 (5162 words)

	Fatty acid oxidation and ketone bodies
		The process of fatty acid oxidation is termed b-oxidation since it occurs through the sequential removal of 2-carbon units by oxidation at the b-carbon position of the fatty acyl-CoA molecule.
		Phytanic acid is a fatty acid present in the tissues of ruminants and in dairy products and is, therefore, an important dietary component of fatty acid intake.
		Deficiencies in carnitine lead to an inability to transport fatty acids into the mitochondria for oxidation.
	www.med.unibs.it /~marchesi/fatox.html (2711 words)

	State: Newborn blood tests to tell more
		Many of the disorders involve an inability to break down a chemical in the body or a substance in food, so that the substance builds up to harmful levels.
		Babies with MCAD deficiency, for example, don't have enough of an enzyme that breaks down certain types of fatty acids, which build up in the liver and brain.
		Along with MCAD deficiency, the new screenings will include tests for other fatty acid oxidation disorders and amino acid and organic acid disorders.
	www.sptimes.com /2005/01/31/State/Newborn_blood_tests_t.shtml (644 words)

	Alzheimer's Issues - Fatty Acid in Fish May Arrest Alzheimer's
		WEDNESDAY, Sept. 1 (HealthDayNews) -- A diet rich in the omega-3 fatty acid called DHA, which is found in salmon, halibut, and other cold-water fish, protects the brain from the damage caused by Alzheimer's disease, a new study says.
		Cole's team focused on altering the diet of lab mice once they were 17 months old, after feeding them a normal diet high in omega-3 fatty acids during their infancy.
		The test would be roughly equivalent to a human trying to remember where he parked his car, she said.
	www.alzheimersissues.com /ms/news/520986/main.html (768 words)

	FATTY ACID OXIDATION
		In bacteria, the constituent enzymes of fatty acid synthase are dissociated upon isolation.
		130 ATP are formed from the complete oxidation of palmitate (see earlier notes).
		, otherwise identical to reversal of FA oxidation.
	www.bchs.uh.edu /~dtu/Lipidmeta-2.htm (431 words)

	Metabolic Pathways of Biochemistry - Beta-Oxidation of Fatty Acids (odd chain) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Metabolic Pathways of Biochemistry - Beta-Oxidation of Fatty Acids (odd chain)
		It should be noted, that all odd chain fatty acids can be oxidized using the same enzymes for even chain fatty acid beta-oxidation.
		However, unlike even chain fatty acids, odd chain fatty acids will yield ((n-3)/2) Acetyl-CoA and one three carbon acid, Propionyl-CoA, where n is the number of carbons in the odd chain fatty acid.
	www.gwu.edu /~mpb/betaox-odd.htm (78 words)

	Pantethine Research
		Schwabedal PE, Pietrzik K, Wittkowski W. "Pantothenic acid deficiency as a factor contributing to the development of hypertension." Cardiology 1985;72 Suppl 1:187-9
		Morisaki N, Matsuoka N, Shirai K, Sasaki N, Saito Y, Kumagai A. "Effect of pantethine on fatty acid oxidation in microvessels of rat brain." Tohoku J Exp Med 1983 Sep;141(1):41-5
		Haslock DI, Wright V, "Pantothenic acid in the treatment of osteoarthrosis." Rheumatol Phys Med 1971 Feb;11(1):10-3
	www.pantethine.net /herbal-remedies/pantethine/references (536 words)

	Cardiomyopathies
		Activates glycolysis and fatty acid uptake during hypoxic stres or metabolic demand
		Function: Catalyze initial reaction in β-oxidation of fatty acids
		Triglyceride storage disease with impaired long-chain fatty acid oxidation
	www.neuro.wustl.edu /neuromuscular/msys/cardiac2.htm (567 words)

	The Antianginal Drug Trimetazidine Shifts Cardiac Energy Metabolism From Fatty Acid Oxidation to Glucose Oxidation by ...
		Brief Increase in Carbohydrate Oxidation After Reperfusion Reverses Myocardial Stunning in Conscious Pigs
		Contrasting effects of exercise and NOS inhibition on tissue-specific fatty acid and glucose uptake in mice
		Increased nonoxidative glycolysis despite continued fatty acid uptake during demand-induced myocardial ischemia
	www.circresaha.org /cgi/content/abstract/86/5/580 (1596 words)

	Carnitine affects fatty acid metabolism after cardioplegic arrest in neonatal rabbit hearts -- Sakamoto et al. 71 (2): ...
		Carnitine affects fatty acid metabolism after cardioplegic arrest in neonatal rabbit hearts -- Sakamoto et al.
		Carnitine affects fatty acid metabolism after cardioplegic arrest in neonatal rabbit hearts
		Department of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, The Heart Institute of Japan, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
	ats.ctsnetjournals.org /cgi/content/abstract/71/2/648 (289 words)

	UT researcher receives $300,000 to study diabetes - 2005-03-28 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		If we can achieve this goal, we should be able to make a diabetic's life much easier by reducing the amount and severity of complications," Park says.
		Park's laboratory is also funded by a National Institutes of Health grant to study the regulation of genes involved in fatty acid oxidation.
		Having earned his doctorate from the Pennsylvania State University, Park continued his education with a postdoctoral fellowship at Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland, Ohio.
	www.bizjournals.com /memphis/stories/2005/03/28/daily7.html (582 words)

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