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	Fayum mummy portraits
		Fayum mummy portraits is the name given to a large number of paintings from the first to third century.
		These are encaustic paintings, made with hot, pigmented wax on wooden panels, which were inserted into the mummies of the deceased.
		The surviving paintings are predominantly from the Fayum[?] region in Egypt, where the practice was common and the dry heat preserved many of the paintings until today.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/fa/Fayum_mummy_portraits.html (127 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Fayum mummy portraits
		Fayum portraits represent mostly Greek inhabitants of Egypt and are some of the most interesting examples of surviving Greek art in Ancient Egypt.
		The surviving paintings are predominantly from the Fayum region in Egypt and were completed during Hellenistic and Roman periods in a province of Egypt which had been settled primarily by Greek colonists, many of whom were soldier-veterans.
		The wax portraits were completed during the life of the individual and displayed in their home, this custom belonged to the traditions of Greek art.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Fayum_mummy_portraits (446 words)

	Wikinfo \| Fayum mummy portraits
		The surviving paintings are predominantly from the Fayum region in Roman Egypt, where the practice was common and the dry heat preserved many of the paintings until today.
		According to Walker (2000), "CAT scans of all the complete mummies represented [in Walker (2000)] reveal a correspondence of age and, in suitable cases, sex between mummy and image." Walker concludes that the age distribution reflects the low life expectancy at the time.
		The portraits are remarkably naturalistic and it is believed that they were painted during the subject's lifetime.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Fayum_mummy_portraits (402 words)

	Mummy Portraits (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Fayum mummy portraits - Fayum mummy portraits is the name given to a large number of paintings from the first to third century.
		Though the subjects of the portraits believed in the royal chapel of the body, pointing in opposite directions, with the heads nearly meeting in the Roman manner, with their fashion of dress and adornment signaling their status in life.
		Despite their ancient history, these portraits speak to the advent of photography, approached this degree of fidelity to life, with the heads nearly meeting in the royal chapel of the earliest known examples of life-like portraiture.
	corporate.the-cba.com /Mummy-Portraits.html (1414 words)

	Fayoum mummy portraits
		This portrait was attached to an Egyptian-style mummy, and appears to be a naturalistic depiction of the subject, thus perpetuating the memory of the woman's physical appearance.
		The mummy portrait, painted in encaustic on limewood, was excavated by Flinders Petrie (1853-1942) in 1888.
		This portrait is one of the finest of those attributed to the cemetery of er-Rubayat in the Fayoum.
	www.egyptologyonline.com /mummy_portraits.htm (930 words)

	Nayef Abouzaki - Fayum Portraits
		These portraits were done from live sittings during the youth of the sitter and kept in the home, and then they were placed on the face of the mummy upon the individual’s death.
		In the Egyptian cult of the dead the Fayum portraits were by definition objects of worship since, as part of the mummies with which they were found, they were regarded as the immortal surrogate of the deceased.
		The Fayum Portraits were a fair evident of the intermingling between the Greek and the Egyptian beliefs, and the geographical importance of the Fayum region for ancient Egypt.
	www.people.vcu.edu /~djbromle/portrait04/nayef/FayumPortraitsPaper.htm (900 words)

	Artemidorus (100-120) \| \| Guardian Unlimited Arts
		Although made under Roman rule, this mummy is decorated with symbols of Egyptian magic to transport the dead into the afterlife; below the portrait is a gold leaf vignette of the god Anubis attending the mummy; in another Osiris rises from his bier.
		Cat scans of mummies that still have portraits attached reveal that while the portraits are idealised, they bear a basic resemblance to the deceased.
		The encaustic medium used by mummy painters was revived by Jasper Johns in his deathly depictions of the American flag.
	arts.guardian.co.uk /portrait/story/0,,740358,00.html (623 words)

	Untitled Document
		These wonderful mummy portraits were painted in tempera or wax on canvas or on thin wooden panels that were then mounted over the face of the mummy.
		I created a double portrait of two fictional ancient Alexandrian glassworkers -- one, who, like me, created time-consuming, labor-intensive mosaic glass, and the other, who was captivated by the newer, exciting and much more immediate technique of blown glass, a development that contributed to the loss of the older mosaic glass technique.
		In doing my research on the mummy portraits I came across a great quotation: "Immortality is the gift that portraiture bestows upon the portrayed." Look beyond the technique I have used, past the grid, and see the faces of these men who are looking back at you from 2000 years ago.
	www.dinahhulet.com /Index/Pages/Other/Interview5.html (573 words)

	Guardian Unlimited \| Archive Search
		This painting in wax-based pigments on a limewood panel fixed over the face of a mummy belongs to a genre of realistic portraiture of which examples have been found from the Mediterranean coast as far south as Thebes.
		Fayum mummy paintings are startling examples of ancient painters' attempts to reproduce the world of appearances; when we look on these pictures we believe we are seeing the faces of the dead.
		Artemidorus was in a group of three mummies that Petrie saw with excitement: "a procession of three gilt mummies...
	www.guardian.co.uk /Archive/Article/0,4273,4306151,00.html (623 words)

	Amazon.de: Mysterious Fayum Portraits: English Books: Dorothy J. Thompson,Euphrosyne Doxiadis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Over 1000 of these fascinating portraits have been discovered over the course of the last two centuries, the majority of which were found in Fayum, a lush, green area to the south of Cairo.
		Portraits are grouped according to where they were found and explanatory text sets them in their social, historical and geographical context.
		The mystery that surrounds the portraits is part of their attraction; we can draw limited conclusions based on dress, hair styles and jewellery but for the most part these men, women and children are anonymous faces in the crowd reaching the viewer across time, "glowing with a flame of immortal life".
	www.amazon.de /Mysterious-Fayum-Portraits-Dorothy-Thompson/dp/0810933314 (769 words)

	K.U.Leuven - Fayum Project
		At el-Lahun [photo] the water supply is regulated by a system of locks and sluices: only the amount of water needed for the province is let in, the rest is diverted north along the Giza canal.
		The Fayum is a rich agricultural area, producing a wide variety of crops.
		Here were found thousands of papyri and hundreds of mummy portraits, which have made the area famous among classicists and ancient historians alike.
	fayum.arts.kuleuven.ac.be /fayum1_introduction.html (722 words)

	J.-E Berger Foundation: World Art Treasures
		Our difficulties in understanding the Arnolfini double portrait are exemplified by way of contrast when the London panel is compared with the Mérode Annunciation, a work of approximately the same date that also depicts two full-length figures engaged in a specific action in a carefully delineated interior space.
		By their ritualized gestures, the couple in turn appear to engage in some action not normally encountered in a portrait, its unusual character apparently confirmed by what the signature inscription and reflected mirror image imply: that Van Eyck himself was present at a specific ceremony the painting was meant to record or memorialize.
		Since the couple portrayed in the double portrait are believed to have been of Italian descent, the evolution of the Italian rite needs to be considered alongside the marriage practices of medieval Flanders.
	www.bergerfoundation.ch /?language=english&level=intro (1693 words)

	Fayum mummy portraits at AllExperts
		The surviving paintings are predominantly from the Fayum region in Roman Egypt, where the practice was common and the dry heat preserved many of the paintings until today.
		It has also been proposed that the mummy paintings were originally wall paintings which were copied or used in their original form as panels.
		The portraits are remarkably naturalistic and it is believed that they were painted during the subject's lifetime.
	en.allexperts.com /e/f/fa/fayum_mummy_portraits.htm (428 words)

	Iranian Underground Art Media and Basement » Print » Fayum Mummy Portraits (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		According to Walker (2000), “CAT scans of all the complete mummies represented [in Walker (2000)] reveal a correspondence of age and, in suitable cases, sex between mummy and image.” Walker concludes that the age distribution reflects the low life expectancy at the time.
		Fayum is located in some sixty kilometres (forty miles) south-west of Cairo that in ancient times included cities near to Arsinoe and Philadelphia.
		This technique was notably used in the Fayum mummy portraits from Eygpt around A.D. 100-300, as well as in many works of the 20th century American artist, Jasper Johns.
	www.kolahstudio.com /Underground/wp-print.php?p=58 (476 words)

	Encaustic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Caption Caption Caption Caption Caption Caption Caption Caption Caption Caption Caption Caption Caption Caption Caption Caption Caption Caption Caption Caption Portrait of a woman, c.
		Gallery of Fayum mummy portraits This page is a collection of Fayum mummy portraits This page is a collection of Fayum mummy portraits This page is a collection of Fayum mummy portraits.
		Gallery of Fayum mummy portraits This page is a collection of Fayum mummy portraits This page is a collection of Fayum mummy portraits.
	ca96.museumpessoa.com /encaustic.html (980 words)

	Fayum Villages Project
		The Fayum is situated in a depression, but is not a proper oasis, because it receives its water directly from the Nile.
		At el-Lahun the water supply is regulated by a system of locks and sluices: only the amount of water needed for the province is let in, the rest is diverted north along the Giza canal.
		The Fayum Governate covers 4,550 square kilometers (including the lake and the surrounding desert area), of which 1,450 are cultivated.
	fayum.arts.kuleuven.ac.be /general/intro.html (721 words)

	The Mysterious Fayum Portraits
		The portraits, many from Fayum, are from a period when Romans followed the Greeks as rulers and their influence is shown (for example Roman fashion).
		The Artemidorus mummy with scenes from Egyptian religion (Anubis or Anpu at the bed of the dead with his sisters Isis and Nephthys, Horus and Thoth around an emblem of Osiris.
		As the portraits show young men and women either they show the persons when they were young or it shows also that the life expectancy at that time was rather small.
	www.mlahanas.de /Greeks/Arts/Fajum.htm (765 words)

	History
		An important characteristic of encaustic mummy portraits is the use of wafer-thin gold leaf.
		According to Pliny, encaustic had a variety of applications: for the painting of portraits and scenes of mythology on panels, for the coloring of marble and terra cotta, and for work on ivory (probably the tinting of incised lines).
		A portrait of the deceased, painted either in the prime of life or after death, was placed over the person's mummy as a memorial.
	www.encaustic.ca /html/history.html (1184 words)

	Haas Scholars Program
		These portraits, created during the first and second centuries CE for burial ritual purposes, are heralded for their technical and emotive mastery.
		What fascinates me about the Fayum paintings is that they were creative in a fundamental sense, as funerary paintings they were to bring to life for eterntiy what they pictorally represent.
		The portraits show that size and monumentality are not directly related, as the paintings are quite small but hold the largeness of a presence and a time period lost long ago.
	research.berkeley.edu /haas_scholars/scholars/2001-2002/scholars/mellin.html (499 words)

	Portraits From Photos (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		As recently as the first major discoveries a century ago, the painted mummy portraits are among the finest in the UK, 0.02 mSv for a CT scan of the ancient world European art history Arts of the novel, Stephen is about to forsake Dublin for Paris.
		However little is known that she uses in her own drawings and paintings, and the living Annie, he breaks free of his stays in London he painted German merchant Georg Giese at the tables, one of the two liquid parts.
		Laura Beaujon, whose specialty was fl-and-white portraits of dancers, musicians, cartoonists and actors, lacks a showcase for her pictures.
	www.iggint.com /Portraits-From-Photos.html (1546 words)

	SparkNotes: Roman Art and Architecture: Art of the Antonine and Severan Periods
		Scholars also date some of the Fayum Egyptian mummy portraits to the Antonine period based on the style of hair depicted in the paintings.
		This portrait is dated to the time of Marcus Aurelius because of the figure's hairstyle; note the hair's resemblance to that of Marcus Aurelius in his equestrian portrait.
		This image reveals the painful history of this family: although the portrait originally depicted all of the family members with equal clarity, after Caracalla's murder of his brother Geta, he ordered that the latter's face be rubbed out, in a practice known as damnatio memoriae.
	www.sparknotes.com /art/roman/section5.rhtml (764 words)

	For Art Lovers, An Exhausting, Exciting Season - November 17, 2005 - The New York Sun
		A few of the works by Bell, including a pencil "Self Portrait"(undated), are as full and clear as the Fayum mummy portraits in the Egyptian wing at the Metropolitan Museum of Art.
		The exhibition catalog - which claims that one eye in the "Mummy Portrait" is bigger than the other because of a medical condition in the sitter - is a little myopic.
		There is an age-old practice of distortion in portrait painting (in which the far eye, ear, or cheek is enlarged to make that distant side of the face pull forward and, in turn, give torsion to the head) evident in the portraits by van Gogh, Memling, Bell, et al.
	www.nysun.com /article/23158 (584 words)

	The Fitzwilliam Museum : Progress
		The museum has four mummy portraits: a bearded man, a woman, a child called Didyme and another young man.
		This last portrait is especially exciting because it is still attached to the mummy of its owner.
		The main purpose of the CT scanning session is to examine the Roman mummy and the animal mummies.
	www.fitzmuseum.cam.ac.uk /projects/ae/Diary/Progress_mar06.html (496 words)

	World Art Treasures:Roman Portraits from Egypt
		The portrait is generally reassuring, either because it borrows sufficiently distinctive features, allowing it to be immediately identified, or it presents a secret resemblance which renders it instantly familiar.
		The Gods still emanate from these portraits, but they are little more than a fading vision, while there is already a spark in their widened eyes, not so much that of Christian hope, but of the stupor brought on by He who shall conquer history through Redemption.
		Starting in the Roman era, and later, during the Renaissance, Western portraits have been linked to life on earth; they use social status, they deploy the full array of power; they are associated with signs of wealth and prosperity, all the while surrendering to the tribulations of age and sickness.
	www.bergerfoundation.ch /Home/fayyum_intro.html (688 words)

	The Metropolitan Museum of Art - Works of Art: Egyptian Art
		Paintings of this type, often called Faiyum portraits (though not all of them come from the Faiyum oasis), are typical products of the multicultural, multiethnic society of Roman Egypt.
		When a person died, the portrait panel was placed over the face of the mummy with parts of the outermost wrapping holding it in place.
		The subjects of the mummy portraits clearly were dressed and coiffed like Romans, and many of them bore Greek names or names that were Greek versions of Egyptian names.
	www.metmuseum.org /collections/view1.asp?dep=10&full=0&item=18.9.2 (468 words)

	The Metropolitan Museum of Art - Special Exhibitions: Ancient Faces: Mummy Portraits from Roman Egypt
		Mummy mask of a woman with a jeweled garland, ca.
		With their direct full gaze and strong presence, these portraits, at once Greco-Roman in their painting style and intrinsically Egyptian in their purpose, bring the inhabitants of ancient Egypt before us with compelling immediacy.
		Accompanied by examples of beautiful contemporary mummy coverings and masks, jewelry, funerary stelae, and related works, the exhibition places the portraits into the complex culture of Roman Egypt.
	www.metmuseum.org /special/se_event.asp?OccurrenceId={83B5C9F5-AD4E-11D3-936B-00902786BF44} (168 words)

	Mummy Portraits (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		These portraits date from the third to the fourth centuries CE.
		The narrow stripes on the man's tunic identify his rank as equestrian, and he holds a glass of red wine and a rose petal wreath.
		A different style sarcophagus dating from the second century CE has the clothing painted on a flat cartonnage, while the portrait head is three-dimensional head; note this equestrian male's elaborate pendant and the wine cup and flowers he is holding.
	www.vroma.org /~bmcmanus/fayum.html (118 words)

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