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Topic: Fear conditioning

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Fear

Classical conditioning

Conditioning

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Operant conditioning

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	Fear conditioning - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In other animals, conditioned fear is often measured with freezing (a period of watchful immobility) or fear potentiated startle (the augmetation of the startle reflex by a fearful stimulus).
		Fear conditioning is thought to depend upon an area of the brain called the amygdala.
		Fear conditioning is used to study the formation of fear memory and to investigate the processes that may lead to pathological conditions such as dissociation, phobias and post-traumatic stress disorder.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Fear_conditioning (369 words)

	Fear - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Fear also can be described as a feeling of extreme dislike towards certain conditions, objects, people, or situations such as: fear of darkness, fear of ghosts, etc. Personal fear varies extremely in degree from mild caution to extreme phobia and paranoia.
		Fearing objects or contexts can be learned; in animals this is being studied as fear conditioning, which depends on the emotional circuitry of the brain.
		In order that fear may be considered grave certain conditions are requisite: the fear must be grave in itself, and not merely in the estimation of the person fearing; it must be based on a reasonable foundation; the threats must be possible of execution; the execution of the threats must be inevitable.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Fear (1304 words)

	Clinical Trial: Fear Conditioning Using Computer-Generated Virtual Reality
		Fear conditioning is used to explore the causes and persistence of anxiety and anxiety disorders.
		During fear conditioning in which a phasic explicit cue (e.g., a light) is repeatedly associated with an aversive unconditioned stimulus (e.g., a shock), the organism develops fear to the explicit cue as well as to the environmental context (e.g., the experimental room) in which the experiment took place.
		Explicit cue conditioning depends on the amygdala, whereas context conditioning involves the amygdala, the hippocampus, and the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST).
	www.clinicaltrials.gov /ct/show/NCT00025844 (597 words)

	Unconscious Amygdalar Fear Conditioning in a Subset of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Patients
		Given that during the fear conditioning period, the immune response may have been activated (with or without conscious awareness of an external pathogen), the neurones involved in immune activation may be re-triggered in the future as part of the conditioned response, causing a unique response in each patient – the stress signature.
		Although I refer to the process as "fear conditioning", it is fear in terms of the amygdala’s sensitisation to symptoms, and fear in its traditional sense may be an inappropriate way of envisioning conscious cognitions.
		The conditioned response may be one which triggers certain aspects of the immune system, as this was a response which was occurring during fear conditioning, and the stress response and the immune response may have developed strong neural interconnections (leading to the stress signature).
	www.ei-resource.org /Articles/cfs-art02.asp (12090 words)

	NIH Record - 6-3-97 -- The Emotional Brain
		Fear is an ancient emotion involved in a number of mental disorders, says neuroscientist and NIMH grantee Dr. Joseph LeDoux of New York University.
		A portion of the amygdala known as the lateral nucleus appears to play a key role in fear conditioning, an experimental procedure in which an animal (rats were used in most of these experiments) is taught to fear a harmless stimulus such as a sound tone.
		The conditioning is accomplished by pairing the tone with a mild electrical shock to the animal's foot.
	www.nih.gov /news/NIH-Record/06_03_97/story04.htm (870 words)

	Dental Phobia and the Neuropsychology of Fear
		You can condition anyone to develop a phobia of virtually anything by repeatedly exposing the person to a neutral stimulus (such as a dentist) and pairing that neutral stimulus with an unconditioned (reflexive) stimulus (such as pain), which by itself elicits fear.
		For example, in rats, conditioned fear responses to a tone paired with a footshock rapidly disappear when the tone is presented in the absence of the shock.
		Like fear conditioning, reward learning is an example of classical condition, where a neutral stimulus (such as a dentist) is repeatedly coupled with a positive event (such as receiving praise).
	www.dentalfearcentral.org /overcome_phobia_neuro.html (3075 words)

	Development and Neurobiology: Genetics of Childhood Disorders: XLVI. Autism, Part 5: Genetics of Autism
		Taken together, these data suggest that fear conditioning may result in an alteration in the functional connectivity between sensory pathways and the BLA, such that future presentation of the CS alone is now sufficient to activate the central nucleus.
		One model for the circuitry changes underlying fear conditioning proposes that when the associative CS-US pairing occurs, strong firing of neuronal projections that mediate the aversive stimuli are paired with weaker firing representing the neutral stimuli.
		Numerous investigators have used this circuitry to show that fear conditioning may be dependent on LTP and is mediated by both short-term and long-term consolidation processes.
	info.med.yale.edu /chldstdy/plomdevelop/genetics/03maygen.htm (2132 words)

	Gene controls whether fear is a factor
		Fear reactions represent a spectrum of behaviors that vary from those that are inborn to those instilled through experience, said the researchers.
		Because fear plays an essential role in survival, memory for fear is easily established, very resistant to extinction, and normally lasts a lifetime, Shumyatsky said.
		In the laboratory, fear can be conditioned by linking a neutral stimulus, such as a light or sound, to something unpleasant or painful, such as an electric shock, he explained.
	www.psychdaily.com /article/798 (779 words)

	Fear Not: Science News Online, Jan. 17, 2004 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Such relapses are among the evidence indicating that even though extinction training suppresses the original fear conditioning, the fear memory remains within an animal's brain.
		Scientists propose that fear conditioning establishes a new memory in the brain, and many studies in animals and people place that fear memory in the brain region known as the amygdala.
		People have overcome their fear of heights with the aid of a virtual reality simulation that mimics a glass-elevator ride up the inside of a tall hotel.
	www.sciencenews.org /20040117/bob9.asp (2527 words)

	Fear, Anxiety Have Genetic Roots
		That's important because fear conditioning is related to the way anxiety disorders seem to develop.
		The researchers measured the twins' biological fear responses during all phases of this fear conditioning.
		Between one-third and one-half of the fear conditioning process appeared to be inherited.
	www.webmd.com /content/article/71/81443.htm (339 words)

	ScienceDaily: Scientists Uncover New Mechanism For The Amygdala In Fear Recognition
		The current series of experiments showed that a particular patient fails to make use of information about the eyes in faces, and one reason for that is that she fails to look at the eyes in faces in the first place.
		Fear -- Fear is an unpleasant feeling of perceived risk or danger, whether it be real or imagined.
		Fear also can be described as a feeling of extreme dislike towards certain conditions, objects or situations...
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2005/01/050106110624.htm (1829 words)

	LiveScience.com - Fear Factor Gene Discovered
		With the discovery of a fear factor gene, announced today, scientists have moved a step closer to being able to moderate extreme reactions to fear and also soothe trauma victims.
		Fear plays a key role in survival, so all mammals have an efficient memory system to deal with it.
		It controls fear of predators, heights and others that are considered instinctive, as well as fears that are learned through specific events.
	www.livescience.com /humanbiology/051117_fear_factor.html (630 words)

	An egr-1 (zif268) Antisense Oligodeoxynucleotide Infused Into the Amygdala Disrupts Fear Conditioning -- Malkani et al. ...
		Figure 3 Responsivity to footshock during fear conditioning was not affected by 500 pmole of the antisense-ODN or nonsense-ODN.
		Fanselow, M.S. and Kim, J.J. Acquisition of contextual Pavlovian fear conditioning is blocked by application of an NMDA receptor antagonist D.L-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid to the basolateral amygdala.
		Rudy, J.W. and O'Reilly, R.C. Conjunctive representations, the hippocampus and contextual fear conditioning.
	www.learnmem.org /cgi/content/full/11/5/617 (5467 words)

	The Ultimate Classical conditioning Dog Breeds Information Guide and Reference
		Classical conditioning, also called "Pavlovian conditioning" or "respondent conditioning", is a type of learning involving animals, caused by the association (or pairing) of two stimuli.
		Classical conditioning is short-term, usually requiring little time with therapists, and patients need not be as proactive, unlike in humanistic therapies.
		Other forms of classical conditioning that have yielded insight into how memories are encoded include fear conditioning and conditioned taste aversion.
	www.dogluvers.com /dog_breeds/Classical_conditioning (639 words)

	Pain Pathways Involved in Fear Conditioning Measured with Fear-Potentiated Startle: Lesion Studies -- Shi and Davis 19 ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Classic fear conditioning is one of the most widely used models for studying the neural mechanisms of learning and memory.
		Campeau S, Davis M (1995) Involvement of subcortical and cortical afferents to the lateral nucleus of the amygdala in fear conditioning measured with fear-potentiated startle in rats trained concurrently with auditory and visual conditioned stimuli.
		Romanski LM, LeDoux JE (1992b) Equipotentiality of thalamo-amygdala and thalamo-cortico amygdala circuits in auditory fear conditioning.
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/full/19/1/420 (7440 words)

	Blockade of NMDA Receptors in the Amygdala Prevents Latent Inhibition of Fear-Conditioning -- Schauz and Koch 7 (6): ...
		Fear is a strong behavioral determinant, and, therefore, the neural mechanisms regulating this motivational state are of considerable
		Davis, M. Neurobiology of fear responses: The role of the amygdala.
		Functional inactivation of the lateral and basal nuclei of the amygdala by muscimol infusion prevents fear conditioning to an explicit conditioned stimulus and to contextual stimuli.
	www.learnmem.org /cgi/content/full/7/6/393 (4049 words)

	Mixing Memory: Fear, Race, and the Unconscious
		After a few trials, they exhibited a conditioned response (measured by skin conductance) to the faces associated with the shock, but not to the faces that were not associated with a shock.
		For some stimuli (the researchers mention snakes and spiders), fear responses seem to elicit prepared conditioning responses, so that when those stimuli are paired with an aversive experience (like electric shocks), extinction takes longer than it does for stimuli that aren't preconditioned to be associated with fear (they use butterflies and birds).
		If the extinction of conditioned fear responses take longer for racial outgroup faces than for ingroup faces, it would indicate that there is a preconditioned association with fear for those faces.
	mixingmemory.blogspot.com /2005/07/fear-race-and-unconscious.html (2388 words)

	Regulation of Synaptic Plasticity Genes during Consolidation of Fear Conditioning -- Ressler et al. 22 (18): 7892 -- ...
		Bailey D, Kim J, Sun W, Thompson R, Helmstetter F (1999) Acquisition of fear conditioning in rats requires the synthesis of mRNA in the amygdala.
		Davis M (1992) The role of the amygdala in fear and anxiety.
		Schafe G, Nadel N, Sullivan G, Harris A, LeDoux J (1999) Memory consolidation for contextual and auditory fear conditioning is dependent on protein synthesis, PKA, and MAP kinase.
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/full/22/18/7892 (7410 words)

	fear conditioning \| TutorGig.co.uk Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Fear conditioning is used to study the formation of fear memory and to investigate the processes that may lead to pathological conditions such as phobias and post-traumatic stress disorder.
		Sex differences and observational fear conditioning: An evaluation of..
		Neural correlates of response expression during fear learning: Conditi..
	www.tutorgig.co.uk /ed/fear_conditioning (417 words)

	Fear Conditioning (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The Pavlovian Fear Conditioning task allows for the assessment of learning and memory regarding aversive events.
		Fear conditioning universally depends on the integrity of the amygdala, but context conditioning is sensitive to manipulations of the hippocampus.
		Tone Conditioning is assessed in a novel context:
	www.bol.ucla.edu /~btc/id23.htm (93 words)

	EXCEL Scholar: Michele Nelson '05 Presents Research on Fear Conditioning in Rats at Conference
		Nelson is conducting research with Gabrielle Britton, assistant professor of psychology, who received a National Institutes of Health grant to study how the brains of animals react to both threats and "safety signals," which may give insight into some anxiety-based human disorders.
		Fear is operationally defined as the amount of freezing, the absence of all movement except that due to respiration."
		The surgeries offer further insights into the research and provide Nelson, who is considering a career in medicine, with the chance to hone her skills.
	www.lafayette.edu /news.php/view/4923 (731 words)

	Med Associates Inc: Fear Conditioning Test Packages
		The amount of time within a session that the subject is motionless serves as the measure of fear conditioning.
		This contains: Video fear conditioning software for data recording and analysis to run up to four chambers, Interface cabinet and hardware to run up to four chambers, Intel Pentium 4, 3.4 GHz Computer Package with LCD Monitor.
		This package was first developed for the Freeze Frame Fear Conditioning Chambers.
	www.med-associates.com /activity/fear.htm (520 words)

	Trace but not delay fear conditioning requires attention and the anterior cingulate cortex -- Han et al. 100 (22): ...
		(D) For animals in the distraction conditions, the distractor is presented with a random interstimulus interval of 5, 10, 15, or 20 sec.
		Both delay and trace conditioning are significantly different from the shock-only conditioning for the nondistracted animals (fl bars, P < 0.05).
		of the ACC lesions on contextual conditioning is that contextual
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/100/22/13087 (4950 words)

	Cerebellar role in fear-conditioning consolidation -- Sacchetti et al., 10.1073/pnas.112660399 -- Proceedings of the ...
		Effects of cerebellar VE TTX inactivation at increasing postacquisition delays (0.25, 24, 96, 192, and 384 h) on fear conditioning to context and acoustic CS.
		Mean ± SEM freezing as percentage of total 3-min period during retention testing (performed 72 and 96 h after TTX or saline administration) in the conditioning apparatus without acoustic stimulation (context) and in the other apparatus with acoustic stimulation (CS).
		Effects of bilateral IN bilateral TTX inactivation at increasing postacquisition delays (0.25, 24, 96, and 192 h) on fear conditioning to context and acoustic CS.
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/112660399v1 (4391 words)

	Lessons from Fear Conditioning - StopGettingSick News
		Fear is an ancient emotion that is involved in a number of mental disorders, says neuroscientist
		His research and that of other scientists, reported at the 24th Mathilde Solowey Lecture in the Neurosciences at the National Institutes of Health on May 8, 1997, has shown that the fear response has been tightly conserved in evolution, and probably follows much the same pattern in humans and other vertebrates.
		A portion of the amygdala known as the lateral nucleus appears to play a key role in fear conditioning--an experimental procedure in which an animal (rats were used in most of these experiments)--is taught to fear a harmless stimulus such as a sound tone.
	www.stopgettingsick.com /Conditions/condition_template.cfm/2572/295/1 (879 words)

	Great Ideas in Personality--Links
		This paper maintains that uncontrolled anger is harmful, and discusses constructive ways to deal with this natural emotion.
		This is a website on fear of public speaking, social anxiety, stage fright, and shyness.
		This is a website on child violence, which is believed by some to be caused by observation of violent role models.
	www.personalityresearch.org /links.html (3757 words)

	Clinical Study: 02-M-0003, Fear Conditioning Using Computer-Generated Virtual Reality (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Subjects will be healthy volunteers ages 18-50 recruited through advertisements in the local media.
		Fear-potentiated startle conditioning in humans: explicit and contextual cue conditioning following paired versusunpaired training
		Fear-potentiated startle in humans: effects of anticipatory anxiety on the acoustic blink reflex
	clinicalstudies.info.nih.gov /cgi/detail.cgi?A_02-M-0003.html (263 words)

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