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	Febronianism - LoveToKnow 1911 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		FEBRONIANISM, the name given to a powerful movement within the Roman Catholic Church in Germany, in the latter part of the 18th century, directed towards the "nationalizing" of Catholicism, the restriction of the monarchical power usurped by the papacy at the expense of the episcopate, and the reunion of the dissident churches with Catholic Christendom.
		As such it survived strongly, especially in the universities (Bonn especially had been, from its foundation in 1774, very Febronian), and it reasserted itself vigorously in the attitude of many of the most learned German prelates and professors towards the question of the definition of the dogma of papal infallibility in 1870.
		It was, in fact, against the Febronian position that the decrees of the Vatican Council were deliberately directed, and their promulgation marked the triumph of the ultramontane view (see VATICAN COUNCIL, ULTRAMONTANISM, PAPACY).
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Febronianism (1439 words)

	FEBRONIANISM - Online Information article about FEBRONIANISM (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		Joseph II., applied the Febronian principles with remorseless thoroughness.
		It was, in fact, against the Febronian position that the decrees of the Vatican Council were deliberately directed, and their promulgation marked the See also:
		monarchy was carried on for a while by the governments on the so-called Kulturkampf, the Old Catholics representing militant Febronianism.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /FAT_FLA/FEBRONIANISM.html (2327 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Friedrich Karl Joseph, Freiherr von Erthal
		Soon, however, he became one of the most notable supporters of free-thought in theology and of Febronianism in the government of the Church.
		Notorious unbelievers such as Anthony Blau and others were invited to the university in 1784 to supplant the Jesuits in the faculty of theology.
		In union with the Archbishops Max Franz of Cologne, Clemens Wenzeslaus of Trier, and Hieronymus Joseph of Salzburg he convoked the Congress of Ems at which twenty-three antipapal articles, known as the "Punctuation of Ems", were drawn up and signed by the plenipotentiaries of the four archbishops on 25 August, 1786.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/05526a.htm (497 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Febronianism
		Taking as a basis the Gallican principles which he had imbibed from the canonist Van Espen while pursuing his studies in Louvain, Hontheim advanced along the same lines, in spite of many inconsistencies, to a radicalism far outstripping traditional Gallicanism.
		Meanwhile; notwithstanding the prohibition, the "Febronius" had produced its pernicious effects, which were not checked by the retractation.
		Among the advocates of the theory of Febronianism in Germany, mention should be made of the Trier professor, Franz Anton Haubs, "Themata ex historiâ ecclesiasticâ de hierarchiâ sacrâ primorum V sæculorum" (Trier, 1786); "Systema primævum de potestate episcopali ejusque applicatio ad episcopalia quædam jura in specie punctationibus I. et IV.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/06023a.htm (1572 words)

	PIUS VI
		Joseph's brother, Leopold, Grand Duke of Tuscany, was just as bad, and one of his bishops, Ricci of Pistoia, held a synod in 1786 which passed some outrageous decrees.
		The ecclesiastical electors--the prince-bishops of Mayence, Treves, and Cologne--got into the act in 1786 by issuing a Febronian manifesto known as the Punctuation of Ems.
		Febronianism was the doctrine taught by Von Hontheim (who wrote under the pen name Febronius) which claimed that the pope was not superior to all bishops and that Catholic kings should reduce the papal power.
	www.cfpeople.org /Books/Pope/POPEp248.htm (588 words)

	Febronianism and Josephism
		was reducing Febronianism to practice in the Austrian territories, the Prince-bishops of Mainz, Trier, and Cologne hastened to show their anxiety for the suppression of ultramontanism in the Rhinelands.
		The list of grievances against Rome presented to the Emperor in 1769 indicated clearly their attachment to Gallican principles, and this feeling was not likely to be weakened by the erection of an apostolic nunciature at Munich in 1785.
		At last the Archbishops of Cologne and Salzburg made their submission, but the Archbishop of Mainz clung obstinately to his views, until the storm of the French Revolution broke over his city and territory, and put an end to his rule as a temporal prince.
	www.worldspirituality.org /Febronianism.html (2419 words)

	Popes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		On July 6, 1758, he was elected pope at a time when anti-Romanism amid European princes was revealed most explicitly in the Bourbons' plan to destroy the Society of Jesus, then at the peak of its influence.
		Concurrently, the anti-Roman movement received further impetus from the spread of Febronianism, a German doctrine claiming to restrict papal power and akin to its French counterpart, Gallicanism.
		In 1764 Clement condemned Febronianism and on May 21 promulgated a brief that commanded all German bishops to suppress it.
	gallery.euroweb.hu /database/glossary/popes/clemen13.html (335 words)

	An attempt at Sanctity
		Although the Jansenist controversy was in the 17th/18th century, it seemed to me to mirror the proud refusal of 'theologians' today to humbly accept the verdict of the Visible Head of the Church.
		This heresy, named after the pseudonym used by the origniator basically argued that the Pope had no real authority and was merely the adminstrator of the decisions made by ecumenical councils (by majority vote).
		Febronianism also was quite big on national conferences of bishops.
	saintstephen.blogeasy.com (1665 words)

	Revolution (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		In the 1760s Josephinism, a theory and system of state control of the Church, was initiated in Austria; it remained in force until about 1850.
		In 1764 Febronianism, an unorthodox theory and practice regarding the constitution of the Church and relations between Church and state, was condemned for the first of several times.
		Proposed by an auxiliary bishop of Trier using the pseudonym Justinus Febronius, it had the effects of minimizing the office of the pope and supporting national churches under state control.
	www.churchofsaginaw.org /church/revolution.htm (1654 words)

	Papacy
		Their diplomatic skills notwithstanding, the 17th and 18th century popes proved unable to reverse the long - established trend toward increasing royal control of national clergies and increasing autonomy of the national and local doctrines.
		National doctrines of French, German, and Austrian provenance (known respectively as Gallicanism, Febronianism, and Josephism, and all of them in some measure promoting the limitation of papal prerogatives) helped reduce these popes progressively to a state of political impotence.
		The number of cardinals was set at seventy (until the last generation), and "Congregations" were established to oversee various aspects of the church's mission.
	mb-soft.com /believe/txc/papacy.htm (4308 words)

	Ultramontanism
		Ultramontanism (from Latin, meaning "beyond the mountains"; specifically, beyond the Alps, in Rome) refers to the position of those Roman Catholics who historically have emphasized the importance of centralized papal authority over the authority of kings and regional ecclesiastical hierarchies.
		It was often used in opposition to such nationalist positions as Gallicanism (France), Josephinism (Austria), or Febronianism (Germany), which favored strong national churches, and to Conciliarism, which subordinated the pope's authority to that of a council of bishops.
		From the 17th century, ultramontanism became closely associated with the attitude of the Society of Jesus as elucidated by theologians such as Francisco Suarez.
	mb-soft.com /believe/txc/ultramon.htm (523 words)

	Ultramontanism
		From the seventeenth century, ultramontanism became closely associated with the Society of Jesus, stating the superiority of popes over councils and kings, even in temporal questions.
		In the eighteenth century the word passed to Germany (Josephinism[?] and Febronianism[?]), where it acquired a much wider signification, being applicable to all the conflicts between Church and State, the supporters of the Church being called Ultramontanes.
		The Vatican Council issued numerous written attacks upon Ultramontanism.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ul/Ultramontane.html (246 words)

	Baden - ChristWiki (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		Unfortunately a large part of the Catholic clergy, who had either been reared in the tenets of Josephinism, or had fallen into the religious indifferentism of the times, failed to rally to the necessary defense of the rights of the Church.
		Even the highest ecclesiastical dignitaries of the land, as, for example, VicarGeneral Wessenberg, favored the tenets of Febronianism and warmly encouraged the project of a German National Church independent of Rome.
		This state of affairs prolonged for years the negotiations which had been begun with the Holy See for the reorganization of the Church in Baden.
	christ.relately.com /wiki/Baden (5858 words)

	HPR \| He Spared Himself Nothing
		Neumann always regarded Nepomuk as his “patron and consultor” all the more so since he was unable to find a spiritual director during his seminary days.
		Then as a student in Prague from 1833-35, Neumann suffered much from his teachers and mentors who had been tainted by the naturalistic ideas of Emperor Joseph the II (1780 to 1790) as that monarch tried to implement a mix of French enlightenment ideas, Gallicanism, Jansenism, and Febronianism.
		The skimpy textbooks and unorthodox professors of Neumann’s time decided him to avoid the study of French romantic writers such as Lamenais, de Maistre, and de Bonald in order to concentrate on the traditional dogmatic and ascetical teachings of Christendom.
	www.ignatius.com /magazines/hprweb/bk_chorpenning.htm (684 words)

	The Foreruners of the French Revolution
		The term Regalist is applied in general to those princes of the eighteenth century who tried to gain control of the Church within their kingdoms and fetter her liberty.
		The attempt as made in France is known as Gallicanism, as made in Germany it is termed Febronianism and Josephism, in Italy Leopoldism.
		In 1786, the establishment of a Papal Nunciature at Munich led the Prince-Archbishops of Cologne, Mayence, Treves and Salzburg (all tainted with Febronianism) to issue at the Congress of Ems a series of anti-papal decrees known as the Punctation.
	www.angelfire.com /ms/seanie/history/forerunner.html (5371 words)

	A Summary of Catholic Church History: The 18th Century (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		The Church faced a number of challenges that threatened its stability.
		Three of most devastating attacks were Febronianism, Josephism and the suppression of the Jesuits.
		Febroniansim attempted to revive the heretical teaching that the Pope was subject to the authority of a Church council.
	www.revolutionoflove.com /splendor/history/century_18.htm (299 words)

	Rationalism and its Effects: The Aufklarung Movement in Germany @ ELCore.Net
		Less attention should be paid to dogma and to polemical discussions, and more to the ethical and natural principles contained in the Christian revelation.
		The spread of Gallicanism and Febronianism and the adoption of these views by leading rulers and politicians, thereby weakening the authority of the Pope and of the bishops, helped to break down the defences of Catholicity, and to make it more easy to propagate rationalistic views especially amongst those who frequented the universities.
		As a rule it was only the higher and middle classes that were affected by the Aufklarung.
	catholicity.elcore.net /MacCaffrey/HCCRFR1_Chapter08b.html (1558 words)

	WHKMLA : History of the Holy Roman Empire, 1740-1792
		She focussed her main attention on the territories ruled by the Habsburg dynasty.
		Justinus Febronius (1748-1790, alias Johann Nikolaus von Hontheim, as auxiliary bishop of Trier; he had studied in Leuven) suggested the adoption of Gallicanism (Febronianism) in the Holy Roman Empire in a 1763 publication.
		A first attempt to claim the Gallican liberties for the Holy Roman Empire, at the Conference of Koblenz in 1769, failed; they were adapted in the Ems Congress of 1786, in the Ems Punctuation.
	www.zum.de /whkmla/region/germany/hre17401792.html (498 words)

	Church History - McCaffrey
		They began to aim at combining, as far as possible, the Protestant theory of ecclesiastical government with obedience to the Pope, by taking into their own hands the administration of ecclesiastical affairs, by making the bishops and clergy state- officials, and by leaving to the Pope only a primacy of honour.
		This policy, known under the different names of Gallicanism in France, and of Febronianism and Josephism in the Empire, led of necessity to conflicts between Rome and the Catholic sovereigns of Europe, conflicts in which, unfortunately, many of the bishops, influenced by mistaken notions of loyalty and patriotism, took the side of their own sovereigns.
		As a result, absolute rule was established throughout Europe; the rights of the people to any voice in government were trampled upon, and the rules became more despotic than the old Roman Emperors had been even in their two-fold capacity of civil ruler and high priest.
	www.franciscan-sfo.org /ap/maccaffrey1.htm (16568 words)

	On Collegiality (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		But Hontheim had not really changed his mind, for he now published a "Commentary on his Retractation" by way of appeasing his followers, and Febronianism continued to flourish.
		It found favor with the German prince-bishops (who were in those days more princely than pastoral), and even more favor with the secular rulers, since it paved the way for national churches, amenable to control by the state.
		The leading Archbishop-Electors held two conferences, at Coblenz in 1769, and at Ems in 1786, at which they stated their grievances against the Roman Curia, and especially against the "interference" of papal nuncios in German diocesan affairs, calling for redress and reform on Febronian lines.
	www.sspx.ca /Angelus/1984_August/On_Collegiality.htm (3210 words)

	Fr. Hardon Archives - Christ to Catholicism - Chapter IX. Papal Infallibility
		A sort of German Gallicanism was elaborated by Johann von Hontheim, (died 1790), Bishop of Trier, who wrote under the pen name of Febronius.
		Hence the term Febronianism, which differed from its French counterpart by placing the seat of infallibility in the bishops alone, and appealing not to national interests but to the ecumenical ideal of "reuniting Christians who are separated in religion."
		In support of its definition of papal infallibility, the Vatican Council appealed to the witness of Scripture and tradition, taking the two sources conjointly and allowing the second to clarify and interpret the first.
	www.therealpresence.org /archives/Church_Dogma/Church_Dogma_031.htm (9069 words)

	Catholic Culture : Document Library : The Battle Over Primacy
		Vatican I's definition of papal primacy signaled the quashing, after centuries of conflict and debate, of the movements called conciliarism and Gallicanism.
		The essence of conciliarism is the idea that either in extraordinary circumstances (moderate conciliarism) or in ordinary ones (radical conciliarism) an ecumenical council has authority over the pope; while Gallicanism (together with its cousins Febronianism and Josephinism) leans in the direction of national churches, functioning with a strong element of secular control.
		As if to prove that bad ideas never die, the present antiprimacy campaign of the Catholic progressives borrows elements from both.
	www.catholicculture.org /docs/doc_view.cfm?recnum=3218 (2641 words)

	Laity Can Elect a Pope
		Those who forfeit membership in the Church cannot invoke their right to represent the Church at a council or vote in any election.
		Pope Pius IX condemned the teaching that "Authority is nothing more than numbers and the sum of material strengths," (Syllabus of Errors, DZ 1760) the evil proposition behind the teachings of Martin Luther and the errors of Josephism and Febronianism.
		Might does not make right, but vice versa.
	www.vaticaninexile.com /LaityCanElelct.html (1913 words)

	ON THE BATTLE LINE (dec8bat.htm)
		Protestantism was strongly condemned at the Council of Trent, but a "moderate" version of it, Anglicanism, served as a model for the infiltration of Gallicanism in the Catholic Church.
		Mitigated versions of Protestantism also can be found within the Catholic Church in currents such as Baianism, Jansenism, Quietism and Febronianism.
		There has not been a condemnation of Progressivism by the last four Popes.
	www.dailycatholic.org /issue/dec8bat.htm (2045 words)

	The Age of Absolutism and Unbelief: Febronianism and Josephism @ ELCore.Net
		The Age of Absolutism and Unbelief: Febronianism and Josephism @ ELCore.Net
		The spirit of opposition to the Holy See soon spread from France to the various states of the Holy Roman Empire.
		Created November 22, 2000; revised November 23, 2000.
	catholicity.elcore.net /MacCaffrey/HCCRFR1_Chapter07b.html (2431 words)

	PLEASE PRESERVE THE PRIMACY OF PETER May 30 (may30urg.htm) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		It would seem that the collegiality that we are dealing with here would incur these same condemnations:
		In the Brief Super soliditate of November 28, 1786, Pius VI condemned the errors of Febronianism.
		The Brief is directed against Joseph Valentin Eybel, the Viennese canonist who wrote Was ist der Papst?
	www.dailycatholic.org /issue/2001May/may30urg.htm (963 words)

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