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Topic: Federal Charter of 1291

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	Features - Introduction to the Swiss Legal System: A Guide for Foreign Researchers \| LLRX.com
		Switzerland is a federal state that lies at the heart of Europe and is bordered by Germany (to the north), Austria and the Principality of Liechtenstein (to the east), Italy (to the south) and France (to the west).
		It's history is normally traced back to the year 1291 when the representatives of Schwyz,; Uri and Unterwalden concluded the Federal Charter of 1291 (the so-called "Bundesbrief") and founded a federation against foreign countries.
		The Federal Assembly, the Swiss parliament, is a bicameral one.
	www.llrx.com /features/swiss.htm (4387 words)

	Federal Charter of 1291 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Federal Charter or Letter of Alliance (in German Bundesbrief) is documenting the Eternal Alliance or League Of The Three Forest Cantons (in German Ewiger Bund der Drei WaldstÃ¤tten), the union of three cantons in what is now central Switzerland, formed in early August, 1291.
		The Alliance was concluded by representatives from three areas: Uri, Schwyz and Unterwalden.
		It was set up as a league for defence purposes against any attacker, probably prompted by the death of Rudolf I of Habsburg on 15 July 1291.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Federal_Charter (227 words)

	Federal Charter of 1291 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Honour and the public weal are promoted when leagues are concluded for the proper establishment of quiet and peace.
		ln testimony of which, at the request of the aforesaid parties, the present charter has been drawn up and confirmed with the seals of the aforesaid three communities and valleys.
		So done in the year of the Lord 1291 at the beginning of the month of August.
	www.netipedia.com /index.php/Federal_Charter_of_1291 (690 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Switzerland
		Louis of Bavaria withdrew the ban in 1315 and obliged the Archbishop of Mainz to recall the excommunication of the inhabitants of the forest districts (Uri, Schwyz, Unterwalden, and Lucerne).
		The Federal Council is responsible for the exercise of its office to the Federal Assembly, yet the rejection by the chambers of a bill offered by a member of the Federal Council does not necessitate the dismissal of the respective member.
		The federal attorney-general is appointed by the Federal Council.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/14358a.htm (8019 words)

	Switzerland (03/07)
		Switzerland is a federal state composed of 26 cantons (20 are "full" cantons and six "half" cantons for purposes of representation in the federal legislature) that retain attributes of sovereignty, such as fiscal autonomy and the right to manage internal cantonal affairs.
		The Federal Assembly is the primary seat of power, although in practice the executive branch has been increasing its power at the expense of the legislative branch.
		Federal Councilors are elected for 4-year terms; there are no term limits and no provision to recall the cabinet or individual members during the legislature.
	www.state.gov /r/pa/ei/bgn/3431.htm (7659 words)

	History of Switzerland: Old Swiss Confederacy 1291 - 1515
		As a reward for help in several war expeditions to Italy, German king Friedrich II exempted the valleys of Uri (1231) and Schwyz (1240) from the jurisdiction of any counts and dukes so they would be subject to the king alone.
		Federal Charter (Bundesbrief), dated from "the first days of August, 1291" is a historical fact and can be seen at the
		Museum of the federal charters in Schwyz [during summer of 2006, the federal charter has been on exhibition in the USA for a few weeks]
	history-switzerland.geschichte-schweiz.ch /old-swiss-confederacy-1291.html (1703 words)

	Grenada content of Wikipedia free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The charter united the involved parties in the struggle against foreign rule by the Habsburgs, who then held the German imperial throne of the Holy Roman Empire.
		The authenticity of the Federal Charter is disputed with many historians agreeing that it is in fact a forgery of the 14th century.
		Women were granted the right to vote in the first cantons in 1959, at the federal level in 1971, in the last canton only in 1990.
	grenada.paellaman.com /grenadabrowse.php?title=Switzerland (2471 words)

	SWITZERLAND :: FACTS AND INFORMATION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The expansion of the federation, and the reputation of invincibility acquired during the earlier wars, suffered a first setback in 1515 with the Swiss defeat in the
		On April 18, 1999 the Swiss population and the cantons voted in favor of a total revided federal constitution.
		Head of State is the Federal Council, a collegial body of seven members.
	www.splammer.com /?req=switzerland (1723 words)

	00-1117 -- Alex's Transportation Inc. v. Colorado Public Utilities Commission -- 11/30/2000 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The district court held that the federal statute did not prevent the CPUC from regulating plaintiff's seven-passenger vehicles, and entered a judgment in favor of defendants.
		The parties concede that the federal statute does not define "charter bus." Plaintiff argues that other federal statutes provide enough guidance to demonstrate that a vehicle with a capacity for seven or ten passengers can be defined as a "charter bus" within the meaning of § 14501(a).
		Accordingly, we conclude that the Colorado statute's definition of "charter bus" is compatible with the purpose of the federal statute to exclude from state regulation some, but not all, vehicles.
	www.kscourts.org /ca10/cases/2000/11/00-1117.htm (733 words)

	CAST: Schools Without Rules? Charter Schools, Federal Disability Law, and the Paradoxes of Deregulation
		If charter school statutes aim to free charter schools from regulations that limit their room to experiment, it may be problematic to expect them to adhere to a set of rules and procedures as costly and intrusive as those associated with special education.
		In fact, a charter school that did not allow a student with disabilities to graduate would be required under federal disability law to provide services to that student until he or she reaches the age, usually twenty-one or twenty-two, at which the state of residence ends access to public education for students generally.
		First, it is not yet known whether charter schools are as attractive to students with disabilities as to their nondisabled peers; at least in situations where placements are developed through a genuine consultative process involving students and parents, students with disabilities may be less inclined than other students to change schools.
	www.cast.org /publications/ncac/ncac_schools.html (18120 words)

	Articles - Old Swiss Confederacy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		When he died in 1291, his son Albert I got involved in a power struggle with Adolf of Nassau for the German throne, and the Habsburg rule over the alpine territories weakened temporarily.
		The Federal Charter of 1291 is regarded the oldest surviving written document of an alliance between Uri, Schwyz, and Unterwalden.
		By 1471, the three leagues, together with the city of Chur, had formed a close federation, based on military assistance and free trade pacts between the partners and including a common federal diet: the Drei BÃ¼nde was born, even though the alliance would be officially concluded in a written contract only in 1524.
	www.lifevalley.com /articles/Old_Swiss_Confederacy (4591 words)

	Switzerland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Switzerland is a federation of relatively autonomous Cantons of Switzerlandcantons, some of which have a history of confederacy that goes back more than 700 years, arguably putting them among the world's oldest surviving republic/s.
		In 1291, representatives of the three forest cantons of Canton of UriUri, Schwyz, and Unterwalden signed the Federal Charter of 1291Federal Charter.
		The function of the Federal Supreme Court of SwitzerlandFederal Supreme Court/ is to hear appeals of cantonal courts or the administrative rulings of the federal administration.
	www.infothis.com /find/Switzerland (2296 words)

	admin.ch - Federal Charter of 1291
		HONOR AND THE public weal are promoted when leagues are concluded for the proper establishment of quiet and peace.
		ln testimony of which, at the request of the aforesaid parties, the present charter has been drawn up and confirmed with the seals of the aforesaid three communities and valleys.
		So done in the year of the Lord 1291 at the beginning of the month of August.
	www.admin.ch /org/polit/00056/index.html?lang=en (524 words)

	Switzerland: General Information
		As a result, the valleys of Uri, Schwyz, and Unterwalden at the north foot of the Gotthard massif suddenly became a focal point of European power politics, and this led their inhabitants to found the core of what was to become Switzerland with a pact of mutual assistance.
		Although in the course of time further responsibilities were allotted to the central authorities and a number of popular rights were guaranteed federally, the distribution of power among approximately 3,000 independent communes, 26 sovereign cantons and the central Confederation with its seat in Bern has remained unaltered up to the present day.
		Schwytz is on of the three forest communities that founded in 1291 the league, which grew to the present Confederation of 23 Cantons (or 26, as 3 of them are divided into "Half-Cantons").
	www.botschaft-schweiz.de /tokyo_emb/e/home/polsys.html (1228 words)

	Snapshot of Europe: Switzerland
		Switzerland is a federation of relatively autonomous cantons, some of which have a history of confederacy that goes back more than 700 years, arguably putting them among the world's oldest surviving republics.
		The authenticity of the Federal Charter is disputed with many historians agreeing that it is in fact a forgery of the 14th century.
		The expansion of the federation, and the reputation of invincibility acquired during the earlier wars, suffered a first setback in 1515 with the Swiss defeat in the Battle of Marignano.
	www.sheppardsoftware.com /Europeweb/snapshot/Snapshot-Europe41.htm (622 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/1291
		1288 1289 1290 - 1291 - 1292 1293 1294
		A purported enacting document, the Federal Charter of 1291, is now widely believed to be a forgery.
		May 18 - Mamluk Sultan of Egypt Khalil captures Acre, thus exterminating the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem — the final Christian landholding remaining from the Crusades — and ending the Ninth Crusade and effectively all Crusades by eliminating the possibility of further attacks on the Holy Land (see Siege of Acre (1291)).
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/1291 (412 words)

	swissinfo: 1291
		1291 Representatives of the three founding cantons - Uri, Schwyz, and Unterwalden – swear to honour an “Everlasting Alliance” at a gathering on the Rütli meadow overlooking Lake Lucerne.
		The pact is the first step towards self-rule and ultimately independence.
		The new Gotthard Pass has placed cantons squarely on a key trade route between the Low Countries and Lombardy.
	www.swissinfo.org /eng/country_profile/timeline/index/1291.html?siteSect=2604&sid=5329860&cKey=1101305193000 (81 words)

	Switzerland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Switzerland is a federation of relatively autonomous canton s, some of which have a history of confederacy that goes back more than 700 years, arguably putting them among the world's oldest surviving republic s.
		This united them in the struggle against "foreign" rule by the Habsburg s, who then held the German imperial throne of the Holy Roman Empire.
		Through referenda citizens may challenge any law voted by federal parliament and through initiative s introduce amendments of the federal constitution, making Switzerland a semi-direct democracy.
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/S/Switzerland.htm (1848 words)

	Federal Charter of 1291 - Education - Information - Educational Resources - Encyclopedia - Music
		It was set up as a league for defence purposes against any attacker, probably prompted by the death of Rudolf I of Habsburg on 15 July 1291.
		In 1991, the parchment has been radiocarbon dated to between 1252 and 1312 (with a certainty of 85%).
		If the document is indeed a forgery, it would therefore be a product of the decades following the described event, and is certainly unrelated to the emergence of the modern federal state in 1848.
	www.music.us /education/F/Federal-Charter-of-1291.htm (434 words)

	1291
		1291 (MCCXCI) was a common year in the 13th century.
		June 17 - Mamluk Sultan of Egypt Khalil captures Acre, thus exterminating the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem — the final Christian landholding remaining from the Crusades — and ending the Ninth Crusade and effectively all Crusades by eliminating the possibility of further attacks on the Holy Land (see Siege of Acre (1291)).
		Kaifeng is made capital of the Chinese Yuan Dynasty province of Henan.
	www.dejavu.org /cgi-bin/get.cgi?ver=93&url=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.gourt.com%2F%3Farticle%3D1291%26type%3Den (393 words)

	Swiss Infodesk - History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		As part of the Historical Atlas of the Korean Minjok Leadership Academy, it offers maps of all periods since 1291 and texts from the years 1798 to 1945.
		This official website of the Swiss Confederation presents as facsimile and in English translation the Federal Charter of 1291 which is considered to be the foundation act of the Swiss Confederation.
		Within the framework of the subject defined by the Federal Decree of 13 December 1996, investigations have been conducted into the role of Switzerland, particularly that of the Swiss financial centre, as well as on the manner in which Switzerland dealt with this period of its history.
	www.snl.admin.ch /swissinfodesk/e/histe.html (1411 words)

	admin.ch - Federal Constitution
		Federal Constitution of the Swiss Confederation of April 18, 1999
		Federal Constitution of the Swiss Confederation (as amended until October 15, 2002) (PDF, 220 Kb)
		Federal Constitution of the Swiss Confederation in other languages
	www.admin.ch /org/polit/00083/index.html?lang=en (138 words)

	admin.ch - The Federal State
		Switzerland is a multi-ethnic, multilingual and multi-confessional nation shaped by the will of its people.
		Switzerland has a federal structure with three different political levels: the Confederation, the cantons and the communes.
		In the Confederation, there are three powers: the executive (the Federal Council), the legislature (the Federal Assembly) and the judiciary (the Federal Supreme Court).
	www.admin.ch /org/polit/index.html?lang=en (154 words)

	Switzerland - Country Profile - Suisse - Schweiz - Svizzera - Switzerland Tourism
		As a result, the valleys of Uri, Schwyz, and Unterwalden at the north foot of the Gotthard massif suddenly became a focal point of European power politics, and this led their inhabitants to found the core of what was to become Switzerland with a pact of mutual assistance.
		August (Celebrates the Oath of 1291, which is considered the start of the Swiss Confederation).
		SAEFL is the federal government's centre of environmental expertise.
	www.nationsonline.org /oneworld/switzerland.htm (1111 words)

	Federal Charter of 1291 - Definition, explanation
		The Federal Charter or Letter of Alliance (in German Bundesbrief) is documenting the Eternal Alliance or League Of The Three Forest Cantons (in German Ewiger Bund der Drei Waldstätten), the union of three cantons in what is now central Switzerland, formed in early August, 1291.
		This inaugural confederation grew through a long series of accessions to modern Switzerland.
		The Alliance was concluded by representatives from three areas: Uri, Schwyz and Unterwalden.
	www.calsky.com /lexikon/en/txt/f/fe/federal_charter_of_1291.php (223 words)

	LLMC - Native American Collection
		Treaties with the Federal and State Governments - pp.
		Constitution and by-laws, ratified Sept. 18, 1937, 5p, Wash., GPO, 1938 [2305/1F] Corporate charter, ratified Jan. 18, 1938, 5p, Wash..
		Charters, constitutions, and by-laws of the Indian tribes of North America, compiled by George E. Fay, Greeley, Museum of Anthropology, Colorado State College, 1967-1981, parts 1-17 [1800/52F]
	www.llmc.com /native_american.htm (7180 words)

	Swiss Roots - The Sister Republics - National Constitution Center (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The Swiss Federal Charter, known as the “Schweizer Bundesbrief,” will be shown in its first-time-ever departure from Switzerland at the National Constitution Center in Philadelphia in a 3-week exhibition of “Sister Republics” depicting the bonds of democratic tradition between Switzerland and the United States.
		The Sister Republics revives a like-named exhibition conceived in 1991 by Dr. James H. Hutson of the Library of Congress to mark the septicentennial of the Swiss Confederation.
		At the National Constitution Center, The Sister Republics incorporates the main themes of the original exhibition updated to 2006, and presents for the first time ever outside of Switzerland the original Bundesbrief—the Swiss Federal Charter of 1291—sometimes compared to the American Declaration of Independence as the foundational document of the Swiss nation.
	www.constitutioncenter.org /visiting/CalendarofEvents/Events/2006_06_10_16227.shtml (384 words)

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