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Topic: Federal lands

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	Management of Federal Lands Policy
		In 1976, Congress passed the Federal Land Policy Management Act (FLPMA) reversing the 200-year national policy of conveying public lands to private ownership; the Act provides for perpetual federal retention unless it is in the national interest to dispose of a particular parcel.
		Among the many functions of the federal agencies which have public lands management responsibilities are wildlife management, endangered species protection, wetlands protection, meeting the open space requirements of growing population, environmentally sound forest and rangeland management, payments-in-lieu-of-taxes to local governments, and the administration of mineral development impact loans.
		Federal agencies managing federal land should assure that uses both on-site and off-site do not cause adverse environmental impacts on the federal land or other adjacent lands or waters and provide special protection for wetland resources in light of the goal of no loss of wetlands.
	www.ncsl.org /statefed/fedland.htm (605 words)

	Significance of Federal Lands for Endangered Species
		Federal agencies can also provide substantial, permanent conservation of the listed species that have more than half of all occurrences on their lands.
		For many listed species with less than 50% of their occurrences on federal land, federal agencies may still be able to provide important protection and recovery opportunities.
		This study found, however, that fully 50% of federally listed species are not known to occur on federal lands, and that for all listed species, 64% of known occurrences are on nonfederal lands.
	biology.usgs.gov /s+t/noframe/u154.htm (1014 words)

	Report No. 16. History and Analysis of Federally Administered Lands in Idaho (Executive Summary)
		But federal lands are owned by every citizen in the nation, and democratic principles and the laws governing federal lands give everyone equal access to provide input to and challenge the decisions of federal land managers.
		Federal lands are managed for different purposes than state lands and have different sets of rules to abide by.
		Federal lands are leased to private interests for oil and gas exploration, livestock grazing, utility corridors, and ski resorts and other recreational developments.
	www.uidaho.edu /cfwr/pag/pag16es2.html (4204 words)

	NRDC: Federal Range Policy: Reforming a Real Sacred Cow (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		While the automobile, steel, chemical and even the coal-mining industries have changed their ways, the public land livestock industry is the last holdout, an out-of-touch fossil that has yet to be altered by the broad societal commitment to environmental protection.
		Federal range policy has got to change, and there are several important steps we need to take to reform it.
		And those costs are considerable: thanks to grazing on federal lands, over 90 species of animals and plants have been pushed to the brink of extinction.
	www.nrdc.org /land/use/ojwgraz.asp (904 words)

	CRS Report: 95-599 - Major Federal Land Management Agencies: Management of Our Nation's Lands and Resources - NLE
		Federal civil and defense agencies administer approximately 650 million acres of land in the United States, or 28 percent of the total land base of 2.3 billion acres.
		The 20th Century saw a shift in the emphasis of most Federal land laws from disposal and conveyance of title to private citizens to a policy of retaining the remaining lands in Federal ownership, with the revenues from various uses shared with the States in which the lands are located.
		The question of Federal land ownership is again being raised throughout the West, and discussions continue in the 104th Congress regarding transferring some or all of the Federal lands to the States.
	www.ncseonline.org /NLE/CRSreports/Natural/nrgen-3.cfm?&CFID=87361&CFTOKEN=95345300 (11821 words)

	CRS Report: IB89130 - Mining on Federal Lands - NLE
		Public domain lands are those retained under federal ownership since their original acquisition by treaty, cession, or purchase as part of the general territory of the United States, including lands that passed out of but reverted back to federal ownership.
		GAO's estimates were based on recent sales of comparable land, not the value of the land at the time claims were patented; much of the land may have had very little value at the time it was claimed or patented.
		Some of these lands have been withdrawn from mineral development; a withdrawal is an action that restricts the use or disposition of public land.
	www.ncseonline.org /NLE/CRSreports/Mining/mine-1.cfm?&CFID=8492224&CFTOKEN=29386060 (6822 words)

	Nat' Academies Press, Hardrock Mining on Federal Lands (1999)
		Federal agencies that manage lands open to mineral exploration and development regulate hardrock mining and exploration by managing the land and regulating the land's uses.
		Protection of cultural resources on lands open to mineral extraction is of concern to federal agencies through the National Historic Preservation Act, to states through their state historic preservation offices, and to Indian tribes and others with cultural heritage in the mining areas, such as residents of historic mining towns.
		Federal land managers may act independently (even where a regulatory agency has also acted) to assure that land management objectives not necessarily reflected in an abatement order issued by another agency are satisfied.
	www.nap.edu /openbook/0309065968/html/37.html (5511 words)

	Federal Lands Taskforce Report
		The Task Force consisted of people familiar with the management of federally administered lands, the management of state and private lands, issues affecting the various resources on these lands, and the potential impacts on the physical and economic environment of the use of these resources.
		It describes the alternative land management approaches considered, develops the framework of proposed pilot projects to test their application on federal land, and defines how they achieve the functional objectives.
		We commend it to the Idaho Land Board with the belief that the ideas and proposals incorporated herein will be a first step in improving the efficiency and effectiveness of federal land management in Idaho.
	www.idahoforests.org /fedtask.htm (1732 words)

	Federal Lands Management (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		It was passed as Resolution 99-3, "Management of Federal Lands." The Association’s parliamentarian determined that this resolution in and of itself constituted a policy statement of the Association according to article IX of the bylaws.
		Their history of land stewardship is a proud one; although frequently criticized, these agencies have made possible great strides in land management in areas such as watershed protection, grazing, and forestry.
		When value is created by the use of public lands, federal managers should be enabled to recover an appropriate amount of that value to finance management costs.
	www.stateforesters.org /positions/federal_lands_mgmt.html (1471 words)

	Exploration and Mining of Minerals on Federal Lands
		Private parties granted ownership of federal lands are not required to pursue mining activities after they have obtained a patent.
		All standards and requirements of state and federal law, including measures to protect fish and wildlife, should continue to be adhered to and enforced during mining activities and reclamation of affected lands.
		The federal government and authorized states should have authority to collect royalties from industry on income generated from the production of minerals extracted from federal lands.
	www.ncsl.org /statefed/minepol.htm (620 words)

	US CODE: Title 30,185. Rights-of-way for pipelines through Federal lands
		(1) Where the surface of all of the Federal lands involved in a proposed right-of-way or permit is under the jurisdiction of one Federal agency, the agency head, rather than the Secretary, is authorized to grant or renew the right-of-way or permit for the purposes set forth in this section.
		A right-of-way may be supplemented by such temporary permits for the use of Federal lands in the vicinity of the pipeline as the Secretary or agency head finds are necessary in connection with construction, operation, maintenance, or termination of the pipeline, or to protect the natural environment or public safety.
		Where the right-of-way or permit involves lands which are under the exclusive jurisdiction of the Federal Government, the Secretary or agency head shall promulgate regulations specifying the extent to which holders shall be liable to third parties for injuries incurred in connection with the right-of-way or permit.
	www.law.cornell.edu /uscode/30/185.html (2269 words)

	Federal Offshore Lands
		The Submerged Lands Act (SLA) of 1953 grants individual States rights to the natural resources of submerged lands from the coastline to no more than 3 nautical miles (5.6 km) into the Atlantic, Pacific, the Arctic Oceans, and the Gulf of Mexico.
		The SLA also reaffirmed the Federal claim to the lands of the Outer Continental Shelf (OCS), which consists of those submerged lands seaward of State jurisdiction.
		Leasing of Federal lands and their subsequent development has made the OCS a major source of the Nation's supply of crude oil and natural gas.
	www.mms.gov /aboutmms/FedOffshoreLands.htm (554 words)

	Idaho Department of Lands: State Board of Land Commissioners: Federal Lands Task Force
		In 1996 the Idaho State Board of Land Commissioners (Land Board) was mandated by the Idaho Legislature (Idaho Code Section 58-104(10) [1996]) to examine ways to forge a closer cooperative relationship between the State and the United States Forest Service.
		That same year, the Land Board appointed the Idaho Federal Lands Task Force to examine issues of federal land management in Idaho and to analyze alternative methods of federal land management.
		Forest Service lands in the Sawtooth National Forest and Bureau of Land Management lands in the Burley and Twin Falls management areas would be involved in a "trust management" approach aimed at sustainable economic activity and enhanced ecological conditions.
	www2.state.id.us /lands/LandBoard/fltf.htm (866 words)

	Activist claims property rights on federal lands
		He countersued, claiming the federal government was required to compensate him for a "takings" of his grazing rights.
		Meanwhile, the Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management are in a state of panic, Hage said, as their grazing permits come under attack by his case.
		Hage and McIntosh argued that Hage doesn't own the federal grazing allotment lands, but that he does own what can be done on those lands because he has legal water rights, rights-of-way, forage, range improvements and patented parcels.
	www.casperstartribune.net /articles/2003/05/18/news/wyoming/3c655682c205d2d4d17453dc71be088a.txt (739 words)

	Federal Lands Could Produce Profits -- America's Future -- Week of September 21, 1998
		Unlike federal lands," she notes, "state trust lands must generate revenues for the public schools and other trust beneficiaries.
		State trust land expenditures are funded from revenues generated by the lands or from state general funds.
		Those federal lands that are now unproductive or counterproductive would, under state or private management, instead become valuable revenue-generating assets.
	www.americasfuture.net /1998/sept98/98-0921b.html (579 words)

	Federal Lands of the United States
		The Federal Government is responsible for managing and protecting these lands to preserve the resources of the United States, to conduct the business of the Government, and to provide recreational and other opportunities to the public.
		Federal wilderness area information is included in this map layer and also in the National Atlas National Wilderness Preservation System of the United States map layer.
		Indian lands, administered by the Bureau of Indian Affairs, are available in the Indian Lands of the United States map layer.
	www-atlas.usgs.gov /mld/fedlanp.html (219 words)

	Carl Garner Federal Lands Cleanup Day - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Carl Garner Federal Lands Cleanup Day is a day observed in the United States to encourage nationwide citizen participation in the cleanup of federal lands.
		It occurs on the first Saturday after Labor Day, and may include a variety of programs, ceremonies, and activities.
		It was created in 1985 by the Federal Lands Cleanup Act as the "Federal Lands National Cleanup Day" and renamed in 1995 to honor Carl Garner and continue and expand his work of encouraging citizens to clean up Greers Ferry Lake and Little Red River in Arkansas.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Carl_Garner_Federal_Lands_Cleanup_Day (128 words)

	Grazing and Federal Public Lands Law
		Congress regulates federal lands: “The congress shall have power to dispose of and make all needful rules and regulations respecting the territory or other property belonging to the United States.” Property Clause, U.S. Constitution, Art.
		A permit or lease is required to graze federal lands: Permits required under the Taylor Grazing Act, which Congress enacted in 1934 in response to the excessive degradation caused by unregulated grazing on the public domain.
		The requirement of having a valid permit or lease to graze on BLM lands is reiterated in FLPMA, now the basic statute governing BLM's administration of federal lands.
	www.publiclandsranching.org /htmlres/lucas_grazing_law.htm (1122 words)

	NPS Archeology Program: Archeology Law and Ethics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		While federal law is consistently applied across the nation, state and local law differs from place to place.
		The federal government, however, reserves ownership of shipwrecks on federal lands and Indian tribes own shipwrecks on Indian lands over which the tribes have jurisdiction.
		One is to require that federal agencies and museums receiving federal funds inventory holdings of Native American funerary remains and funerary objects.
	www.cr.nps.gov /archeology/PUBLIC/publicLaw.htm (1635 words)

	Satya June '01: Our Federal Public Lands By Mike Hudak
		Some of that land is private and its owners are under no obligation to change their use of it.
		But much of the West is federal public land, and the grazed portion of it constitutes a region larger than eight times the area of New York state—roughly 260 million acres.
		Even public lands in the Northwest are affected: in Oregon, shrubsteppe/grassland-dependent birds, such as the Western sage grouse and the Colombian sharp-tailed grouse, have declined as a result of heavy grazing pressure.
	www.satyamag.com /jun01/hudak.html (967 words)

	Who Owns The West? Oil & Gas Leases in America's West (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The study found that federal lands open to leasing in the area contain 205 million barrels of technically recoverable oil and 15.3 trillion cubic feet (TCF) of technically recoverable natural gas.
		The agencies found that federal land not open to leasing — 20 percent of federal land in the basins — contains 14 million barrels of technically recoverable oil and 0.9 trillion cubic feet of technically recoverable natural gas (Energy Inventory Factsheet 2003).
		Thus, on all federal land in the basins, there is an estimated total of 219 million barrels of technically recoverable oil and 16.2 trillion cubic feet of technically recoverable natural gas (USGS Uinta/Piceance Map 2002, Energy Inventory Factsheet 2003).
	www.ewg.org /oil_and_gas/part10.php (1152 words)

	Central Federal Lands- Projects/WY/Beartooth Highway (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The approach roads had to cross lands of 90 percent Government ownership and had to be a part of or tributary to a Federal Aid Primary road system.
		The FHWA Western Federal Lands Highway Division (WFLHD) office in Vancouver, Washington is responsible for preparing the environmental documents for this segment.
		The FHWA Central Federal Lands Highway Division office in Denver, Colorado is the lead agency for the development of this reconstruction project.
	www.cflhd.gov /projects/wy/beartooth/routeHistory.cfm (2938 words)

	US CODE: Title 43,1701. Congressional declaration of policy
		(5) in administering public land statutes and exercising discretionary authority granted by them, the Secretary be required to establish comprehensive rules and regulations after considering the views of the general public; and to structure adjudication procedures to assure adequate third party participation, objective administrative review of initial decisions, and expeditious decisionmaking;
		(12) the public lands be managed in a manner which recognizes the Nation’s need for domestic sources of minerals, food, timber, and fiber from the public lands including implementation of the Mining and Minerals Policy Act of 1970 (84 Stat.
		(13) the Federal Government should, on a basis equitable to both the Federal and local taxpayer, provide for payments to compensate States and local governments for burdens created as a result of the immunity of Federal lands from State and local taxation.
	straylight.law.cornell.edu /uscode/html/uscode43/usc_sec_43_00001701----000-.html (483 words)

	Federal Lands Highway Program (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The primary purpose of the FLHP is to provide funding for a coordinated program of public roads that serve the transportation needs of the Federal lands which are not a State or local government responsibility.
		Ensure that transportation projects are consistent with goals and values of Federal land managing agencies and Native Americans.
		In accordance with 23 U.S.C., Section 204, funds may be transferred to Federal land management agencies to cover administrative costs associated with the PLH program, and to cover costs associated with necessary transportation planning if funding is not otherwise provided under Section 204.
	www.fws.gov /refuges/roads/flhp.html (689 words)

	Plundered Promise
		How all this "institutional overshoot" plays out on the federal lands: incalculable public wealth in federal lands resources-- timber, minerals, forage, water, oil and gas-- is captured and liquidated by private, corporate interests.
		But the social costs of degraded land and the direct costs of land management, protection, and restoration are borne by the public, whose great common asset has become a net liability.
		Why and how the federal lands can be a source of public services instead of private wealth.
	www.rockisland.com /~rwbehan (531 words)

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