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Topic: Federalism

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	Federalism (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
		Federal arrangements also shelter territorially based groups with preferences that diverge from the majority population, such as ethnic or cultural minorities, so that they are not subject to majority decisions severely or systematically contrary to their preferences.
		Federations tend toward disintegration in the form of secession, or toward centralization in the direction of a unitary state.
		Federations are often marked by a high level of ’constitutional politics’: Political parties often disagree on constitutional issues regarding the appropriate areas of sub-unit autonomy, the forms of cooperation and how to prevent fragmentation.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/federalism (5156 words)

	Why is it essential for Lebanon to adopt a Federal Regime?
		Federalism, even though it might not bring to a conclusion the problems associated with the composition of the administration and the differences between then religious communities, it does however address the urgent needs of the existing problem.
		In relation to this area of concern, federalism reduces friction and the level of confrontation relieving the state to a large extent from these negative factors by eliminating a number of the elements that trigger conflict and explosive situations within it and upon it.
		The structured infrastructure of the federal institutions is a reflection of the principle of structured sovereignty where the group or community is represented by regarding it as a single political entity within the legislative, executive and federal institution.
	www.lebanese-forces.org /media/articles/anajm/federalregime.htm (2876 words)

	Federalism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Federalism underlies a system of government in which sovereignty is constitutionally divided between a central governing authority and constituent political units (like states or provinces), creating what is often called a federation.
		The case for federalism is advanced by federalist theory, which argue that federalism provides a robust constitutional system that anchors pluralist democracy, and that it enhances democratic participation through providing dual citizenship in a compound republic.
		Although federalism was mentioned both in the drafts of the Maastricht treaty and the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe, it was never accepted by the representatives of the member countries.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Federalism (1685 words)

	Federalism - Readings - Quebec History (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Federalism is usually adopted in countries that display differences of climate, geography, religion, language, culture and economies; it is especially suited for multinational and multicultural states that wish to preserve these characteristics.
		Thus, essentially, the federal system is adopted where it is felt that the preservation of the individuality and separateness of the constituent parts is as important as the preservation of the nation as a whole.
		Federalism also denies the application of simple majority rule since the purpose of federations is to recognise that the rights of small units have to be acknowledged and respected.
	www2.marianopolis.edu /quebechistory/readings/federal.htm (1885 words)

	Federalism - MSN Encarta
		Federalism, also referred to as federal government, a national or international political system in which two levels of government control the same territory and citizens.
		In a federal system, laws are made both by state, provincial, or territorial governments and by a central government.
		Federalism varies in practice, however, and in some countries with federal systems the central government plays a large role in community planning, schools, and other local issues.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761572095/Federalism.html (1875 words)

	Federalism
		Federalism is a basic Structural feature of the American political system that has generated a great deal of conflict throughout American political history.
		The three basic levels of American federalism are the national or federal government, the states, and the local governments (counties, cities, townships).
		Cooperative federalism continued through the administration of John F. Kennedy (1960-1963) and Lyndon Johnson (1964-1968) but with a greater emphasis on targeted aid to the poor in the form of categorical grants (i.e., monies provided by the federal government to states but limited as to the purposes for which they could be spent).
	www.csupomona.edu /~jmvadi/201/federalism.html (892 words)

	Biblical Federalism
		In both of these ways theological federalism is similar to political federalism, an arrangement under which states or smaller political entities cede authority to a more centralized form of government or individual to act on their behalf.
		A second aspect of soteriological federalism revealed in Romans 5 is that of Christ in his action on the behalf of the same humanity to which the guilt of Adam's sin had already been imputed.
		Biblical federalism in the family, however, provides assurance that children of believing parents who lay hold of the promises of God and Christ for their children and obey the terms of the Scriptures can be assured of the children's salvation (Gen.17:7; Pr.
	www.forerunner.com /puritan/PS.Biblical_Federalism.html (2753 words)

	Democracy Papers - Publications
		Federalism is a system of shared power between two or more governments with authority over the same people and geographical area.
		Federal governments are not common -- most nations adopt a unitary government in which power is centralized -- nor is federalism essential to democracy, as the experience of parliamentary governments demonstrates.
		A federal system thus protects the freedom of citizens to oppose national policy they view as misguided, and by this means it promotes the effective and necessary criticism of government that leads to the strengthening of democracy itself.
	usinfo.state.gov /products/pubs/democracy/dmpaper4.htm (4321 words)

	Federalism and democracy: the Canadian experience (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In a federation, the federal government and the governments of the federated entities, each with their own sphere of autonomy, experiment with different ways of doing things, which makes it possible to find the best solutions through healthy emulation.
		Federalism, as the plural quest for common action that respects the autonomy of all parties, and as a learning process of negotiation and conflict resolution, presupposes a large dose of tolerance.
		This is the spirit of federalism in democracy and this is the objective of the Government of Canada.
	www.pco-bcp.gc.ca /aia/default.asp?Language=E&page=pressroom&sub=speeches&doc=20000414_e.htm (2407 words)

	The Ethic of Federalism (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Federalism works well in a homogeneous society and it is necessary in a heterogeneous society, because it promotes tolerance, which a heterogeneous society needs more than anything else.
		A federation can and must always be improved and adapted to the evolving needs of its population, but always by relying on the moral principles it encourages.
		It is a flexible solution: Canadian federalism is not the same as that in Switzerland or Belgium, because the contexts are completely different, and the challenges for the populations of South Africa or India are not on the same scale as those facing us in the industrialized countries.
	www.pco-bcp.gc.ca /aia/default.asp?Language=E&page=pressroom&sub=speeches&doc=19960930_e.htm (2979 words)

	Whither Federalism?
		Between what the federal government is authorized to do and what the states are prohibited from doing, there is vast room for expansion of the federal government's reach.
		Federalism has always meant that the states were available to perform governmental functions that for one or another reason—constitutional tradition, lack of supporting political coalition, lack of will power—Congress did not claim.
		Federal and state governments have become so thoroughly interdependent—and so deeply engaged in the game of mutual cost-shifting—that it is very hard to imagine their putting an end to that game and restoring anything remotely approaching the world of separate sovereignties that arguably existed before the New Deal.
	www.urban.org /PERIODCL/pubsect/derthick.htm (1815 words)

	Constitutional Topic: Federalism - The U.S. Constitution Online - USConstitution.net
		Federalism is not mentioned explicitly in the Constitution, but federalism is one of the many concepts that the Constitution embodies.
		Federalism in the United States has evolved quite a bit since it was first implemented in 1787.
		Dual federalism is not completely dead, but for the most part, the United States' branches of government operate under the presumption of a cooperative federalism.
	www.usconstitution.net /consttop_fedr.html (1257 words)

	Close Up Foundation \| Civic Education \| Washington DC Travel (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Federal Government This simple overview from the United States Information Agency describes the federal government's structure and includes links to pages on the legislative, executive, and judicial branches, as well as the state governments.
		Federalism Douglas Seay and Wesley Smith of the Heritage Foundation present their views on the history of U.S. federalism since the adoption of the U.S. Constitution.
		The New Fiscal Federalism and the Social Safety Net: A View from California James Hosek and Robert Levine of RAND edited a series of papers presented at a spring 1996 conference on the question of using federal block grants to fund social programs.
	www.closeup.org /federal.htm (3741 words)

	Crime & Federalism
		The federal claim is that prescribing controlled substances to cause death is not a "legitimate medical use" of controlled substance under the CSA, which is a federal law.
		The passage of the federal statute governing “interstate domestic abuse” is part of a trend in which Congress has been duplicating state offenses in the federal criminal code, particularly on “hot-button” issues suitable for political posturing.
		Federal duplication of state criminal codes creates the potential for those rights and protections to be circumvented by the simple expedient of prosecution in federal rather than state court.
	federalism.typepad.com /crime_federalism/federalism/index.html (8618 words)

	Jonathan Adler on assisted suicide & federalism on National Review Online
		The federal government only has those powers specifically enumerated in the Constitution, such as the powers to raise armies, impose tariffs, coin money, and regulate commerce "among the several states." There is no federal police power to criminalize each and every violent or immoral act.
		Under the federal Controlled Substances Act (CSA), a doctor may only prescribe, dispense, or administer a regulated drug for a "legitimate medical purpose." As interpreted by the Drug Enforcement Administration, assisting a patient to commit suicide is not a "legitimate medical purpose," and is grounds for federal prosecution.
		Federal courts, and the Supreme Court in particular, may be reluctant to dissect the CSA and decide which parts pass constitutional muster and which others do not.
	www.nationalreview.com /comment/comment-adler120601.shtml (774 words)

	Greg Mankiw's Blog: Federalism
		As for federalism, any candidate who makes lofty claims to being in support of it are simply lying with a smile (even the vaunted Ron Paul, eventually and unfortunately), because the truth is that government always and everywhere exhibits a tendency towards centralization.
		Federal funding for education was not invented by the current administration: what they did was to tie some (weak) performance standards to it.
		The laboratories of democracy principle of federalism, a limited government with, as Madison said, the powers of the federal government "few and defined" was a cornerstone of the US Constitution.
	gregmankiw.blogspot.com /2007/06/federalism.html (4689 words)

	Federalism and Insurance Regulation
		Second, bad federalism rests on a “destination” principle: in interstate transactions, it is the law of the customer’s or buyer’s state, not the law of the producer or seller, that governs the transaction.
		Competitive federalism substitutes private arbitrage for political harmonization and thus wrings the rents out of the system, which means that no one with a say on the matter—interests, advocates, regulators at every level—want any part of it.
		An optional federal charter follows the logic of competitive federalism: it offers producers and, therefore, consumers a choice between competing legal regimes (and may the best regime win)—except that the choice takes place along a vertical rather than horizontal dimension, and that only two rather than fifty choices are being offered.
	www.federalismproject.org /masterpages/publications/insurance.html (2412 words)

	SSRN-Federalism and the Federal Prosecution of State and Local Corruption by Peter Henning (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Federal prosecution of state or local officials for crimes such as bribery raises questions about the propriety of one sovereign's seeking a criminal conviction of a person acting under the auspices of a different sovereign.
		Federal prosecution of corruption does not invade the sovereignty of the states because corruption undermines the balance established by federalism, and the national government must protect the integrity of both sides of the federalism equation.
		The use of federalism to curtail corruption prosecutions is misguided because the individual liberty afforded by federalism is enhanced when the integrity of government is protected through federal prosecution.
	papers.ssrn.com /sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=476241 (717 words)

	Constitution Day - Federalism
		The delegates established a federal republic which is a system of government based on federalism.
		Under federalism, power is shared between two separate governmental entities—the national government and the state governments.
		The powers of the federal government are established by the United States Constitution, which is the supreme law of the land.
	www.uscourts.gov /outreach/resources/federalism.html (547 words)

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