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Topic: Federation of French Equatorial Africa

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	French Equatorial Africa - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		French Equatorial Africa former French federation in W central Africa.
		The federation was formed in large part through the efforts of Savorgnan de Brazza, who forged the link between French possessions in the Congo basin and those in W Africa.
		In the Fourth French Republic, French Equatorial Africa was given representation in the French parliament and in the assembly of the French Union.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-frencheq.html (364 words)

	History of Chad (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The northern region of Chad was occupied by the French in 1914.
		In 1959, the territory of French Equatorial Africa was dissolved, and four states--Gabon, the Central African Republic, Congo (Brazzaville), and Chad--became autonomous members of the French Community.
		French troops and an OAU peacekeeping force of 3,500 Nigerian, Senegalese, and Zairian troops (partially funded by the United States) remained neutral during the conflict.
	www.historyofnations.net /africa/chad.html (1618 words)

	Africa. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		The escarpment of the plateau is often in close proximity to the coast, thus leaving the continent with a generally narrow coastal plain; in addition, the escarpment forms barriers of falls and rapids in the lower courses of rivers that impede their use as transportation routes into the interior.
		Northern Africa is underlain by folded sedimentary rock and is, geologically, more closely related to Europe than to the rest of the continent of Africa; the Atlas Mts., which occupy most of the region, are a part of the Alpine mountain system of southern Europe.
		Africa’s climatic zones are largely controlled by the continent’s location astride the equator and its almost symmetrical extensions into the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.
	www.bartleby.com /65/af/Africa.html (3337 words)

	Brief History of the French Colonial Empire (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		French territories neighboured on the Spanish Colonial Empire to the west and south and on British North America to the west, south, and east.
		French Louisiana was transferred to Spain in 1762, just before the disastrous settlement of the war, but the British retained all its lands east of the Mississippi, which the United States later inherited.
		The French politician Pierre Mendès-France read the signs and became primer minister with the promise that he would get France out of the Indochinese quagmire in a month, which he did at Geneva (1954), where Vietnam was partitioned into a southern pro-western half and a communist north.
	www.worldhistoryplus.com /history/f/French_colonial_empire_thebrief.htm (1266 words)

	Equatorial Guinea (11/06)
		Equatorial Guinea suffered a severe human rights setback in May 2002 when a special tribunal convicted 68 prisoners and their relatives and sentenced them 6 to 20 years in prison for an alleged attempted coup d’etat.
		Although Equatorial Guinea lacks a well-established democratic tradition comparable to the developed democracies of the West, it should be noted that, out of the anarchic, chaotic, and repressive conditions of the Macias years the country has made small, haphazard steps toward the development of participatory political system.
		Equatorial Guinea is also part of the central Africa CFA franc zone, and the Cameroon-based Bank of Central African States coordinates monetary policy.
	www.state.gov /r/pa/ei/bgn/7221.htm (7333 words)

	History of the Central African Republic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The French consolidated their legal claim to the area through an 1887 convention with Congo Free State, which granted France possession of the right bank of the Oubangui River.
		In 1906, the Oubangui-Chari territory was united with the Chad colony; in 1910, it became one of the four territories of the Federation of French Equatorial Africa (A.E.F.), along with Chad, Congo (Brazzaville), and Gabon.
		The French constitutional referendum of September 1958 dissolved the A.E.F., and on December 1 of the same year the Assembly declared the birth of the Central African Republic with Boganda as head of government.
	infotut.com /geography/Central-African-Republic (2310 words)

	map of Gabon
		It is bordered by Equatorial Guinea and Cameroon to the north, the Republic of the Congo to the east and south, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west; the island state of São Tomé and Príncipe is situated off the coast.
		French remains the sole medium of instruction; Bantu languages are studied as electives at the secondary and higher levels.
		The French delimited the frontier with the Germans in Cameroon in 1885 and with the Spanish in Río Muni, or Spanish Guinea (later Equatorial Guinea), in 1900.
	mbrugger.myweb.uga.edu /map.html (1775 words)

	Central African Republic
		Central African Republic, republic in central Africa, bordered on the north by Chad, on the east by Sudan, on the south by the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC, formerly Zaire) and the Republic of the Congo, and on the west by Cameroon.
		An exchange rate of 1 French franc equal to 50 CFA francs remained in force from 1948 to January 1994, when the CFA franc was officially devalued by 50 percent.
		French troops stationed in the country put down the mutiny, but not before Bangui was heavily looted and at least 50 people were killed.
	www.latifm.com /look/Regional_Central_African_Republic.htm (1645 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for Equatorial
		equatorial coordinate system the most commonly used astronomical coordinate system for indicating the positions of stars or other celestial objects on the celestial sphere.
		doldrums or equatorial belt of calms, area around the earth centered slightly north of the equator between the two belts of trade winds.
		UN: Equatorial Guinea requests permission to intervene in proceedings of Cameroon and Nigeria.
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=Equatorial (463 words)

	Background Notes on Selected African Countries from the Department of State
		Eritrea is located in the Horn of Africa and is bordered on the northeast and east by the Red Sea, on the west and northwest by Sudan, on the south by Ethiopia, and on the southeast by Djibouti.
		Ethiopia is located in the Horn of Africa and is bordered on the north and northeast by Eritrea, on the east by Djibouti and Somalia, on the south by Kenya, and on the west and southwest by Sudan.
		On December 17, 1920, South Africa undertook administration of South West Africa under the terms of Article 22 of the Covenant of the League of Nations and a mandate agreement by the League Council.
	www.shsu.edu /~his_ncp/BNAfrica.html (21337 words)

	Chad - Historical Setting
		The French declared the central portion of the country officially pacified in 1924 and had begun administering much of the non-Muslim south before that.
		After 1905 the central and northern areas were administered as a territory in the federation of French Equatorial Africa (Afrique Equatoriale Française--AEF).
		The French limited implementation of their administrative policy primarily to urban areas and their compulsory agricultural programs to what constitutes the south of present-day Chad.
	countrystudies.us /chad/3.htm (661 words)

	History - Central African Republic - Africa
		Most of the ethnic groups inhabiting the present-day Central African Republic entered the region in the 19th century to escape Fulani armies or to avoid slave traders operating in the Congo River Basin and modern Sudan.
		In the 1880s the French annexed the area, and in 1894 it was organized as the territory of Ubangi-Chari.
		In 1910 the dependency became part of the Federation of French Equatorial Africa.
	www.countriesquest.com /africa/central_african_republic/history.htm (564 words)

	Chad Information Center - chad
		The Republic of Chad (Arabic: تشاد, Tašād; French: Tchad) is a land-locked nation in central Africa.
		Its judicial chad africa branch consists of a Supreme Court, a Court of Appeal, criminal courts, and magistrate courts.
		Chad chad michel murry is in central Africa, south of Libya.
	www.scipeeps.com /Sci-Official_Languages_A_-_C/Chad.html (1109 words)

	French Colonies - Equatorial Africa
		French Equatorial Africa was a former administrative grouping of four French territories in west central Africa.
		The largest country of the former French Equatorial Africa, it is bounded on the north by Libya, on the east by Sudan, on the south by the Central African Republic, on the southwest by Cameroon, and on the west by Nigeria and Niger.
		The Aozou strip, a desert area in the north inhabited by seminomadic farmers and herders, is thought to be rich in uranium; it was occupied by Libya from 1973 to 1994.
	www.discoverfrance.net /Colonies/Eq_Africa.shtml (1671 words)

	World InfoZone - Gabon Facts
		British, Dutch, and French traders arrived in Gabon in the sixteenth century.
		A French settlement was established in 1839; a French governor to Gabon was appointed in 1866.
		Total, the French oil company, signed an agreement in 2004 to export Gabonese oil to China.
	www.worldinfozone.com /facts.php?country=Gabon (321 words)

	Snapshot, Africa: Chad (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The Republic of Chad (تشاد, Tašād) is a land-locked nation in central Africa.
		Due to its distance from the sea and its largely desert climate, the country is sometimes refered to as the 'dead heart of Africa.' In the north, it contains the Tibesti Mountains, the largest mountain chain in the Sahara desert.
		Formerly part of the Federation of French Equatorial Africa, the country is named after Lake Chad.
	www.sheppardsoftware.com /Africaweb/snapshot/Snapshot-Africa9.htm (235 words)

	FACT SHEET: Central African Republic at a Glance (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		In 1906, the Oubangui-Chari territory was united with the Chad colony; in 1910, it became one of the four territories of the Federation of French Equatorial Africa, along with Chad, Congo (Brazzaville), and Gabon.
		In August 1940, the territory responded, with the rest of the French Equatorial Africa, to the call from Gen. Charles de Gaulle to fight for Free France.
		The French constitutional referendum of September 1958 dissolved the French Equatorial Africa, and on December 1, 1958 the Assembly declared the birth of the Central African Republic with Boganda as head of government.
	deploymentlink.osd.mil /deploy/info/africa/central_african_republic/index.shtml (1231 words)

	FOXNews.com - CountryWatch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The French, however, did not consolidate their control over the area until 1903 after having defeated the forces of the Egyptian sultan.
		Of key importance was the granting of French citizenship and the ability to establish local assemblies.
		The French constitutional referendum of September 1958 dissolved the A.E.F., and on December 1 of the same year, the Assembly declared the birth of the Central African Republic.
	www.countrywatch.com /fox/country.asp?vCOUNTRY=34&topic=PCFHY (332 words)

	Africa - Amnesty International (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The death penalty continued to be imposed extensively by criminal courts in 14 countries, with actual executions in Nigeria, Sudan and Uganda.
		Confirmed or possible prisoners of conscience were held in 6 countries: Chad, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Mauritania, Togo.
		The fighting has brought new reports of reprisal killings of unarmed civilians by the armed forces, unlawful killings and looting by the CNDD-FDD, and heightened an already critical humanitarian situation.Tens of thousands of people in these areas are reported to be recently displaced and to be without access to humanitarian aid.
	web.amnesty.org /report2003/2af-index-eng (1286 words)

	Russian Federation - Amnesty International
		Elsewhere in the Russian Federation there were continuing reports of torture and ill-treatment.
		The attitude of federal forces towards the local population hardened still further.
		Few of the thousands of crimes against civilians committed by federal forces were investigated, and even fewer were ever taken to court.
	web.amnesty.org /report2003/rus-summary-eng (2626 words)

	Comparative Criminology \| Africa - Central African Republic
		Later, various sultanates claimed present-day C.A.R, using the entire Oubangui region as a slave reservoir, from which slaves were traded north across the Sahara and to West Africa for export by the Europeans.
		The next 30 years were marked by smallscale revolts against French rule and the development of a plantation-style economy.
		On January 19, gendarmes detained two of the French Ambassador's bodyguards, who had accompanied the Ambassador to the Ministry of Justice; the bodyguards were released without charge the same day.
	www-rohan.sdsu.edu /faculty/rwinslow/africa/central_african_republic.html (4257 words)

	[No title]
		Within the framework of this arrangement, the various territories subjected to French colonial rule were unified under a singular administrative umbrella with a governor who was directly answerable to the Minister of the Colonies in Paris at the helm.
		As Cowan (1958) notes, the problem in French colonies at the time was the fact that power sharing, particularly in terms of transferring any real legislative and executive power to the colonies would have been incompatible with the principle of legislative responsibility centralized in Paris XE "Paris" .
		This body, the Federal XE "Federal: Federal Republic: Federal system of government" Land Development XE "Development: land: sustainable: meaning of development: institutions: planning: administration" Council XE "Federal Land Development Council: FLDC" (FLDC) was the lead- government entity in charge of land use control and had to be consulted on all town-planning matters.
	www.stpt.usf.edu /njoh/bk3/NjohCh3CRC.doc (13634 words)

	Comparative Criminology \| Africa - Chad
		Chad's legal system was based on French civil law, modified according to a variety of traditional and Islamic legal interpretations.
		The Chadian judicial system and the criminal code were based on the French criminal justice system.
		The traditional system of law presided over by local chiefs and sultans, however, has been preserved for property and family affairs and for cases of local petty crime.
	www-rohan.sdsu.edu /faculty/rwinslow/africa/chad.html (3826 words)

	Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / Country Studies / Area Handbook Series/ Chad / Glossary
		The African Financial Community (Communauté Financière Africaine) franc, the currency of the organization of former French colonies, often referred to as the Franc Zone.
		The CFA franc was guaranteed by the French treasury and pegged to the French franc, into which it was freely convertible.
		The former colonial federation of areas that later became the independent states of Chad, Gabon, Central African Republic, and Congo.
	lcweb2.loc.gov /frd/cs/chad/td_glos.html (831 words)

	SIM Country Profile: Central African Republic
		A land-locked country in the center of Africa, CAR is predominantly an undulating, rocky plateau, rising to mountain ranges in the northeast and southeast.
		French and Sango are the official languages of CAR, but few citizens speak French.
		In 1894, it became the French colony of Oubangui-Chari and eventually merged with Chad, Congo, and Gabon to form the Federation of French Equatorial Africa.
	www.sim.org /country.asp?CID=2&fun=1 (850 words)

	French Equatorial Africa - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The territory was returned after Germany's defeat in World War I. During World War II the federation rallied to the Free French Forces under Félix Éboué (August 1940) (except for Gabon which was Vichy between 16 June 1940 - 12 November 1940) and became the centre for their activities in Africa.
		in 1940 by the Free French, and in 1941 they issued a series depicting a phoenix rising from the flames.
		A new definitive series, featuring local scenery and people, was issued in 1946, and another twenty-odd stamps came out during the 1950s, with the last being the omnibus Human Rights issue on 10 December 1958.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Federation_of_French_Equatorial_Africa (456 words)

	One US-French Coup to Another: Central African Republic : Indybay
		CAR’s population of 3.5 million is one of the poorest in Africa, with an average income of $290 a year.
		Under pressure from the west, the MLC was forced to withdraw at the beginning of this year.
		Republic of Congo’s foreign minister, Rodolphe Adada, is reported by the BBC singing Bozize’s praises, saying that CAR “can trust a man who says the kind of things we have heard.” Since ROC is the chair of CEMAC, this seems to signal their backing.
	www.indybay.org /newsitems/2004/03/03/16721591.php (2148 words)

	The Ants of Africa
		In 1910, it became one of four territories of the Federation of French Equatorial Africa, (with Chad, Middle Congo, and Gabon), initially with Chad as "Oubangi-Chari-Chad", and made into an autonomous civilian colony in 1915.
		In earlier times the island had considerable strategic significance and was used by European explorers as a stopping point in their expansion throughout Africa, searching for new lands away from home.
		Of a volcanic origin like her sister islands, Fernando Póo, São Tomé and Principe, Annobon, until the most recent decades, had extraordinary fertile land, abundant rainfall and a variety of food, including plantains, bananas, pineapples, mangos, avocados and many edible tubers typical of the tropics.
	antbase.org /ants/africa/history8.htm (1409 words)

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