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	Multitubular heat exchanger - Patent 4226283
		A feedwater heater as set forth in claim 2, wherein at least one slit cooperating with said at least one flow guide plate means is provided in a manner to open in an outer marginal portion of said low temperature tube handle and extend through the interior of the tube bundle toward the vent tube.
		A feedwater heater as set forth in claim 5, wherein at last one slit cooperating with said at least one flow guide plate is provided in a manner to open in an outer marginal portion of said low temperature tube bundle and extending through the interior of the tube bundle toward the vent tube.
		A feedwater heater as set forth in claim 7, wherein at least one slit cooperating with said at least one flow guide plate is provided in a manner to open in an outer marginal portion of said low temperature tube bundle and extending through the interior of the tube bundle toward the vent tube.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4226283.html (1602 words)

	Feedwater heater - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A Feedwater heater is a power plant component used to pre-heat water delivered to the boiler.
		Feedwater heaters are typically shell and tube heat exchangers where the boiler feedwater passes throught the tubes and is heated by turbine extraction steam and hot drains supplied to the shell side.
		Feedwater heaters are used in both fossil- and nuclear-fueled power plants.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Feedwater_heater (141 words)

	Turbine Building-Main Feedwater Pump
		Typically the Condensate water passes through 4 to 6 stages of heater drain coolers and Feedwater heaters which recover heat from steam exhausted from the various turbine stages and heat the Condensate water temperature from 90F to approximately 350F.
		The Condensate passes on the inside of tubes in the Feedwater heaters; the heater drains pass on the outside of the tubes (shell side) of the heat exchangers.
		After passing through the HP Feedwater heater, the water is at about 425F and then passes to through regulating, or control, valves and then to the steam generator in the PWR, VVER, CANDU, and RBMK designs.
	www.nucleartourist.com /systems/turbine6.htm (274 words)

	Heater Grate (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		A cathode heater, often in the form of a coil or filament with low voltage DC aplied, whose purpose is to heat the cathode in an electrical valve or cathode ray tube.
		Tank-type water heaters can be made more efficient by installation of additional insulation jackets around the tank, flow valve devices at their inlet and outlet, cycle timers, electronic ignition (in the case of fuel-using models), sealed air intake systems (in the case of fuel-using models), and pipe insulation.
		Storage heaters are usually used in conjunction with a two-tariff electricity meter which records separately the electricity used during the off-peak period so that it can be billed at a lower rate.
	www.wwwtln.com /finance/93/heater-grate.html (1266 words)

	Barnhart Crane & Rigging > Project Detail > Nuclear Plant Feedwater Heater Replacement
		The power plant feedwater heaters are being replaced to extend the plant's operating life by an additional 20 years beyond the currently scheduled closing date of 2013, pending approval of a license renewal application by the NRC.
		The difficulty of the job was due to location of the units and the plant's area floor not being designed to accommodate such heavy loads.
		The work of moving the heaters was accomplished by utilizing a custom hydraulic slide system that is easily handled by two men in the restricted areas of operating plants.
	www.barnhartcrane.com /projects_detail.php?project=16 (249 words)

	steam tractor feedwater heater (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Feedwater Heater - A feedwater heater is a small, unfired pressure vessel that uses exhaust steam to preheat incoming feedwater, maximizing efficiency be making use of the waste heat in the steam.
		The feedwater heater typically was connected to a pump rather than an injector, as the water expands as it heats, and could run backwards through an injector.
		Like most parts of a boiler, a feedwater heater is subject to sediment, and needs to be flushed out regularly.
	www.steam-tractors.com /feedwater_heater.htm (155 words)

	(Feedwater Heaters)
		Feedwater heaters were used to heat the water between the tank and the boiler.
		That said, they did have an Elesco exhaust steam injector and it was a feedwater heater and again I don't think it was as efficient.
		Non lifting was below the water in the tank and the lifting was above the water level in the tank, the lifting injector located on the boiler, inside or outside the cab.
	madisonrails.railfan.net /lewman32_feedwater_heaters.html (503 words)

	ICI - Replace Feedwater Heaters in Power Plant
		The heater floor in the plant is 165’ above grade, and we have to reach approximately 90’ from the center pin of the crane to the platform where the heaters will exit and enter the building.
		Along with moving these heaters, the project involves cutting and machining the pipe for the heaters, welding the new heaters to the existing pipe, stress relieving the pipe, removing and installing insulation and lagging (by APi Construction, Co.), and reinstalling the trim and instrumentation piping.
		Feedwater heaters are used to raise the temperature of the water from the condenser that is sent back to the boiler to make steam.
	www.apigroupinc.com /headlines/feedwater-heaters.php (541 words)

	Closed FWH Design, Operation & Construction
		Feedwater heaters have significant influence on plant availability and performance and, if neglected, can contribute to long-term unit load reductions.
		Feedwater heater failure causes are identified and related to design features, corrosion mechanisms, and modes of operation.
		The relationship between feedwater design, feedwater heater normal and abnormal modes of operation, alternate tube materials and other component failures, such as impingement plates, are discussed.
	heatexsys.com /closedfwh.htm (810 words)

	atlantic feedwater systems, inc.
		Feedwater heat is required to protect the boiler from damage under normal operating conditions.
		Most boilers require feedwater to be at least 150º F. If a system has 80% of the condensate returning at 200º F with 20% make up at 60º F, the blended feedwater temperature would normally be about 170º F. This should be adequate temperature for most firetube or commercial watertube boilers.
		Heater assembly options are listed as part of the select and customization process.
	www.boilerfeedsystems.com /heat.html (202 words)

	NDE Associates, Inc. - Strategy for Feedwater Heater Inspections: Case Studies
		Failure of HP feedwater heater tubes is one of the major causes of forced outages in fossil fired power plants.
		Tube failures of high-pressure feedwater heaters are one of the major causes of forced outages in fossil-fired plants.
		The inspection was beneficial as it established that the heater was at the end of its life.
	www.nde.com /paper56.htm (2276 words)

	Yuba Heat Transfer in the Power Industry
		Any high pressure feedwater heater in cyclical use is subject to thermal and pressure loads of a magnitude not encountered during base loaded continuous service.
		Therefore, high pressure feedwater heaters mandate special designs to prevent the high stresses prevalent in cylindrical channels in cyclical service.
		This is one of the few patents granted in feedwater heater technology in recent years.
	www.yuba.com /power.html (578 words)

	Kentube Feedwater Preheat System (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		As you decrease the feedwater temperature into the economizer, as would be allowable with lower sulfur fuels, you are realizing greater heat transfer by a larger gas/water temperature differential (LMTD), which is the driving force behind heat transfer.
		Assuming that the feedwater temperature from the deaerating feedwater heater was adequate for the percent sulfur in your fuel, there would be no need for the Kentube Feedwater Preheat System previously discussed.
		Bypassing feedwater, to elevate the flue gas exit temperature, upsets, the balance in feedwater flow and flue gas flow leading to the upset condition of steam formation in the "hot end" of the economizer.
	www.kentube.com /prod_preheat.shtml (1601 words)

	MPR Associates, Inc. - Publications
		Heater stages that receive extraction steam with high moisture content and operate at a temperature conducive to flow assisted corrosion (170 to 380°F) are susceptible to the problem.
		MPR’s approach for monitoring feedwater heater condition is to plan and use inspections to manage the heater reliability and life, and thereby ensure that heater problems or failures do not threaten safety or cause plant shutdowns.
		The economic attractiveness of heater replacement is improved by installing a heater with increased heat transfer area due to the improvement in cycle efficiency.
	www.mpr.com /pubs/profile/pf6_feed.html (771 words)

	Feedwater heater - Definition, explanation
		A Feedwater heater is a power plant component used to pre-heat water delivered to the boiler.
		Feedwater heaters are typically shell and tube heat exchangers where the boiler feedwater passes throught the tubes and is heated by turbine extraction steam and hot drains supplied to the shell side.
		Feedwater heaters are used in both fossil- and nuclear-fueled power plants.
	www.calsky.com /lexikon/en/txt/f/fe/feedwater_heater.php (176 words)

	EPRI: Feedwater Heater Technology Symposium
		Feedwater heaters and associated systems cause significant loss of availability and heat rate degradation in both nuclear and fossil-fired power plants.
		One reason for this is that feedwater heater (FWH) deterioration tends to be exponential in nature.
		With an emphasis on design and maintenance technology, the 2004 Feedwater Heater Technology Symposium presentations provide updates on important FWH topics and address a number of issues not covered in previous symposiums, including on-line tube plugging, sleeving of tubes, and drain cooler removal.
	www.epri.com /OrderableitemDesc.asp?product_id=000000000001004121&searchdate=07/26/2004 (703 words)

	MET 140 THERMODYNAMICS FOR ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The remainder of the steam continues to expand in the turbine, and is withdrawn at the turbine exit as flow 4.
		The mixture of steam and liquid emerges from the feedwater heater as flow 7, which is saturated liquid.
		The steam conditions at the inlets and outlet of the feedwater heater are shown in the diagram.
	gaia.ecs.csus.edu /~reardonf/MET140/t140c705a.htm (219 words)

	Balcke-Dürr GmbH (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		A closed feedwater heater is a shell-and-tube heat exchanger that warms up feedwater or condensate by means of steam or condensate.
		Balcke-Dürr's feedwater heaters reflect the highest standard in both quality and efficiency as a result of continuous improvement studies in close collaboration with the in-house R & D department and major utility companies.
		This enables to provide customized 3-dimensional heater models at the very beginning of a project, which can be used for the complete planning of the power plant.
	www.balcke-duerr.com /index.php?level=1&CatID=3&inhalt_id=1003&bu=0&produkt=9&do=showDetail (352 words)

	ICI - Projects
		The heater floor in the plant is 165’ above grade, and we have to reach approximately 90’ from the center pin of the crane to the platform where the heaters will exit and enter the building.
		Along with moving these heaters, the project involves cutting and machining the pipe for the heaters, welding the new heaters to the existing pipe, stress relieving the pipe, removing and installing insulation and lagging (by API Construction, Co.), and reinstalling the trim and instrumentation piping.
		Feedwater heaters are used to raise the temperature of the water from the condenser that is sent back to the boiler to make steam.
	www.icinorthdakota.com /projects.html (764 words)

	Feedwater Heater and Condenser Inspections (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Tube failures in feedwater heaters are one of the major causes of forced outages in a fossil power plant.
		Inspection of HP feedwater Heaters produces one of the highest cost benefits of any NDT inspection in a power plant.
		Inspection Interval: The tubing in the feedwater heaters should be periodically inspected to determine its condition.
	www.nde.com /heater.htm (442 words)

	Thermodynamics \| Chapter Glossary
		is a feedwater heater in which heat is transferred from the extracted steam to the feedwater without any mixing taking place.
		In an ideal closed feedwater heater, the feedwater is heated to the exit temperature of the extracted steam, which ideally leaves the heater as a saturated liquid at the extraction pressure.
		In actual power plants, the feedwater leaves the heater below the exit temperature of the extracted steam because a temperature difference of at least a few degrees is required for any effective heat transfer to take place.
	highered.mcgraw-hill.com /sites/0072383321/student_view0/chapter9/chapter_glossary.html (757 words)

	HP Feedwater Heater Tube Examinations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The heaters may be in a U-tube or straight-through configuration and can be oriented horizontally or vertically.
		HP Heaters exchange energy between spent steam exiting the boiler and feedwater entering the boiler.
		Running the boiler with a feedwater heater leak reduces the efficiency of the unit, uses more fuel and produces less steam and electricity.
	www.russelltech.com /hpexam.htm (562 words)

	___VALTIMET - Feedwater heater tubes : welded stainless steel tubes, welding ferritic alloys, high thermal ...
		We have mastered the welding of high strength ferritic alloys to provide thinner walled tubing with superior corrosion and erosion resistance, high thermal conductivity, a coefficient of expansion close to that of carbon steel used in plant structures, and excellent mechanical properties.
		The result is a more economical heater that is lighter weight, simpler to manufacture and more efficient.
		Following welding, all feedwater heater tubes are in-line eddy current tested and defective areas are removed.
	www.valtimet.com /en/products/feedwater-heater-tubes.html (256 words)

	Eng3901 - final (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		This stream exits the closed feedwater heater at state 8 and is throttled to the condenser pressure (state 9).
		The preheated water exits the feedwater heater at state 6, is pressurized to state 7 in the high pressure pump and enters the boiler.
		C) to be used in the feedwater heater to preheat the liquid water coming from the pump.
	www.engr.mun.ca /~neil/3901/final/final.html (2544 words)

	ch.9 definitions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		closed feedwater heater - in a closed feedwater heater, heat is transferred from the extracted steam to the feedwater without any mixing taking place.
		There are three ways of accomplishing this for the simple ideal Rankine cycle: (1) lowering the condenser pressure; (2) superheating the steam to high temperatures; (3) increasing the boiler pressure.
		open feedwater heater - a mixing chamber, where the steam extracted from the turbine mixes with the feedwater exiting the pump.
	www.ocf.berkeley.edu /~ssoong/me105/definitions/me105_9.html.old (295 words)

	ANALYSIS OF A VAPOR POWER PLANT. Essay Sample. Free term papers for college students
		Between the first and second stage, some steam is diverted to a closed feedwater heater at P1, with saturated liquid condensate being pumped ahead into the boiler feedwater line.
		The fluid is then heated in an open feedwater heater at constant pressure until it is a saturated liquid at state 8.
		The closed feedwater heater, heats the fluid at constant pressure to state 10; and then is heated again by the mixing with the feedwater at state 13.
	www.essaysample.com /essay/000671.html (1101 words)

	NDE Associates, Inc. - NDT in Non-Nuclear Power Generation: Pressure Vessels, Piping, Turbines
		Boiler tubes and feedwater heater tubes are inspected to avoid forced outages.
		The most common tube materials in a feedwater heater are copper-nickel alloys, brass, titanium, stainless steel and ferritic stainless steel.
		The tubing in the feedwater heaters should be periodically inspected to determine its condition.
	www.nde.com /paper55.htm (3485 words)

	Condenser Design, Operation & Maintenance
		The Steam Surface Condenser and Closed Feedwater Heater Seminar is conducted in a slide assisted lecture/discussion format.
		This seminar provides the participants with the relevant information that is required to identify, evaluate, and correct condenser and feedwater heater performance, operation and maintenance problems.
		The types of feedwater heaters and the types of feedwater heater zones are identified and advantages and disadvantages of each are discussed.
	heatexsys.com /condcourse.htm (1035 words)

	PTC 12.1 - 2000 Closed Feedwater Heaters (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		In those designs, only a portion of the feedwater passes through the drain cooling zones; therefore,there are two feedwater flow streams with different temperature profiles.
		A feedwater heater is designed to accomplish heat transfer between fluids.
		The heater design is based on a specific operating condition that includes flow, temperature, and pressure.
	members.asme.org /catalog/ItemView.cfm?ItemNumber=C01300 (211 words)

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