Felix, Bishop of Urgel

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	Chapter Adessenarians <i>to</i> Adrastus of A by Brewer's Phrase & Fable
		Adoption Controversy Elipand, Archbishop of Toledo, and Felix, Bishop of Urgel, maintained that Jesus Christ in his human nature was the son of God by adoption only (Rom.
		Adoptionist A disciple of Elipand, Archbishop of Toledo, and Felix, Bishop of Urgel (in Spain), is so called.
		Thus Boson, King of Arles, cut off his hair and gave it to Pope John VIII., who adopted him.
	www.bibliomania.com /2/3/255/1166/19681/3.html (308 words)

	Adoptionism (Adoptianism)
		At what period the most prominent representative of Adoptionism, Felix, bishop of Urgel in the Pyrenees, first took part in the strife is unknown.
		Charlemagne sent these, with one from the pope (representing also the bishops of central and southern Italy) to Elipandus, urging him not to separate himself from the authority of the apostolic see and of the universal Church.
		A German defender of this aspect of the question, Bishop Eberhard of Bamberg, in the twelfth century, accused his opponents roundly of Eutychianism.
	cblibrary.org /schaff_h/aa/adoptionism.htm (1311 words)

	Adoptionism
		Adoptionism was later revived in the 8th Century in Spain by Elipandus, archbishop of Toledo, and Felix, bishop of Urgel.
	www.carm.org /heresy/adoptionism.htm (249 words)

	Biography – Pope Adrian I – The Papal Library
		In the council that was celebrated at Frankfort in 794, Felix, Bishop of Urgel, in Catalonia, and Elipand, Archbishop of Toledo, were condemned for not admitting the veneration of images, and for maintaining that Christ was only the adoptive son of God.
		He was so charitable that he everywhere increased the revenues of the poor, and he was so munificent that upon the church of the Vatican alone he expended two thousand five hundred and eighty pounds of gold and nine hundred and seven pounds of silver.
		It was attended by three hundred and fifty bishops.
	saint-mike.org /library/Papal_Library/AdrianI/biography.html (753 words)

	Patron Saints Index: Saint Benedict of Aniane
		Bishop Felix of Urgel proposed that Christ was not the natural, but only the adoptive son of God (Adoptionism); Benedict opposed this heresy, wrote against it, and assisted in the Synod of Frankfurt in 794.
		Emperor Louis the Pious built the abbey of Maurmunster as a model abbey for Benedict in Alsace and then Cornelimunster near Aachen, then made Benedict director of all the monasteries in the empire.
		The results of his austere rule were disappointing, so he adopted the Benedictine Rule and the monastery grew.
	www.catholic-forum.com /saints/saintb18.htm (389 words)

	Felix -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		bishop of Urgel, Spain, one of the chief proponents of Adoptionism (q.v.
		bishop of Urgel, Spain, one of the chief proponents of Adoptionism (q.v.).
		When Archbishop Elipandus of Toledo promulgated the Adoptionist doctrine, he was condemned by Pope Adrian I. Elipandus then sought the support of Felix, who expressed agreement, whereupon Charlemagne in 792 summoned Felix to the Council of Ratisbon (Regensburg, Bavaria [Germany]), where Felix was induced…
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9033945?tocId=9033945 (628 words)

	Aethelweard (Anglo-Saxon nobleman, late 10th c
		Spain by Elipand bishop of Toledo and Felix bishop of Urgel, that Christ was the adoptive son of God.
		The apostles were regarded as the original bishops of the early Church: hence the term 'apostolic succession' referring to how bishops could trace their succession back to the earliest days of the Church.
		Ivo of Chartres (bishop of Chartres, died 1115): canon lawyer, wrote the Panormia and the Decretum.
	www.nottingham.ac.uk /history/teaching/jsb/jsb.html (16417 words)

	Felix of Urgel
		It is not known where or when Felix was born, nor when he assumed the position of Bishop of Urgel.
		Since Urgel was under Carolingian rule, FelixÕs participation in the Adoptionist controversy may have had a political goal.
		While the authority of Toledo commanded respect within Spain, ultimately decisions on orthodoxy came from the Frankish Church.
	medspains.stanford.edu /demo/themes/adoptionism/felix.html (114 words)

	Aethelweard (Anglo-Saxon nobleman, late 10th c
		Spain by Elipand bishop of Toledo and Felix bishop of Urgel, that Christ was the adoptive son of God.
		The apostles were regarded as the original bishops of the early Church: hence the term 'apostolic succession' referring to how bishops could trace their succession back to the earliest days of the Church.
		Ivo of Chartres (bishop of Chartres, died 1115): canon lawyer, wrote the Panormia and the Decretum.
	www.nott.ac.uk /history/teaching/jsb/jsb.htm (114 words)

	Aethelweard (Anglo-Saxon nobleman, late 10th c
		Spain by Elipand bishop of Toledo and Felix bishop of Urgel, that Christ was the adoptive son of God.
		The apostles were regarded as the original bishops of the early Church: hence the term 'apostolic succession' referring to how bishops could trace their succession back to the earliest days of the Church.
		& of Freising: bishop of Freising 1138-58; wrote the opening sections of the Deeds of Frederick Barbarossa (this work was continued by a Freising cleric called Rahewin).
	www.nott.ac.uk /history/teaching/jsb/jsb.htm (114 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Aachen
		At the council of 799, after a discussion of six days Felix, Bishop of Urgel, in Spain, avowed himself overcome by Alcuin and withdrew his heretical theory of Adoptianism.
		By the terms of the French Concordat of 1801 Aachen was made a bishopric subject to the Archbishop of Mechlin, and composed of 79 first class, and 754 second class, parishes.
		In 1793 and 1794, Aachen was occupied by the French, incorporated with the French Republic in 1798 and 1802, and made the capital of the Department of the Roer.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/01001a.htm (114 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Aachen
		At the council of 799, after a discussion of six days Felix, Bishop of Urgel, in Spain, avowed himself overcome by Alcuin and withdrew his heretical theory of Adoptianism.
		By the terms of the French Concordat of 1801 Aachen was made a bishopric subject to the Archbishop of Mechlin, and composed of 79 first class, and 754 second class, parishes.
		The synod of 836 was largely attended and devoted itself to the restoration of ecclesiastical discipline that had been gravely affected by the civil wars between Louis the Pious and his sons.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/01001a.htm (114 words)

	Adoptionists
		Elipandus was a Spanish bishop of Toledo and Felix was the bishop of Urgel.
		Due to the spread of the teaching of Elipandus and Felix, Alcuin was called back from England where he was visiting by Charlemagne to overcome the heretical teaching of Felix of Urgel.
		Elipandus and Felix taught that Jesus as the Son of God had always been the Father’s son, but as a human being, he was simply adopted by God.
	www.evol.net /evol/adoption.htm (114 words)

	Adoptionism
		780, in his writings on the Trinity expressed the view that Christ was an adopted son; Felix, bishop of Urgel in the Pyrenees, taught a similar position soon thereafter.
		Adoptionism, or adoptianism, was a theological doctrine propounded in the 8th century by a Spanish bishop, Elipandus of Toledo.
		The earliest extant work which expresses this position is the Shepherd of Hermas, thought to be written by the brother of the bishop of Rome about A D 150.
	mb-soft.com /believe/text/adoption.htm (626 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Adoptionism
		Such is the theory held towards the end of the eighth century by Elipandus, Archbishop of Toledo, then under the Mohammedan rule, and by Felix, Bishop of Urgel, then under the Frankish dominion.
		Felix, after many insincere recantations, was placed under the surveillance of Leidrad of Lyons and gave all the signs of a genuine conversion.
		Adoptionism, in a broad sense, a christological theory according to which Christ, as man, is the adoptive Son of God; the precise import of the word varies with the successive stages and exponents of the theory.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/01150a.htm (626 words)

	Franks and Anglo-Saxons 613-899 by Sanderson Beck
		These beliefs developed in Spain, where they were championed by Elipandus and Urgel bishop Felix, and Alcuin wrote several books against each of them.
		The latter was considered heretical, because it assumed the Nestorian idea that Christ had separate divine and human natures and then concluded that the man born of Mary was the adopted son of God, though they believed his divine nature is the true son of God.
		In 799 Alcuin debated Felix, who recanted on Adoptionism.
	www.san.beck.org /AB16-Franks613-899.html (626 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Lyons
		When Felix of Urgel continued rebellious to the condemnations pronounced against Adoptionism from 791-799 by the Councils of Ciutad, Friuli, Ratisbon, Frankfort, and Rome, Charlemagne conceived the idea of sending to Urgel with Nebridius, Bishop of Narbonne, and St. Benedict, abbot of the monastery of Aniane, Archbishop Leidrade, a native of Nuremberg and Charlemagne's librarian.
		Lyons attracted the attention of Cardinal Hildebrand, who held a council there in 1055 against the simoniacal bishops.
		As far as it regarded the Province of Rouen this letter was later suppressed by a decree of the king's council in 1702, at the request of Colbert, Archbishop of Rouen.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/09472a.htm (626 words)

	Keeping Catholics Catholic Page XXV-The Timeline-The Eighth Century
		This theory was held by Elipandus, Archbishop of Toledo, which was then under Mohammedan rule, and by Felix, Bishop of Urgel, then under Frankish dominion.
		This was followed by another heresy, founded by the heretic, Migetius, who preached loose doctrine, holding, among other errors, that Jesus, the Second Person of the Holy Trinity did not exist before the Incarnation.
		Adoptionism in a sense, is a Christolological theory according to which Christ, as man, is the "adoptive Son of God" There have been three distinct heresies that contain the name "Adoption" in their title.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/Ithaca/6461/8cent.html (626 words)

	St. Benedict of Anian
		Felix, bishop of Urgel, had advanced that Christ was not the natural, but only the adoptive son of the eternal Father.
		At last he remitted something in the austerities of the reformation he had introduced among them.
		Benedict most learnedly opposed this heresy, and assisted, in 794, at the council assembled against it at Frankfort.
	www.ewtn.com /library/MARY/BOFANIAN.htm (1143 words)

	Adoptionism
		Adoptionism was later revived in the 8th Century in Spain by Elipandus, archbishop of Toledo, and Felix, bishop of Urgel.
		In 798 Pope Leo III held a council at Rome that condemned adoptionism as a heresy.
		Adoptionism was condemned as a heresy by Pope Victor (A.D. 8th Century revision
	www.carm.org /heresy/adoptionism.htm (249 words)

	Alcuin - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		At the Council of Frankfurt in 794, Alcuin upheld the orthodox doctrine, and obtained the condemnation of the heresiarch Felix of Urgel.
		He was related to Willibrord, Anglo-Saxon missionary to the Frisians and the first bishop of Utrecht, whose biography he afterwards wrote.
		Alcuin of York had a long career as a teacher and scholar first at the school at York and lastly as Charlemagne's leading advisor on ecclesiastical and educational affairs.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Alcuin (249 words)

	Saint Patrick's Church: Saints of January 28
		He furthered ecclesiastical reforms and became a patron of letters, which resulted in his reign being labelled "the Carolingian Renaissance." He commissioned Alcuin to write against the Adoptionist heretics led by Felix of Urgel.
		He was successively appointed the bishop of Patti and Lipari (1354), and Coron (Morea; 1359), archbishop of Candia (1363), and in 1364 became the Latin Patriarch of Constantinople.
		The high point of his reign was his coronation as the first Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Leo III on Christmas Day in 800.
	www.saintpatrickdc.org /ss/0128.htm (249 words)

	Biography – Pope Adrian I – The Papal Library
		In the council that was celebrated at Frankfort in 794, Felix, Bishop of Urgel, in Catalonia, and Elipand, Archbishop of Toledo, were condemned for not admitting the veneration of images, and for maintaining that Christ was only the adoptive son of God.
		Adrian having, by the zeal of Constantine VI and his mother Irene, obtained peace with the Eastern Church, resolved to assemble the seventh general council for the putting down of the Iconoclasts.
		Adrian I, clerk, notary, regionary, and then cardinal-deacon, was a Roman, son of Theodore, and belonged to the noble family of Colonna.
	www.saint-mike.org /Papal-Library/AdrianI/biography.html (753 words)

	Aachen
		At the council of 799, after a discussion of six days Felix, Bishop of Urgel, in Spain, avowed himself overcome by Alcuin and withdrew his heretical theory of Adoptianism.
		The synod of 836 was largely attended and devoted itself to the restoration of ecclesiastical discipline that had been gravely affected by the civil wars between Louis the Pious and his sons.
	www.catholicity.com /encyclopedia/a/aachen.html (1471 words)

	Saint Patrick's Church: Saints of February 11
		When Bishop Felix of Urgel proposed that Christ was not the natural, but only the adoptive son of the eternal Father (Adoptionism), Benedict opposed this heresy and assisted in the Council (synod) of Frankfurt in 794.
		Benedict died with extraordinary tranquility and cheerfulness at about age 71 and was buried in the monastery church, where his relics remain and are attributed with the working of miracles (Attwater, Benedictines, Delaney, Farmer, Husenbeth, Walsh).
		During the meeting Benedict's Capitulare monasticum, a systematization of the Benedictine Rule was approved as the rule for all monks in the empire.
	www.saintpatrickdc.org /ss/0211.htm (3526 words)

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