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Topic: Female circumcision

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Female genital mutilation

History of male circumcision

Infibulation

Genital mutilation

Male circumcision

Clitoridectomy

Circumcision

Circumcision and law

Women in Islam

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	Female Circumcision - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The official term female circumcision is also in common usage, though advocates of male circumcision argue that this results in unwanted associations between the two practices, while genital integrity advocates might refer to all child genital cutting as mutilation.
		Sunna circumcision (named after the Arabic word for anything approved by Islamic law and centred in Islamic tradition: in fact, there is no genuine approval for this, and some Muslim clergy oppose all forms of FGC) may or may not involve the removal of part of the clitoris as well as the prepuce [2].
		Female genital cutting is primarily a social practice, not a religious one.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Female_circumcision (5389 words)

	Female Circumcision: Rite of Passage Or Violation of Rights?
		Female circumcision, the partial or total cutting away of the external female genitalia, has been practiced for centuries in parts of Africa, generally as one element of a rite of passage preparing young girls for womanhood and marriage.
		Female circumcision is currently practiced in at least 28 countries stretching across the center of Africa north of the equator; it is not found in southern Africa or in the Arabic-speaking nations of North Africa, with the exception of Egypt.
		Female circumcision is an integral part of the societies that practice it, where patriarchal authority and control of female sexuality and fertility are givens.
	www.guttmacher.org /pubs/journals/2313097.html (3870 words)

	Africa Update Archives
		Female circumcision, like male circumcision in the same group, is often thought to purify and protect the next generation from dangerous outside influences, to bind all youth to their peers or age set.
		Female circumcision thus physically marks the female as belonging to a male family whose rights over her will be violated and whose wrath will be faced if she is sexually invaded.
		Female circumcision has been perceived as an act of barbarism, savagery, torture and maiming which deprives African women of their feminity, especially with regard to sexual sensitivity and pleasure.
	www.ccsu.edu /afstudy/upd3-2.html (4243 words)

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		Where it is practiced, female circumcision is strongly promoted and closely safeguarded; it is regarded as an essential coming-of-age ritual that symbolizes virginity, cleanliness, fertility, and enhances the beauty of a woman's body.
		Circumcision gives girls status in their communities, because they are seen as women after being circumcised instead of as girls (Abusharaf 1998).
		Female circumcision became symbolic of holding on to their own traditions, and not adapting to a new culture that tried to impose its own social norms onto another culture through colonialism.
	www.siue.edu /~jfarley/nicho490.htm (3459 words)

	Femal Genital Mutilation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		In addition, circumcision is believed to ensure cleanliness, chastity and to minimize the sexual appetite of women and thus reduce the likelihood that they will bring shame on themselves or their families through sexual indiscretions.
		In contrast, male circumcision is universally practiced among Muslims; this is considered the continuation of a practice enjoined upon Abraham and his followers and is explicitly mentioned in several well-known sayings of the Prophet Muhammad (pbuh).
		Some proponents of female circumcision argue that removing the clitoral hood (the anatomical equivalent of the foreskin of the penis) can enhance a woman's sexual experience which would not violate her rights to sexual fulfillment.
	www.mwlusa.org /publications/positionpapers/fgm.html (1961 words)

	Male and Female Circumcision Among Jews, Christians and Muslims by Sami Aldeeb ABU-SAHLIEH Marco Polo Monographs ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Bettelheim compares circumcision to aesthetic operation that may be potentially as painful as circumcision, but the girl may make little of the physical pain in view of the pleasure she hopes will result.
		Female circumcision is often performed between 5 and 15 years, at an age where the girl can understand the operation.
		This age, as per Bettelheim, could be an advantage in relation to a younger age, especially in a society that considers female circumcision a means of social integration that enables the girl to avoid mockeries from her colleagues.
	shangri-la.0catch.com /mpm/mpm5.html (4973 words)

	Female Circumcision
		An American medical journal from 1959 explains with illustrations how to use the female circumcision clamp: "This instrument is seen with jaws open Figure 4 and closed in Figure 3.
		It raises her status in her community, both because of the added purity that circumcision brings and the bravery that initiates are called upon to show.
		The circumcision ritual is an enjoyable one, in which the girl is the centre of attention and receives presents and moral instruction from her elders.
	www.circumcisionquotes.com /index15.html (1182 words)

	BBC News \| Africa \| Senegal bans female circumcision
		Unicef estimates that around 700,000 women, a quarter of the female population, have suffered some form of genital mutilation, normally carried out between early childhood and the age of 16.
		Circumcision involves cutting away the external genitalia, the clitoris and labia minora.
		Supporters of circumcision say it is a symbol of purification, a cultural rite of passage.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/world/africa/241230.stm (272 words)

	BBC - Religion & Ethics - Female circumcision (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Female circumcision usually involves the cutting or removal of the clitoris.
		In some communities the controversial practice is a female rite of passage and remains an important religious and cultural tradition.
		In the Middle East, female circumcision is practised in the Yemen, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Jordan and Syria.
	www.bbc.co.uk /religion/ethics/female_circumcision/intro.shtml (176 words)

	Female Circumcision (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		And circumcision if from his religion, and this nation is commanded with whatever its Prophet (SAW) was commanded unless there if further proof to show that it is something particular to him.
		So from what has preceded it becomes clear that female circumcision - if done correctly - such that the cutting is limited, and done with proper instruments - is something prescribed and produces health and psychological benefits - and is far removed from harmful effects of danger.
		Therefore, circumcision reduces her desires and their effects in the first case, and makes intercourse possible in the second case.
	www.themuslimwoman.com /hygiene/femalecircumcision.htm (725 words)

	Female Circumcision
		Epidemiology Of Female Sexual Castration In Cairo, Egypt - In 1985, a group of 350 urban Egyptian women were selected to self-report on their recall of their female sexual castration (FSC) which they experienced as children.
		Two years of field observations of female genital mutilations in Cairo have resulted in a wealth of quantitative, qualitative and photographic information on the various aspects of female genital mutilations, as observed and practiced through 1985.
		Female genital mutilation (FGM) is the term used to refer to the removal of part.
	www.nurses.info /medicine_femalecircumcision.htm (502 words)

	Female Circumcision
		Female circumcision is frequently described as an "age-old Muslim ritual," when in fact it predates Islam and is even believed to be pre-Judaic.
		Amnesty International recently recognised female genital mutilation as a human rights violation, and the ttnited States and other Western countries have begun granting asylum to women who fear that they or their daughters would be circumcised if forced to retum home.
		She is explaining to a class of 37 girls the dangers of female circumcision, commonly known in health circles as female genital mutilation.
	www.dhushara.com /book/orsin/rites/rite.htm (5358 words)

	FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION FEMALE (CIRCUMCISION) IN AFRICA, MIDDLE EAST AND FAR EAST
		One interpretation of this passage is that the woman was going to proceed with the circumcision anyway; Muhammad suggested that she remove a smaller amount of her genitalia than she had perhaps intended to.
		This permits a female who has reached the dangerous age of puberty and adolescence to protect her virginity, and therefore her honor, with greater ease.
		Similarly female circumcision is meant to preserve the chastity of young girls by reducing their desire for sexual intercourse.
	www.religioustolerance.org /fem_cirm.htm (1722 words)

	Female Circumcision: Indications and a New Technique
		Circumcision of the female is not a new subject.
		The 265 references abstracted in his text cover the circumcision of the female from the ancient Egyptian era (approximately 1500 B.C.) to the present day.
		In general terms, the main indications for circumcision are: (1) functional need - lack of ability to have a climax or ability to have one only with considerable difficulty, (2) an anatomic or mechanical factor that needs correction.
	www.noharmm.org /femcirctech.htm (2103 words)

	ISLAM AND FEMALE CIRCUMCISION
		Although female circumcision is not mandated, one tradition of disputed authenticity permits (but does not encourage) the removal of a minuscule segment of skin from the female prepuce, provided no harm is done:
		Nonetheless, it clearly forbids severity in circumcision and bases such limitation on both the potential to harm the woman and the potential to make her less desirable to her husband.
		As to the mildest form of female circumcision, the risks to the girl's future ability to enjoy sexual relations with her husband must place it at best in the category of makrûh (disliked) practices.
	www.minaret.org /fgm-pamphlet.htm (1147 words)

	Female Genital Mutilation
		Lightfoot-Klein, H. The sexual adjustment of genitally circumcised and infibulated females in the Sudan.
		Female Genital Mutilation: A Report to the Attorney-General, prepared by the Family Law Council June 1994 (Australia).
		Circumcision in the female: Its necessity and how to perform it.
	www.cirp.org /pages/female.html (499 words)

	Female Circumcision (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		An activist in a growing movement in this country to halt the practice of female circumcision--also called female genital mutilation, or FGM --she, among others, is trying not only to persuade her compatriots to end the practice but also to persuade America to address FGM as a serious health and human-rights issue.
		The lifelong physical and psychological debilities resulting from female genital mutilations are manifold: chronic pelvic infections, keloids, vulval abscesses, sterility, incontinence, depression, anxiety and even psychosis, sexual dysfunction and marital disharmony, and obstetric complications with risk to both the infant or fetus and the mother.
		In the nineteenth century both clitoridectomies and female castration (removal of the ovaries) were practiced by British and American physicians, as cures for melancholia, masturbation, nymphomania, hysteria, lesbianism, and epilepsy.
	www.hollyhockfarms.com /Dreamdolls/child/circumcision.htm (4409 words)

	Islamic Law on Female Circumcision (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		There is a lot of controversy on the issue of Female Circumcision or Female Genital Mutilation (FGM).
		The deceptive translation by Nuh Hah Mim Keller, made for Western consumption, obscures the Shafi’i law, given by ‘Umdat al-Salik, that circumcision of girls by excision of the clitoris is mandatory.
		This particular form of female circumcision is widely practiced in Egypt, where the Shafi’i school of Sunni law is followed.
	www.answering-islam.org /Sharia/fem_circumcision.html (355 words)

	Female Genital Mutilation - A Human Rights Information Pack (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Female genital mutilation (FGM) is the term used to refer to the removal of part, or all, of the female genitalia.
		Where FGM is carried out as part of an initiation ceremony, as is the case in societies in eastern, central and western Africa, it is more likely to be carried out on all the girls in the community who belong to a particular age group.
		A possible additional problem resulting from all types of female genital mutilation is that lasting damage to the genital area can increase the risk of HIV transmission during intercourse.
	www.amnesty.org /ailib/intcam/femgen/fgm1.htm (3243 words)

	Islam Online - Fatwa (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Before delving deep into the question of female circumcision, we would like to make it clear that "female circumcision" means removing the prepuce of the clitoris, not the clitoris itself.
		The hadith indicates that circumcision is better for a woman's health and it enhances her conjugal relation with her husband.
		As for male circumcision, it is one of the obligatory practices in Islam.
	www.islamonline.net /Fatwa/english/FatwaDisplay.asp?hFatwaID=31397 (487 words)

	Female circumcision - First lady celebrates African village that ended female circumcision
		Female Circumcision and the Politics of Knowledge — Greenwood
		Female circumcision - definition of Female circumcision in
		Female circumcision, including excision, loosely refers to a number of procedures performed on the female genitalia and which are generally of a cultural,
	bestwebbank.com /bwb/female-circumcision.html (242 words)

	Female Genital Cutting (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Female genital cutting (FGC) is the collective name given to traditional practices that involve the partial or total cutting away of the female external genitalia or other injury to the female genitals, whether for cultural or other non-therapeutic reasons.
		Practices involving the cutting of female genitals have been found throughout history in many cultures, but there is no definitive evidence documenting when or why this ritual began.
		Because significant numbers of females continue to emigrate from countries where FGC is practiced, the population of females in the United States who have undergone FGC or who are at risk for FGC is increasing.
	www.4woman.gov /faq/fgc.htm (2078 words)

	Female Circumcision Issues Page
		Genital alteration in the female includes infibulation, clitoridectomy, clitoral circumcision and piercing.
		Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the
		This subtitle may be cited as the `Federal Prohibition of Female
	www.eskimo.com /~gburlin/female.html (604 words)

	Circumcision (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Circumcision is thousands of years old and hasn’t seemed to have harmed people like the Jews and Moslems.
		There are immediate risks to circumcision such as bleeding, infection and penile injury, as well as complications recognized later that may include buried penis, meatal stenosis, skin bridges, chordee and poor cosmetic appearance.
		Circumcision may be required in a small number of boys when phimosis, paraphimosis or recurrent balanoposthitis occur and may be requested for ethnic and cultural reasons after the newborn period.
	www.edae.gr /circumcision.html (3130 words)

	Circumcision Information and Resource Pages
		Whether or not circumcision should be performed is a controversial question, especially as religious issues may be involved.
		One of the aims of the Circumcision Information Pages is to provide parents with information to assist them, if and when they are confronted with this question.
		The Circumcision Information and Resource Pages are a not-for-profit educational resource and library.
	www.cirp.org (253 words)

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