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Topic: Female genital mutilation

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	Female genital cutting - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Female genital cutting (FGC) or Female genital manipulation or Female circumcision, refers to a number of procedures performed for cultural, sometimes voluntarily medical or cosmetic, and sometimes medical reasons on the female genitalia.
		Female genital cutting is today mainly practiced in African countries.
		Female genital cutting is primarily a social practice, not a religious one.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Female_genital_mutilation (4955 words)

	Female Genital Mutilation
		Female Genital Mutilation is the term used for removal of all or just part of the external parts of the female genitalia.
		Most FGM societies feel that unless a girl has this procedure done she is not a woman as well as removal of these practices would lead to the demise of their culture.
		FGM was in the universal framework for protection of human rights that was tabled in the 1958 united Nation agenda.
	www.members.tripod.com /~Wolvesdreams/FGM.html (1571 words)

	AFROL Background - Fighting Female Genital Mutilation in Africa
		While FGM is not practised in Muslim Morocco, it is widespread in Sierra Leone (among Muslims and followers of traditional religions) and it is equally practised by Orthodox Christians and Muslims in Ethiopia.
		Female genital mutilation, the name given to a number of traditional practices that involves the partial or total excision of female genitals, are practiced in 28 African countries, as well as other regions of the world.
		That female genital mutilation is reflective of the low status of women in society is the fundamental premise of the book, according to Ms.
	www.afrol.com /Categories/Women/backgr_fighting_fgm.htm (2863 words)

	Female genital mutilation in Britain
		Female genital mutilation is practised in various forms in over 20 African countries and also in Oman, the Yemen, and the United Arab Emirates and by some Muslims in Malaysia and Indonesia' (ref 1) it is not practised in Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Libya, or Saudi Arabia.
		Female genital mutilation differs from other forms of child abuse in that it is done with the best intentions for the future welfare of the child, there is no possibility of its repetition during childhood, and it is approved by sections of the communities in which it is practised.
		Female genital mutilation tends to be considered mainly from the woman's point of view and has become identified as a feminist issue.
	bmj.bmjjournals.com /archive/6994ed1.htm (2222 words)

	Female Genital Mutilation
		Female genital mutilation (FGM), often referred to as 'female circumcision', comprises all procedures involving partial or total removal of the external female genitalia or other injury to the female genital organs whether for cultural, religious or other non-therapeutic reasons.
		The most common type of female genital mutilation is excision of the clitoris and the labia minora, accounting for up to 80% of all cases; the most extreme form is infibulation, which constitutes about 15% of all procedures.
		In cultures where it is an accepted norm, female genital mutilation is practiced by followers of all religious beliefs as well as animists and non believers.
	www.childbirthsolutions.com /articles/issues/fgm/index.php (881 words)

	Femal Genital Mutilation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Female genital cutting is practiced by Muslims and non-Muslims alike residing mainly in Sub-Saharan Africa in countries that include but are not limited to Egypt, Sudan, Somalia, Ethiopia, Kenya and Chad.
		Degrees of mutilation exist ranging from excision of the hood of the clitoris or clitoris itself to complete infibulation which involves removal of the clitoris, labia minora and labia majora, leaving a small opening for the passage of urine and menstrual blood.
		Medicalizing FGM by performing it in hospitals with appropriate surgical technique will not eliminate all of the complications associated with this practice and therefore cannot legitimately be considered as a solution that reduces the health risks.
	www.mwlusa.org /publications/positionpapers/fgm.html (1961 words)

	Female Genital Mutilation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Female Genital Mutilation (FGM), also known as female circumcision, is a destructive and invasive procedure involving the removal or alteration of female genital.
		The type of mutilation practiced, the age at which it is carried out, and the way its done varies according to a variety of factors, including the woman or girl's ethnic group, what country they are living in, whether in a rural or urban area and their socio-economic background.
		Female Genital Mutilations are mostly done without anesthesia and in unsanitary conditions where instruments such as unsterilized razor blades, tin lids, scissors, kitchen knives, and broken glass are used.
	serendip.brynmawr.edu /biology/b103/f03/web3/l1vita.html (2017 words)

	Third World Women's Health: Female Genital Mutilation
		Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) is the set of procedures used to remove or cause injury to part or all of the external female genitals.
		FGM is often associated with Islam, as some societies that practice FGM are Muslim and use religious sayings to support the practice.
		FGM, especially as practiced to control a woman's sexuality or to initiate a woman into strictly defined gender roles, is a violent method of socializing women into a subordinate role in society.
	www.arches.uga.edu /~haneydaw/twwh/fgm.html (2106 words)

	Female genital mutilation
		Female genital mutilation (FGM) is the cutting, or partial or total removal, of the external female genitalia for cultural, religious, or other non-medical reasons.
		FGM results in the cutting or removal of the tissues around the vagina that give women pleasurable sexual feelings.
		The most extreme form of genital mutilation is excision and infibulation, in which the clitoris and all of the surround tissue are cut away and the remaining skin is sewn together.
	www.healthatoz.com /healthatoz/Atoz/ency/female_genital_mutilation.jsp (1112 words)

	Female Genital Mutilation
		Female Genital Excision and the Implications of Federal Prohibition, 2 Wm.
		In the United States, for a woman to be granted asylum for female genital mutilation, she must prove that she is a refugee.
		The justifications for female genital mutilation are set out, with an observation by the author that most of these justifications have to do with keeping women in a submissive state.
	academic.udayton.edu /health/01status/97tucker.htm (4554 words)

	The Abolition of Female Genital Mutilation
		Genital mutilation, also referred to as female circumcision, genital cutting, or excision, is a coming-of-age ritual that signifies a girl's entry into womanhood.
		Genital mutilation is practiced in 28 countries in central Africa, ranging from Somalia in the east coast and stretching westward to Senegal on the Atlantic.
		Genital cutting is seen as a way of ensuring that a woman is clean, chaste, and ready for marriage; uncut women are associated with promiscuity and lack of social respectability.
	www.infoplease.com /ipa/A0001524.html (1117 words)

	Female Circumcision/Female Genital Mutilation
		Female genital mutilation (FGM) is the collective name given to several different traditional practices that involve the cutting of female genitals.
		Currently, FGM is practiced in 28 African countries in the sub-Saharan region as well as the northeastern part of Africa.
		FGM violates the human rights of women and girls because it interferes with their right to bodily integrity by removing their healthy sexual organs without medical necessity.
	www.crlp.org /ww_iss_fgm.html (580 words)

	FGC Education and Networking Project
		Long-term complications include sexual frigidity, genital malformation, delayed menarche, chronic pelvic complications, recurrent urinary retention and infection, and an entire range of obstetric complications whereas the fetus is exposed to a range of infectious diseases as well as facing the risk of having his or her head crushed in the damaged birth canal.
		They are now trained in various aspects of female health, and go from village to village educating women about the harmful effects of female circumcision, and the importance of proper nutrition during pregnancy, how to protect from sexually transmitted diseases and HIV, and proper usages of condoms, among other health topics.
		Female Genital Cutting can only be abolished by a grassroots approach which would take into consideration all aspects of a particular culture and try to work within that system of beliefs to eradicate this practice.
	www.fgmnetwork.org /intro/fgmintro.html (2178 words)

	Female Genital Mutilation
		While cases of female genital mutilation spark public outcries, it is interesting to note that male circumcision does not, despite involving hurting innocent minors, having negative repercussions on the child and, in most cases, providing no medical benefits.
		In the case of female genital mutilation, there is no evidence to suggest it might be medically beneficial in any way, and can cause serious medical problems and even death due to complications directly resulting from the procedure (Abdallah, 1982; Dareer, 1982).
		Genital mutilation is usually performed as either a religious ritual or to gain acceptance within the society.
	www.geocities.com /SoHo/Easel/9509/genital.html (1187 words)

	Template (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Female genital mutilation - the descriptive term for the different types of operations are "excision" and "infibulation" - continues to be practiced in large regions of Africa, from the Red Sea Coast to the shores of the Atlantic.
		The elimination of female sexual pleasure is the reason most frequently given for the genital mutilations, which is to keep "moral behavior of women in society" and "to assure the faithfulness of women to their husbands" - who usually have several wives.
		The genital mutilations are now performed on much younger children especially in the towns, as it is feared by men that the girls will resist once they go to school.
	www.nocirc.org /symposia/first/hosken.html (4573 words)

	FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION FEMALE (CIRCUMCISION) IN AFRICA, MIDDLE EAST AND FAR EAST (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		This permits a female who has reached the dangerous age of puberty and adolescence to protect her virginity, and therefore her honor, with greater ease.
		Similarly female circumcision is meant to preserve the chastity of young girls by reducing their desire for sexual intercourse.
		A US federal bill, "Federal Prohibition of Female Genital Mutilation of 1995" was passed in 1996-SEP. Section 273.3 of the Canadian Criminal Code protects children who are ordinarily resident in Canada, (as citizens or landed migrants) from being removed from the country and subjected to FGM.
	www.religioustolerance.org /fem_cirm.htm (1749 words)

	Female Genital Mutilation
		The terminology from "female circumcision" to "female genital mutilation" was changed by the United Nations upon recommendation by WHO in 1991, after having been proposed in 1990.
		In February 1984, FGM was condemned yet again as a health hazard and a cause of unnecessary human suffering during the Seminar on Traditional Practices Affecting the Health of Women and Children in Dakar.
		However, the truth is that FGM isn't viewed by those taking part in it as violence against women or a barbaric practice, but rather as a part of their culture - a necessary act for the benefit of the girl.
	www.munfw.org /archive/50th/who2.htm (2081 words)

	RAINBO: Female Circumcision/Female Genital Mutilation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Female Circumcision or Female Genital Mutilation (FC/FGM) is the collective name given to several different traditional practices that involve the cutting of female genitals.
		It does not refer to minor forms of genital rituals, which may involve washing the tip of the clitoris, pricking it with a pin or separating and cleaning the foreskin (prepuce).
		An estimated 130 million girls and women in the world are genitally mutilated.
	www.rainbo.org /whoweare/FGM.html (155 words)

	Types of Female Genital Mutilation
		Female genital mutilation is usually performed by traditional practitioners, generally elderly women in the community specially designated for this task, or traditional birth attendants.
		Types I and II generally account for 80-85% of all female genital mutilation, although the proportion may vary greatly from country to country.
		Type IV female genital mutilation encompasses a variety of procedures, most of which are self-explanatory.
	www.circumstitions.com /FGM-defined.html (1009 words)

	Female Genital Mutilation
		Lightfoot-Klein, H. The sexual adjustment of genitally circumcised and infibulated females in the Sudan.
		Brady M. Female genital mutilation: complications and risk of HIV transmission.
		Female Genital Mutilation: A Report to the Attorney-General, prepared by the Family Law Council June 1994 (Australia).
	www.cirp.org /pages/female (499 words)

	Female Genital Mutilation
		The girls are typically between four and twelve years old, although in some areas females are circumcised in infancy while in others the ritual is not performed until shortly before the birth of a woman's first child.
		Sometimes the labia minora are removed as welL In the most radical form of female circumcision, known as infibulation, the labia majora are also cut away to leave raw surfaces that are then stitched together to cover the urethra and the vaginal opening with a hood of skin.
		Performed on an area endowed with a rich network of nerves and blood vessels, the extremely painful procedure often results in massive losses of blood; shock is common, and many girls have bled to death as a result.
	www.webcom.com /hrin/magazine/july96/fgm.html (1368 words)

	Female Genital Mutilation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		It is not intended that this provisional acceptance is a final approval of the content of any instruction and each judge may use or refuse any instruction as he or she sees fit[,]" according to law.
		The burden is on the State to prove the guilt of the Defendant beyond a reasonable doubt, and the Defendant is not required to prove himself innocent.
		Before the Defendant can be convicted of Female Genital Mutilation the State of West Virginia must overcome the presumption that he is innocent and prove to the satisfaction of the jury beyond a reasonable doubt that:
	www.state.wv.us /WVSCA/jury/crim/female.htm (266 words)

	Female Genital Mutilation -- Committee on Bioethics 102 (1): 153 -- AAP Policy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		FGM is most often performed between the ages of 4 and 10 years, although in some communities it may be practiced on infants
		Type II FGM, referred to as excision, is the removal of the entire clitoris and part or all of the labia minora (Fig 3).
		Crossette B. Female genital mutilation by immigrants is becoming cause for concern in the US.
	aappolicy.aappublications.org /cgi/content/full/pediatrics;102/1/153 (1966 words)

	Female genital mutilation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Assembly indicated that it endorses the position of the World Health Organisation, UNICEF, the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees and the UN Commission on Human Rights, which have described genital mutilation as torture and called for it to be banned and the perpetrators prosecuted.
		The resolution notes that, every year, 2 million women reaching the end of their pregnancies are at risk because they have suffered genital mutilation, and that the practice appears to be becoming increasingly common in Council of Europe member states, especially among immigrant communities.
		Genital mutilation should be regarded as inhuman and degrading treatment within the meaning of article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights, even if carried out under hygienic conditions by competent personnel.
	www.hri.ca /fortherecord2001/euro2001/vol1/fgm.htm (563 words)

	Contemporary Women's Issues Database: Female Genital Mutilation@ HighBeam Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Such norms are often referred to as traditional practices, which include those relating to children, relations between women and men, and marriage and sexuality.
		One deeply rooted traditional practice that has severe health consequences for girls and women is female genital mutilation.
		Female genital mutilation (FGM), sometimes referred to as female...
	highbeam.com /library/doc0.asp?DOCID=1P1:29003344&refid=ip_almanac_hf (161 words)

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