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Topic: Female sport

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	Topic #2: Gender and Sport
		Sports labeled as feminine seem to be those that allow women participants to act in accordance with the stereotyped expectations of femininity (such as being graceful and nonagressive) and that provide for beauty and aesthetic pleasure (based on largely male standards).
		It is acceptable for women to participate in sports such as gymnastics, swimming, and tennis where the female form is revealed and movements are, by definition graceful and non-confrontational, but involvement in sports with more body-to-body contact such as football, wrestling, and baseball is met with disapproval.
		Whenever there is a story concerning a female athlete achieving a milestone in a sport that is traditionally played by men, and vice versus, the attitude is commonly one of novelty and amusement, not one of respect and admiration.
	serendip.brynmawr.edu /local/scisoc/sports02/papers/klefebvre.html (1608 words)

	Women's History Then & Now - Women and Sport
		Sports have freed women, and continue to free women, from restrictive dress, behaviors, laws and customs-and from the belief that women can't or shouldn't achieve or compete or win" (Nelson xi).
		The beginning of women's sport were feeble but, "women's demand for sport and physical education were expressions of varied attempts at female liberation that would become increasingly evident as the century matured" (Vertinsky 63).
		As mentioned in the previous paragraph, sports were the true cause for the dress reform of the latter part of the Victorian era.
	www.cwrl.utexas.edu /~ulrich/femhist/sports.shtml (2135 words)

	Driscoll/Perspectives
		Sport was now seen as manly, and women who participated in competitive activity would damage their reproductive organs, promote promiscuity and have masculinizing effects.
		Female athletes, and to an extreme minority athletes, are underrepresented and their achievements are trivialized.
		This study focused on the number of articles reported regarding female and male athletes, the space given to photos as determined by inches, if the athletes were depicted as individuals or part of a team, whether the reporter was female or male, and the location of the article or photo.
	www.sonoma.edu /users/c/Carltone/ws/driscoll2.htm (3526 words)

	Advancing Women in Leadership Journal
		Sport has been a part of the "...official school program..." since the mid-1800s, and was originally incorporated into the curriculum to serve as "...an important line of defense..." against the potential feminization of American males by a growing female teaching profession (Sadker and Sadker, 1994, p.
		Sport was literally incorporated into the educational curriculum by men, for men, to serve men, evolving as a celebration of maleness, valuing strength, power, and competition.
		She found that female college athletes cited too much emphasis on winning, not enough playing time, and a lack of fun as primary reasons for dropping out of intercollegiate sports; that is, incompatibilities with the dominant male sport culture.
	www.advancingwomen.com /awl/winter2001/everhart_pemberton.html (4459 words)

	The Sport Journal: Volume9, Number4,Fall 2006:An Exploration of Female Athletes’ Experiences and Perceptions of ...
		Female coaches were more likely to forget details in practice, such as not keeping score of games, which led to lack of motivation during practice.
		The female players knew that they could discuss ‘most anything’ about the sport, certain plays or tactics with the male coaches, but nothing outside of practice or the game was “allowed to be discussed.” Whereas the athletes felt a variety of issues could be discussed with the female coaches.
		Female high school and college basketball players ranked the coaching qualities of “relating well to athletes” and understanding athletes’ feelings” as two of the top three desirable characteristics, and female coaches rated significantly higher than male coaches in demonstrating these qualities (Molstad and Whitaker, 1987).
	www.thesportjournal.org /2006Journal/Vol9-No4/Frey.asp (4661 words)

	Gender Barriers in Sport
		In this manner, society seems to use sport to reinforce gender ideals that are already in place, such as the strong man and the graceful woman.
		"Homophobia in sports serves as a way to control women, both gay and straight." Whether a woman is lesbian or straight, homophobia in sports and the society at large tends to discourage girls and women from pursuing traditionally "masculine" activities such as contact sports and team sports for fear of being labeled a homosexual.
		The labeling of both male and female athletes who participate in non-traditional sports is another of the ways in which society today discourages athletes from breaking through gender barriers.
	serendip.brynmawr.edu /local/scisoc/sports02/papers/kflanagan.html (1046 words)

	Women in Sport Films (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The purpose of this study was to analyze the status of females in sport films and specifically address some of the perceived effects of Title IX legislation in 1972.
		Sport films were classified based on their themes (story lines) and placed into six distinct categories: comedy, drama, romance, biography, horror, and mystery.
		Their quest for sport success may even be more laudable than other sport celebrities, whose stories have been told, because of the many obstacles endured in a male-dominated industry.
	instructional1.calstatela.edu /mdetlof/ENGL379/schedule/pearson.htm (5594 words)

	Australian Sports Commission - Women & Sport
		An area of women’s sport which is creating gender confusion, heated debate and for which gender verification has implications, is transgenders (specifically male to female) in sport.
		Female transgenders behave as ‘typically womanly’ as possible and avoid doing anything to tip their physical appearance over to the masculine side (and therefore tend to shy away from sport or significant training).Within the debate are several assumptions:
		In the event that the gender of a competing athlete is questioned, the medical delegate (or equivalent) of the relevant sporting body shall have the authority to take all appropriate measures for the determination of the gender of a competitor.
	www.ausport.gov.au /women/fstrans.asp (1898 words)

	Andrew Morgan - Sport (Science & Management)
		Roper argues that female sport psychologists do exist, with nearly half of the Association for the Advancement of Applied Sport Psychology's (AAASP) members in 2000 being female, although this is not necessarily reflected by the number of certified female consultants actually doing applied work.
		Since sport is a field which has long been dominated by men, both as athletes and in positions of power, the stereotypical views of females held by some men are a barrier to practising female consultants.
		Sport is often considered the "last male frontier", simply waiting for this to change is not the answer, it needs to be worked at.
	www.123freehost.co.uk /sites/psychological_prep4sport/default.asp (439 words)

	Southcoast Health System & Southcoast Hospitals Group
		Teen female athletes sometimes put themselves at risk for the development of osteoporosis and other problems when they exercise intensely and do not get enough calcium in their diet.
		Female athletes, particularly older athletes who may not be well-conditioned, are at increased risk for knee injuries such as tears of the anterior cruciate ligament.
		Female athletes should be encouraged to begin participation in physically active events at an early age.
	www.southcoast.org /sport/women.html (206 words)

	Sport Supplements, Round III..... Girls Gone Wild: Girls as the Next Target Market for Sports Dietary Supplements
		Never in the history of sports and athletics have females and especially young girls had the opportunity to participate at every level of sport.
		The male sports culture in American has been firmly established for half a century, and expectations for little boys growing up are woven into every community and neighborhood from coast to coast.
		Data collected with high school female student-athletes suggest that the most popular reasons reported for using sport supplements were for better health and to increase energy levels (47.3%).
	www.sports-media.org /sportapolisnewsletter27newlook.htm (1406 words)

	Runner's & Triathlete's Web Science of Sport: Female Athlete Triad
		But some younger women, particularly if they are embarking on a sporting or dance career, are vulnerable to a condition known as ‘the female triad’ (female athlete triad), a combination of three dysfunctions that can spiral their bodies into injury and very serious long-term health consequences.
		The female athlete triad is more common in sports where it is important for participants to keep within a strictly imposed weight threshold, and/or where the aesthetics of the sport demand that an athlete should be thin, for instance, ballet, running, gymnastics and swimming.
		The sports professionals dealing with the athlete, including the coach, must reassess their training methods and style to ensure that you are not unwittingly encouraging, or at least offering an excuse for the athlete to stick to her unhealthy pattern of behaviour.
	www.runnersweb.com /running/news/rw_news_20050922_PPO_Female_Triad.html (1237 words)

	Women's sports - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Women's level of play in all sports rose during the late 20th century, as women and girls were allowed and finally encouraged to devote themselves to training and practice.
		In western modern history, few women competed in sports until the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries; women athletes were frowned upon by society.
		For example, as of 2005, female boxers are still relatively uncommon, in contrast to female runners.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Female_sport (571 words)

	Games Yet to Be Played
		Female coaches were forced to accept the male athletic model because administrators were usually male and because Title IX required comparable expenditures for boys’ and girls’ sports.
		Positive female and male role models are especially important during early developmental stages, both in establishing concepts of female and male roles and competence and when examining career possibilities.
		Agencies and organizations dedicated to promoting opportunities for girls and women in education and sport responded to the research by designing and implementing program initiatives—some of which are documented here—to rectify the losses of women in sport leadership and to increase the number of girls and women of color in sport.
	www2.edc.org /WomensEquity/pubs/digests/digest-games.html (4421 words)

	Women, Gender and Sport in Africa February 24-25, 2006 - Ohio University (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		In the case of female sport managers, as perceptions of fair treatment in society change there is a corresponding change in the perception of fair treatment in the sport environment.
		The aim of this study was to examine the issue of fair treatment in women’s sport within the framework of organizational justice.
		Results indicated institutionalized practices that demonstrate responsiveness to global initiatives in women’s sport, consistency with the adopted new Family Law, and adaptation of the social trend to grant women more discretion in her choice of lifestyle have not occurred.
	www.ohiou.edu /sportsafrica/womengender/presentations/kim.htm (350 words)

	Lenzinfo - Female Sport (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Earlier in the month a group of ladies got together to form a sporting body to cater for female sport which according to them used to enjoy prominence amongst females many years ago.
		Female sports in Lenasia in the late 1960s and 1970s, especially netball was rife amongst the ladies.
		Female participation in various codes enjoy so much prominence and exposure throughout the world.
	www.lenzinfo.org.za /sport/female_sport030503.htm (329 words)

	women training \| female training \| sport (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Female cyclists health and nutrition: A guide to the proper care and feeding of female cyclists.
		Female and male athletes seem to respond to training in a comparable manner.
		Female training: The "rap sheet" on female athletes says that they don't recover from hard training as well as males do.
	www.pponline.co.uk /encyc/women.htm (1182 words)

	Female Sports
		Female students try to prove their abilities in this field.This definitely appeared in their achievements in several competetions and championships of the Jordanian universities teams.
		Their are 8 activities that are available in AL al-Bayt university to the females students.
		Each button gives you the page which explains the female's activity that you need.
	www.aabu.edu.jo /stu_affaires/sport/new_page_3.htm (82 words)

	BBC SPORT \| FOOTBALL \| Football set to be top female sport
		The suspicion was that the development of the game would suffer in the huge shadow thrown by their male counterparts.
		Overhauling the traditional schoolgirl sport - which is declining in popularity in the playground and fighting a battle to modernise its image - was one of the key goals identified by the FA in its strategy to develop the game.
		Simmons expects to be making an announcement soon on a major step towards implementing the professional league which she hopes to meet its 2003 deadline "or not far off it".
	news.bbc.co.uk /sport1/hi/football/1460457.stm (662 words)

	Male Sports
		Students at AL al-Bayt university who love sport try to do their best in an atempt to achieve several victories over their counterparts in the Jordanian universities.
		we will show you the sport activities that are practised by males.
		Their are 17 activities that are available in AL al-Bayt university, you can read about each of these activities by using the buttons that are found on the left side of this page.
	www.aabu.edu.jo /stu_affaires/sport/new_page_2.htm (94 words)

	Academy's Awards of Sport - Female Athlete of the Year Award
		At the end of the year, all 12 monthly selections are used to formulate the Athlete of the Year ballot, which is presented worldwide via the web from 1 through 24 December.
		The top vote getter — male or female — is awarded the Outstanding Athlete of the Year Award.
		The next highest male/female vote getters are named the Male and Female Athletes of the Year, respectively.
	www.asama.org /awards/Athletes/femaleAward.asp (141 words)

	Female Sport Biker Weekend 2006 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		A: The intentions of the FSBW are to give the Female Sport Biker an alternative to Black Bike Week in Myrtle Beach.
		The event will focus on the Female Sport Biker as an addition to the Bike Community as a peer and no longer a spectator of the sport.
		The founding club put together what is called the "Female Sport Biker Weekend Template" which acts as guidelines for the hosting club to follow.
	www.the-fsbw.com /faq.html (441 words)

	Female Bodybuilding Pictures (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The female bodybuilding pictures below are to support the sport of female bodybuilding.
		It is one of the hardest sports to master.
		Fitness competitions are slowly fizzing out due to the tough competition and stringent requirements one must meet to hang with the best.
	www.femalebodybuildingsite.com /gallery/index.htm (89 words)

	Female Sports Performance Resource: The Menstrual Cycle \| Jamie Carruthers
		Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 19(2): 11 1- 11 7.
		Female athletes are different from male athletes, and must train differently.
		Unfortunately, it has reached epidemic proportions in young female athletes where they are prone to this injury 7-10 times more than male athletes.
	www.strengthcats.com /femalesportperform.htm (2825 words)

	sport
		Murrell, A. and Dietz, B. Fan support of sports teams: The effects of a common group identity.
		Sport fans and support of teams: The effects of a common group identity.
		Center for the Study of Sport in Society
	www.users.muohio.edu /uhlerbd/sport.html (267 words)

	BBC SPORT \| Golf \| Female stars to get Open chance
		But in recent years women, led by Sorenstam and Wie, have shown an increased interest in trying to compete on level terms against men.
		In 2003 Sorenstam, the world's number one female golfer, became the first woman since 1945 to appear on the US Tour, finishing 96th out of 114 and missing the halfway cut by four strokes.
		By then Wie had played on the American second tier tour and the Canadian circuit and at the start of last year she hit the headlines by missing the cut by just one shot at the Sony Open in Hawaii at the age of 14.
	news.bbc.co.uk /sport2/hi/golf/4269809.stm (460 words)

	Galleries - Bodybuilding sports - Sport Recreation Outdoors Gear Advice Training Tips Sports Pro College Spectator ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Female Bodybuilders - This site is dedicated to all persons who like muscular women.
		Bill is best known for his photographs of female bodybuilders, but he has had a varied career outside of and in addition to this unusual speciality.
		Female muscle galleries of hot female bodybuilder and wrestlers.
	www.femalemuscle.com /008galleries.htm (293 words)

	ABC Sport - Tennis- Female tennis players threaten Athens boycott
		The world's top female tennis players may boycott this month's Olympics after the German Olympic Committee refused to send its top two women to Athens.
		Germany's exclusion of Anca Barna and Marlene Weingartner has drawn fire from not only the other players, but also officials from the Women's Tennis Association (WTA) tour.
		Scott and others plan to meet this week with some of the players at a WTA tournament in Montreal.
	www.abc.net.au /sport/content/200408/s1169267.htm (266 words)

	RTÉ.ie Sport - Female presence for Shergar Cup
		Two female jockeys will join their male colleagues for the first time in the Dubai Duty Free Shergar Cup.
		Joint champion British apprentice Hayley Turner will be on the Great Britain and Ireland Team, while Canada's Emma-Jayne Wilson will be riding for the Rest of the World in the tournament at Ascot on August 12.
		'The 2006 Dubai Duty Free Shergar Cup is going to be a ground-breaking competition, with two young female Flat jockeys put under the spotlight for the first time in this country alongside many of the world's greatest male riders,' said Shergar Cup event manager Alistair Haggis.
	www.rte.ie /sport/2006/0624/shergarcup.html?rss (206 words)

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