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Topic: Femtoliter

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	Untitled Document
		We perform a proof-of-concept binding assay using enzymatic signal amplification in an array of femtoliter sized reaction vessels.
		The current limit of detection (LOD) for binding streptavidin- b -galactosidase (S b G) to a biotinylated femtoliter array is 2.6 amoles (150 m L of 17 fM solution) using a target incubation time of 1 hour.
		A portion of the fiber array for each S b G binding experiment containing (a) 128amol, (b) 51 amol, (c) 25 amol, (d) 7.5 amol, (e) 2.6 amol, and one of the two (f) controls, showing a representative number of active versus inactive reaction chambers.
	ase.tufts.edu /chemistry/walt/research/projects/SMD.htm (375 words)

	On-Demand Droplet Spotter for Preparing Pico- to Femtoliter Droplets on Surfaces (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		On-Demand Droplet Spotter for Preparing Pico- to Femtoliter Droplets on Surfaces
		A droplet spotter for on-demand generation of pico- to femtoliter droplets was developed to meet the requirement for high-density spotting of chemicals on a surface.
		The microarray was prepared by spotting ~30-fL droplets of a dye solution on a surface at the density of one spot per 20 × 20
	pubs.acs.org /cgi-bin/abstract.cgi/ancham/2001/73/i08/abs/ac0012039.html (163 words)

	Biomedical Instrumentation and Diagnostics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Nerve cells can be grown on the patterned surfaces of the biosensors, and these cells can then receive and transmit neuroelectrical impulses, monitoring brain function.
		New methods for efficient DNA sequencing are emerging, as well as new techniques for integrating optical devices for spectroscopy on femtoliter volumes.
		Genetic medicine is another rapidly growing area of interest, with special focus on determining when genes are expressed as proteins.
	www.bme.cornell.edu /research/instrumentation.cfm (244 words)

	Paired Electrosynthesis at the Femtoliter Scale: Formation of 9,10-Anthracenedione from the Oxidation of Anthracene and ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Paired Electrosynthesis at the Femtoliter Scale: Formation of 9,10-Anthracenedione from the Oxidation of Anthracene and Reduction of Dioxygen
		In particular, the oxidation of anthracene is coupled with the simultaneous reduction of dioxygen in acetonitrile to yield the anthracene radical cation and the superoxide anion.
		These latter react within a femtoliter scale volume to form initially 9,10-dihydro-9,10-epidioxyanthracene, which rearranges into 9,10-anthracenedione and, presumably, dihydrogen via an electron transfer catalyzed process.
	pubs.acs.org /cgi-bin/abstract.cgi/jacsat/1996/118/i06/abs/ja952600h.html (159 words)

	Lab Description
		To acquire and separate picoliter samples from single cell cytoplasm, extremely small capillary bores are needed for the electrophoresis system.
		Using amperometric detection, capillaries with inner diameter as small as 430 nanometers have been used to acquire and separate femtoliter samples.
		Another goal is to determine changes in a representative protein profile (mini-proteome) of single nerve cells during synapse formation and when exposed to environmentally important agents.
	www.psu.edu /spacegrant/wiser/college/ewing.html (359 words)

	Test tubes go microscopic - Cell Signaling Update - Signaling Gateway
		Now, in the ultimate pipetting nightmare, researchers at the University of Tokyo report in Nature Biotechnology the creation of arrays containing hundreds of microchambers, or test tubes, that are measured not in microliters or even nanoliters, but in femtoliters (Rondelez et al., 2005a).
		They used this as a template to mold sheets of PDMS containing hundreds of micron-sized chambers that hold as little as 1.4 femtoliters of liquid when filled.
		But Noji and colleagues reasoned that with femtoliter chambers this would be possible, and to test this, they added a low concentration of the enzyme
	www.signaling-gateway.org /update/updates/200504/nmeth0405-244a.html (638 words)

	The smallest bioreactor - Cell Signaling Update - Signaling Gateway
		Laboratories are going nanoscopic as microfluidic technologies make it increasingly possible to study biochemical reactions in ever-shrinking volumes.
		Toward this effort, an innovative method for the encapsulation of single cells or single organelles in picoliter to femtoliter aqueous droplets was recently introduced by Daniel Chiu and colleagues at the University of Washington.
		In a recent paper from Analytical Chemistry, Chiu and colleagues describe two strategies that combine microfluidic droplet generation techniques with optical trapping to selectively and stably encapsulate a single cell or organelle.
	www.signaling-gateway.org /update/updates/200505/nmeth0505-326.html (561 words)

	Chemistry Department \| Brandeis University
		Their ultimate goal is to better understand the mechanisms of synaptic memory formation.
		The volume in which reactions occur at the synapse is extremely small, in what is identified as "sub-femtoliter range" (one femtoliter is a millionth of a billionth of a liter).
		Those reactions occur under far-from-equilibrium conditions, where there may be only a few copies of key molecules.
	www.chem.brandeis.edu /Epstein_Grant.html (405 words)

	Levitation
		However, this resolution can be improved by several orders of magnitude.
		It has volume about 15 femtoliter and weight 150 femtonewtons.
		By controlling tilt angle with resolution of 0.1 millirad, it is feasible to calibrate force acting on the droplet with resolution 15 attonewtons.
	levitation.physics.tamu.edu /incline.html (323 words)

	ORPA/OPL: (00-1715-1)
		Researchers at Princeton University have developed a novel technique for fast, parallel and accurate placement of ultra-small volumes of liquids on a chemically pre-patterned surface.
		This new technique is able to deposit liquid droplets down to the femtoliter range in a reproducible and precise manner with control over shape and volume of the droplets on prepatterned glass, silicon, or polymeric surfaces.
		It is anticipated that this technique can be used for chemical or biological assays requiring reactions, analysis or synthesis at the microscale.
	www.princeton.edu /~patents/TT/dockets/1715.htm (177 words)

	Femtoliter Courses from MediaLab, Inc.
		Access all 34 courses and 81 competency assessments for only $195 (facilities up to 25 employees).
		Below you'll find the MediaLab courses that cover femtoliter and links to relevant pages within the course.
		Which of the following RBC indices is expressed in femtoliters?
	www.medialabinc.net /keyword-details.asp?keyword=femtoliter (177 words)

	Directed Evolution in Microreactors
		In different rounds of directed evolution we select for specificity as well as for activity (=kcat).
		Linking the genotype/phenotype via a bead we transcribe and translate single genes in microdroplet microreactors (size ~ 5 femtoliter).
		By using antibodies targeting acetylated lysine residues we can analyze 10 high 9 mutants per day by FACS.
	www.nsti.org /Nanotech2006/showabstract.html?absno=485 (311 words)

	Femtoliter (fL), Eastern North Carolina, NC
		Femtoliter (fL), Eastern North Carolina, NC To search for a specific phrase enclose that phrase in quotes.
		A femtoliter (fL) is a measure of volume that is equal to one-quadrillionth of a liter.
		Healthwise disclaims any liability for the decisions you make based on this information.
	www.uhseast.com /138926.cfm (119 words)

	Picoliter to femtoliter liquid array micro-dispensers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		We have developped a DNA-injector for mass spectrometry which allows us to manipulate liquids in the femtoliter range (www-samlab.unine.ch).
		We are currently developping a micro-device (based on the silicon technology) for liquid handling which enables to dipense arrays of small droplets (0.01 to 0.5 pl) over a test-plate.
		LRIG™ is a trademark of the Laboratory Robotics Interest Group
	lab-robotics.org /_disc_Web_Discuss/00000056.htm (119 words)

	PARC Acoustic Droplet Dispensing (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Nozzleless droplet ejection from open reservoirs of fluid (e.g.
		Droplet volumes from 1 femtoliter (aerosol mist) to 10 nanoliters, with control of ± 2%
		High ejection rate -- for example, 2 picoliter drops at 50 kHz firing rate
	www.parc.xerox.com /research/projects/dropletdispensing/acoustic.html (312 words)

	Microfabricated arrays of femtoliter chambers allow single molecule enzymology - Nature Biotechnology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Microfabricated arrays of femtoliter chambers allow single molecule enzymology - Nature Biotechnology
		Journal home > Archive > Table of Contents > Research > Letters > Abstract
		We used it to tightly enclose volumes of solution, as low as femtoliters, over long periods of time.
	www.nature.com /nbt/journal/v23/n3/abs/nbt1072.html;jsessionid=A64204AD21668E2E73379678458A1366 (323 words)

	CELLULAR SORTING WITH FEMTOLITER FLUID DISPLACEMENT FOR INTEGRATED FLOW CYTOMETRY SYSTEMS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		CELLULAR SORTING WITH FEMTOLITER FLUID DISPLACEMENT FOR INTEGRATED FLOW CYTOMETRY SYSTEMS
		An acousto-optical microfluidic flow cytometer featuring femtoliter fluid-displacement was demonstrated with cellular sorting efficiencies at upwards of 99% at 5kHz frequency actuation.
		Simulation and validation was performed using Reynolds Stress Model for turbulent particle flows.
	www.jacobsschool.ucsd.edu /RE/abstract/index.sfe?id=448 (195 words)

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