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Topic: Fenestra ovalis

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	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The anterior foramen pierces the ventromedial wall of the anterior ampullar recess and transmits vestibular branches of the vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) to the semicircular canals.
		The fenestra ovalis (‘foramen ovale’ of Oelrich 1956; ‘fenestra vestibuli’ of Jollie 1960) is a subelliptical opening whose anterior margin is formed by the prootic and posterior margin by the otooccipital.
		Ventral to the fenestra ovalis, the prootic and otooccipital are in contact again, forming, respectively, the anterior and posterior margins of the cavum cochleare.
	palaeo-electronica.org /2005_1/bever4/descrip.htm (5366 words)

	Estes, R., 1961
		Posteriorly, the fenestra ovalis is confluent with the jugular foramen through a distinct channel, which lies entirely within the opisthotic and emerges within the jugular foramen near its external opening.
		The fenestra ovalis is separated from the "unossified region" by an anterior process of the opisthotic.
		Anteriorly, the vestibule of the fenestra ovalis is confluent with the cochlear and saccular recesses.
	www.ucmp.berkeley.edu /synapsids/rowe/estes.html (4321 words)

	EAR - LoveToKnow Article on EAR (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The inner wall shows a promontory caused by the cochlea and grooved by the tympanic plexus of nerves; above and behind it is the fenestra ovalis, while below and behind the fenestra rotunda is seen, closed by a membrane.
		Curving round, above and behind the promontory and fenestiae, is a ridge caused by the aqueductus Fallopii or canal for the facial nerve.
		The two branches of the stapes are anterior and posterior, while the footplate fits into the fenestra ovalis and is bound to it by a membrane.
	www.87.1911encyclopedia.org /E/EA/EAR.htm (960 words)

	Ultradarwinian: The Braincase of Syntarsus rhodesiensis: Not so Birdy After All (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The bar of opisthotic separating the fenestra ovalis from the metotic foramen is reduced to a slender crista.
		A protrusion of bone from the caudal margin of the prootic was interpreted by Whetstone as the remnant of an “interfenestral” bridge subdividing the fenestra ovalis dorsally from the fenestra pseudorotunda ventrally.
		He subsequently argued that the projection of bone from this threshold was thus the crista intefenestralis and thus, the opening rostral to the crista was solely the fenestra ovalis, whereas that caudal thereto, corresponded to the fenestra pseudorotunda.
	ultradarwinian.gnxp.com /archives/002968.html (1545 words)

	Palaeos Vertebrates: Glossary F-G
		Fenestra exonaria: the external nares, the "nostril." Thus, the anterior nares in non-choanates is the fenestra exonaria anterior.
		Fenestra ovalis: the oval window in the inner ear which communicates with the stapes or columella, and with the operculum if present.
		Fenestra pseudorotunda: a structure in reptiles functionally analogous to the fenestra rotunda of mammals, i.e.
	www.palaeos.com /Vertebrates/Lists/Glossary/GlossaryFG.html (2443 words)

	Gray, Henry. 1918. Anatomy of the Human Body. Page 1040 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The fenestra vestibuli (fenestra ovalis) is a reniform opening leading from the tympanic cavity into the vestibule of the internal ear; its long diameter is horizontal, and its convex border is upward.
		The fenestra cochleæ (fenestra rotunda) is situated below and a little behind the fenestra vestibuli, from which it is separated by a rounded elevation, the promontory.
		It is placed at the bottom of a funnel-shaped depression and, in the macerated bone, leads into the cochlea of the internal ear; in the fresh state it is closed by a membrane, the secondary tympanic membrane, which is concave toward the tympanic cavity, convex toward the cochlea.
	www.bartleby.com /107/pages/page1040.html (379 words)

	Stapes
		The stapes or stirrup is the stirrup-shaped small bone or ossicle in the\nmiddle ear which attaches the incus to the fenestra ovalis, the "oval window" which is adjacent to the vestibule of the inner ear.
		It is the smallest bone in the human body.
		The stapes transmits the sound vibrations from the incus to the\nmembrane of the fenestra ovalis.
	encyclopedia.codeboy.net /wikipedia/s/st/stapes.html (108 words)

	Fenestra ovalis - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The fenestra ovalis or oval window is a membrane-covered opening which leads from the middle ear to the vestibule of the inner ear.
		Vibrations arriving at the eardrum are transmitted via the interacting ossicles from the middle ear through the membrane of the fenestra ovalis to the inner ear.
		This page was last modified 01:08, 5 October 2005.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Fenestra_ovalis (75 words)

	[No title]
		Postorbital bar parallels the quadrate, with the infratemporal fenestra rectangular in shape (0), jugal and postorbital approach or contact the quadratojugal to constrict the infratemporal fenestra (1).
		A small fenestra variously termed the "accessory antorbital fenestra" or the "maxillary fenestra" penetrates the medial wall of the antorbital fossa rostral to the antorbital fenestra in a variety of coelurosaurs and other theropods.
		Supratemporal fenestra: bounded laterally and caudally by the squamosal (0), extended as a fossa onto the dorsal surface of the squamosal (1).
	www.ucpress.edu /books/pages/2601001/Dino6.1OrnithoDesc.doc (4715 words)

	Earliest known tetrapod braincase and the evolution of the stapes and fenestra ovalis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Earliest known tetrapod braincase and the evolution of the stapes and fenestra ovalis
		The fenestra ovalis is shown to be derived directly from the vestibular fontanelle
		As in other tetrapods, the stapedial footplate of Acan-thostega fitted into the fenestra ovalis, but instead of being free to vibrate as part of an ear, was firmly held there, forming a major component of the braincase wall.
	www.nature.com /nature/journal/v369/n6479/abs/369392a0.html (450 words)

	Fenestra ovalis -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The fenestra ovalis or oval window is a membrane-covered
		Vibrations arriving at the (The membrane in the ear that vibrates to sound) eardrum are transmitted via the interacting
		(A small bone; especially one in the middle ear) ossicles from the middle ear through the membrane of the fenestra ovalis
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/f/fe/fenestra_ovalis.htm (110 words)

	The Protoavis controversy - EvoWiki (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		protractor pterygoidei et quadrati, with associated confluence of the orbits with the temporal fenestrae, thus facilitating prokinesis.
		The otic capsule in allegedly organized in avian fashion, with three distinct foramina arranged as such: fenestra ovalis, fenestra pseudorotunda, and the caudal tympanic recess, with a bony metotic strut positioned between the fenestra pseudorotunda and caudal tympanic recess (Chatterjee 1991, 1997).
		Chatterjee omits in his 1997 account of the braincase, the presence of a substantial post-temporal fenestra, which in all Aves (including the urvogel), is reduced or absent altogether (Currie 1995, Paul 2002), and the lack of a pneumatic sinus on the paroccipital (Currie 1995).
	www.evowiki.org /index.php/The_Protoavis_controversy (4219 words)

	Ossicles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The stapes articulates with the incus and is attached to the membrane of the fenestra ovalis, the elliptical or oval window or opening between the middle ear and the vestibule of the inner ear.
		As sound waves vibrate the eardrum (tympanic membrane), it in turn moves the nearest ossicle, the malleus to which it is attached.
		The malleus then transmits the vibrations, via the incus, to the stapes, and so ultimately to the membrane of the fenestra ovalis, the opening to the vestibule of the inner ear.
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/O/Ossicles.htm (354 words)

	[No title]
		Subotic recess (pneumatic fossa ventral to fenestra ovalis) absent (0) or present (1) Basisphenoid recess present between basisphenoid and basioccipital (0) or entirely within basisphenoid (1) or absent (2).
		A small fenestra, variously termed the accessory antorbital fenestra or maxillary fenestra, penetrates the medial wall of the antorbital fossa anterior to the antorbital fenestra in a variety of coelurosaurs and other theropods.
		Supratemporal fenestra bounded laterally and posteriorly by the squamosal (0) or supratemporal fenestra extended as a fossa on to the dorsal surface of the squamosal (1).
	www.nature.com /nature/journal/v431/n7010/extref/nature02898-s1.doc (5183 words)

	Ohr/ear
		Sound waves are transmitted through the auditory meatus and cause the eardrum (tympanic membrane) to vibrate.
		These vibrations are transmitted through the three small bones (ossicles) of the middle ear to the fenestra ovalis, which leads to the inner ear.
		A duct (the Eustachian tube) connects the middle ear to the back of the throat (pharynx), enabling the release of pressure that builds up in the middle ear.
	www.lichtensteiger.de /ohr.html (313 words)

	FENESTRA OVALIS Meaning and Definition - Dictionary - eLook.org
		FENESTRA OVALIS Meaning and Definition - Dictionary - eLook.org
		[noun] fenestra that has the base of the stapes attached to it
		Synonyms: fenestra vestibuli, oval window, fenestra of the vestibule
	www.elook.org /dictionary/fenestra-ovalis.html (30 words)

	MSN Encarta - Dictionary - fenestra
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		either of two cavities fenestra rotunda, fenestra ovalis inside the ear
	encarta.msn.com /dictionary_1861610975_1861610975/nextpage.html (86 words)

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