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	Fenian - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Fenian is a term used since the 1860s for an Irish nationalist who espouses or is perceived to espouse violence against British rule, usually by people opposed to their aims.
		The Fenian Brotherhood, the IRB's American branch, was founded in 1858 by John O'Mahony, Michael Doheny (1805–1863), and Stephens, to gain Irish-American support for armed rebellion in Ireland.
		"Fenian" is the sole epitaph on the headstone of Thomas J. Clarke, in Glasnevin Cemetery in Dublin.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Fenians (376 words)

	Fenianism
		Fenianism, a form of militant Irish American nationalism, arose after the failed 1848 rebellion in Ireland amid the nativism and poverty facing Famine-generation Irish in America.
		The Fenian Brotherhood, a secret society formed in New York in 1858 to promote Irish independence, found a home among the roughly 20,000 Irish immigrants living in Chicago on the eve of the Civil War.
		Initially, the brotherhood spread slowly because of its condemnation by the Roman Catholic church as a secret society, factional disputes between American and Irish branches of the movement, and the reluctance of many Irish to endorse the Fenians' advocacy of violence.
	www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org /pages/445.html (431 words)

	Encyclopedia article: Fenian Brotherhood (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-05)
		However, the Fenians never gained much hold on the tenant-farmers or agricultural labourers in Ireland; the movement was also denounced by the Catholic Church (Any of several churches claiming to have maintained historical continuity with the original Christian Church), as indeed were all Irish separatist movements that advocated the use of force.
		Fenian units involved in the Buffalo crossing were the 7th Buffalo (NY), 18th Ohio, 13th Tennessee, and 17th Kentucky Fenian (additional info and facts about Fenian) Regiments, and an independent Company from Indiana.
		In concert with the Irish rebellion, a bold move on the part of the Fenian circles in Lancashire (A historical area of northwestern England on the Irish Sea; noted for textiles) had been concerted in co-operation with the movement in Ireland.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/f/fe/fenian_brotherhood.htm (2097 words)

	Read about Fenian Brotherhood at WorldVillage Encyclopedia. Research Fenian Brotherhood and learn about Fenian ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-05)
		However, the Fenians never gained much hold on the tenant-farmers or agricultural labourers in Ireland; the movement was also denounced by the Catholic Church, as indeed were all Irish separatist movements that advocated the use of force.
		September 18, while Kelly and Deasy were being conveyed through the city from the courthouse, the prison van was attacked by Fenians armed with revolvers, and in the scuffle police-sergeant Brett, who was seated inside the van, was shot dead.
		Charles Stewart Parnell, MP; and the political conspiracy of the Fenians was combined with the agrarian revolution inaugurated by the Land League.
	encyclopedia.worldvillage.com /s/b/Fenian_Brotherhood (2247 words)

	D. C. Masters - Fenian Raids
		The American branch, known as the Fenian Brotherhood, was named after the Fenians (Fiann) who were the legendary defenders of Ireland in the time of Finn.
		On the Quebec frontier, 1,800 Fenians, under General Spier, on June 7 crossed the border from St. Alban's at Pigeon hill and captured the villages of Frelighsburg and St. Armand.
		Further west on the Huntingdon frontier a force of Fenians crossed the border on May 27 near Holebrooke's Corners, and took up a strong position, but fled precipitately at the approach of a combined force of regulars and volunteers.
	www2.marianopolis.edu /quebechistory/encyclopedia/D.C.Masters-FenianRaids.htm (908 words)

	Patricia Lopez
		Fenian Movement, which was organized 1858, started as a secret revolutionary society in Ireland and the United States.
		It's been said that threat of the Fenians was a major cause for the union of the provinces into the alliance that became Canada.
		While the Fenian Brotherhoods did not achieve their goal of a Free Ireland, they did successfully pass the desire of liberty to the next generation.
	www.udayton.edu /~compfun/ENG102/2003/ENG102-P/PatriciaL/paper_1.htm (1550 words)

	Search Results for "Fenian"
		Fenian movement, (fe´nen) (KEY) or Fenians, secret revolutionary society organized c.1858 in Ireland and the United States to achieve Irish independence from England...
		In the Fenian rebellion, 1866, the chief movers were called Head Centres, and their subordinates...
		The American Irishmen created a counterpart to the IRB in the Fenian Brotherhood (April 1859) and the Clan na Gael (1877), which followed...
	www.bartleby.com /cgi-bin/texis/webinator/sitesearch?FILTER=&query=Fenian (247 words)

	Fenian movement on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-05)
		It was known variously as the Fenian Brotherhood, Fenian Society, Irish Republican Brotherhood, and Irish-American Brotherhood.
		The name derives from the ancient Irish Fenians, a professional military corps that roamed over ancient Ireland (c.3d cent.) in the service of the high kings.
		The Church, the State, and the Fenian Threat, 1861-75.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/F/Fenianmo.asp (289 words)

	Fenian Brotherhood Collection
		The Fenians were established in Ireland and the United States in 1858 with the avowed purpose of overthrowing British rule in Ireland and establishing an Irish Republic.
		The American wing mounted two short-lived invasions of Canada in 1866 and 1870 and the Irish Fenians launched a small rebellion in Ireland in 1867.
		The bulk of the collection is concentrated in the 1860s through 1880s, but it also includes assorted newspapers and pamphlets from the 1850s to the early 1900s that address a wide range of topics in Irish history and nationalism.
	www.aladin.wrlc.org /gsdl/collect/fenian/fenian.shtml (207 words)

	The Fenian Movement (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-05)
		The Fenians were members of the so-called Fenian movement in Ireland and elsewhere, though primarily America and England.
		By the very nature of what they wanted, those elements within the Fenian movement who were prepared to use violence to advance their cause, had to remain secret.
		The activities of the Fenians were partly responsible for spurring William Gladstone into his stated mission – "to pacify Ireland".
	www.historylearningsite.co.uk /fenian_movement.htm (893 words)

	Danielle Carone
		The Fenian Brotherhood started a movement that influenced Britain’s and the United States’ foreign and domestic policies (Walker).
		The Fenian Movement was denounced by the Catholic Church and the archbishop of Dublin, Paul Cullen, resisted the strategies of this secret society (Rafferty 257).
		Spalding told Cullen that publicly denouncing Fenianism due to the influence of the government in their favor that the public would disapprove (Rafferty 260).
	www.udayton.edu /~compfun/ENG102/2003/ENG102-P/DanielleC/paper1.htm (982 words)

	Triskelle - Irish History - Fenian Movement
		The Fenian Brotherhood was the first modern organisation to use the name Fenian or Fenian Movement, which became the umbrella term for all groups striving for an independent Ireland.
		The Fenian Brotherhood was founded in the United States by ex-deportees and immigrated Irish.
		The original Fenians, or Fianna Éireann, was a legendary elite-corps which served the Ard Righ, or High King, made up from members from many different tribes which crossed the country protecting the peace under the Kings of Ireland.
	www.vincentpeters.nl /triskelle/history/fenianmovement.php?index=060.100 (159 words)

	The Fenians (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-05)
		It had its roots in both the United States and Ireland and was popularly known as The Fenian Movement, in honour of the Fianna, the ancient Irish warriors.
		It has been suggested that the threat of the Fenians was a major cause for the union of provinces into the confederation that became Canada.
		While the Fenian Brotherhoods did not actually achieve their goal of a Free Ireland, they did successfully pass the flame of liberty to the next generation.
	www.irishclans.com /articles/fenians.html (912 words)

	Lalor, Cyclopaedia of Political Science, V.2, Entry 63, FENIANS: Library of Economics and Liberty
		The organization of the Fenians was, therefore, a society of men who trusted to the force of arms, and the object of the conspiracy is sufficiently indicated by the name.
		But in proportion as the Fenians became more demonstrative and active, the vigilance of the British government was increased, and before the Fenians were ready to take a decided step, their hopes of succeeding before long in their revolutionary enterprise were suddenly dashed to pieces.
		The Fenian conspiracy had now come to its last and most desperate stage, in which it totally lost its political character; its organization was reduced to a state of anarchy, and the further doings of the Fenian combatants were simply the deeds of murderers and incendiaries.
	www.econlib.org /library/YPDBooks/Lalor/llCy454.html (1647 words)

	The Irish Invasion of Canada
		While known as Fenians during the Civil War, the military arm of the Brotherhood which was to be established after the War, was to be known as the Irish Republican Army (the I.R.A.) the letters emblazoned on the buttons of their green Civil-War-style uniforms.
		The Fenian leaders, many of whom were themselves veterans of the Civil War, were now in command of an estimated 25,000 Irish veterans from both Union and Confederate armies -- better trained and equipped to do battle than ever before in Irish history.
		Despite the Fenian Army’s numerical superiority, once Meade had deprived them of the means to carry out and sustain a fight and Grant had sealed off the Niagara River crossings, the unarmed troops massed along the border were unable to continue the invasion.
	www.bivouacbooks.com /bbv2i3s6.htm (2773 words)

	Titles
		Constitution and bylaws of the Fenian Brotherhood : adopted in convention held in the city of New York, August 1870
		Constitution and bylaws of the Fenian Brotherhood : as adopted at the Fourteenth General Convention, held in the city of New York, 1876
		Constitution and bylaws of the Fenian Brotherhood : as adopted at the Twelfth General Convention, held in the city of New York, August, 1873
	www.aladin.wrlc.org /gsdl/cgi-bin/library?e=q-000-00---0fenian--00-0-0-0prompt-14-Document---0-1l--1-en-10000---20-preferences---001-001-0-0isoZz-8859Zz-1-0&a=d&cl=CL1 (438 words)

	Finding Aid for the Fenian Brotherhood Records at ACUA
		The collection is divided into two series.The Fenian Brotherhood Papers contain documents related to the activities of the Fenian Brotherhood in the United States.The Personal Papers of Jeremiah O’Donovan Rossa contain documents related to the personal affairs of O’Donovan Rossa, outside of his role in the Fenian Brotherhood.
		The first sub-series in the Fenian Brotherhood Papers consists of correspondence to and from various prominent people involved in the formation of the Brotherhood.In addition to J. O’Donovan Rossa (1831-1915), there is correspondence to and from several of the founders and co-founders of the Fenian Brotherhood.
		The fifth sub-series (Fenian Publications) consists ofofficial Fenian Brotherhood publications and other printed materials which discuss the activities of the Fenians.This includes proceedings of Fenian Conventions, versions of the Fenian Constitution, versions of the Fenian By-Laws, and speeches made to the organization.
	libraries.cua.edu /achrcua/fenian.html (1229 words)

	Straight Dope Staff Report: Did the U.S. plan an invasion of Canada in the 1920s? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-05)
		Aside from the War of 1812 and the Fenian revolt in the 1860s, both of which were directed at England, I always thought U.S./Canada relations were pretty friendly.
		The Fenian Brotherhood (pronounced "fee-nee-an"), made up of Irish immigrants in the U.S., was the American branch of the Irish Revolutionary Brotherhood.
		As one of the leaders put it in a letter to a prisoner, "I regret to tell you that you are not going to be hanged." Except for one who died in prison, the men were all pardoned and released within a few years.
	www.straightdope.com /mailbag/mcanadawar.html (2973 words)

	Fenian Invasions of Canada
		John O'Mahony headed the IRB's American wing, popularly known as the Fenian Brotherhood, which was composed of immigrants and Irish Americans whose ultimate goal was to free Ireland from British rule.
		While the IRB's original ambitions were limited to Ireland itself, a militant Fenian faction, led by William Roberts, advocated extending the war of liberation to British North America, an idea that gained popularity after the IRB leadership in Ireland was infiltrated and most of its leadership, including Stephens, was captured in September 1865.
		After that incident, the Fenian threat must have seemed considerably less formidable on the northern side of the border, but with O'Mahony discredited, Roberts was in fact left in a better position to organize the radical Fenians.
	www.thehistorynet.com /mh/blfenianinvasionsofcanada (1365 words)

	Fenian Brotherhood
		However, the Fenians never gained much hold on the tenant-farmers or agricultural labourers in Ireland, the movement was denounced by the Catholic Church.
		The Fenian "Secretary for War" was General T.W. Sweeny, who was struck off the American army list from January 1865 to November 1866.
		In December 1867, John O'Neill became president of the Brotherhood in America, which in the following year held a great convention in Philadelphia attended by over 400 properly accredited delegates, while 6000 Fenian soldiers, armed and in uniform, paraded the streets.
	www.fact-index.com /f/fe/fenian_brotherhood.html (1653 words)

	Michael Sheedy
		The United Brotherhood, now known as the Clan Na Gael, was started, and the club,known as No 1,but the name of which I cannot now remember, was formed.
		The intention of Mr Sheady was that the United Brotherhood should be a tender to the Fenian Brotherhood by assisting them with money when they took any decided step for the advancement of Irish freedom.
		The fact is that Mr Sheady, as he stated publicly at the time,modeled the United Brotherhood, or Clan na Gael as it is now known, on the plan of the Masonic order, there being very little difference between their workings or even the titles of the officers.
	www.hotkey.net.au /~jwilliams4/michel10.htm (1720 words)

	A Brief History of the
		The Fenians, helpless to prevent thousands of Irishmen from joining to serve in the Union and Confederate armies, changed their stance and began to praise the Civil War as a training ground for the coming battle in Ireland.
		The Fenians and the IRB were secret organizations whose members swore an oath, before God, to take their orders from the Brotherhood.
		John Devoy, not really a Fenian as he was a member of the IRB in Dublin in 1866 when arrested for recruiting British Irish-born soldiers into the IRB, was leader of the group which followed in the footsteps of the Fenian Brotherhood.
	freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com /~mruddy/fenian3.htm (970 words)

	The Last Invasion of Canada: The Fenian Raids, 1866-1870. by W.S. Neidhardt (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-05)
		The Fenians and Canada, published in 1978, had focused primarily on the political aspects of the Fenian movement.
		The short-lived Fenian military success at Ridgeway was the highwater mark in the military fortunes of the Fenian Brotherhood.
		While the Fenians did actually launch another raid on Canadian territory a few days after Ridgeway, their invasion of the Eastern Townships and the subsequent hostilities at Pigeon Hill were not the stuff of which great military battles are made.
	www.utpjournals.com /product/chr/734/invasion14.html (818 words)

	Fenian movement. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		In 1867 a ship, renamed Erin’s Hope, was outfitted and sailed to Ireland, but the Fenians aboard were captured in their attempt to land.
		The long-range effect of the Fenian movement was to draw the attention of the English Parliament to Irish problems.
		The Fenian movement continued until World War I, but its influence was largely drawn off into new organizations, notably Sinn Féin, founded by Arthur Griffith, a former Fenian.
	www.bartleby.com /65/fe/Fenianmo.html (565 words)

	W3Perl - Histoire - Irlande - The Fenian Movement (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-05)
		Fenianism was strongly supported by Irish emigrants in America.
		Kelly had made his headquarters in England, where Fenianism had strong support among Irish emigrants, and had earlier failed in an attack on Chester Castle to capture arms and ammunition.
		However, the Irish Republican Brotherhood preserved the ideal of total separation from Great Britain, and some Fenians were active in new organisations like the Land League and the Gaelic League.
	www.w3perl.com /www/histoire/irlande/fenian.html (634 words)

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