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	Fennel - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) is the most important species in the genus Foeniculum (treated as the sole species by many botanists), and is native to southern Europe (especially by the Mediterranean) and southwestern Asia.
		Fennel is widely cultivated both in its native range and elsewhere of for its edible, strongly flavoured leaves and seeds.
		Fennel is thought to be one of the nine herbs held sacred by the Anglo-Saxons.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Fennel (829 words)

	Fennel
		Culpeper recommended fennel to break kidney stones, to relieve gout, as an antidote for mushroom poisoning, a detoxifyer of the liver, to cure colic in infants, and to relieve congestion of the lungs.
		Fennel was one of the four "warming seeds" and declared by the Anglo-Saxons to be one of the nine sacred herbs that would cure the nine causes of medieval diseases.
		Fennel, a native to the Mediterranean, was introduced to Europe in the eighth century by the emperor Charlemagne, who cultivated the herb on his imperial farms in Germany.
	www.herbalmusings.com /Fennel.htm (654 words)

	FENNEL (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Fennel, Foeniculum vulgare Mill., is an erect growing perennial herb native to southern Europe and the Mediterranean area.
		The reported life zone of fennel is 4 to 27 degrees centigrade with an annual precipitation of 0.3 to 2.6 meters and a soil pH of 4.8 to 8.3 (4.1-31).
		Fennel is generally recognized as safe for human consumption when used as a spice/natural flavoring or as an essential oil/oleoresin (21 CFR sections 182.10, 182.20 [1982]).
	www.hort.purdue.edu /newcrop/med-aro/factsheets/FENNEL.html (625 words)

	Fennel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Fennel is an ancient remedy for strengthening the sight, and was used as an eyewash for soreness, tiredness, inflammation and infections of the eyes.
		Fennel has been recommended for the treatment of a variety of ailments but chiefly as a carminative, that is, an agent which helps expel gas to relieve flatulence.
		Fennel is essential for the classic Provencal dish Grillade au Fenouil, in which grilled sea bass, red mullet, or trout is flamed in brandy on a bed of dried fennel stalks.
	www.herbs2000.com /herbs/herbs_fennel.htm (1881 words)

	Fennel
		Fennel is truly a vegetable and should not be confused with the herb, sweet anise.
		Fennel is very popular in Europe and until recently was found primarily in Italian and specialty markets in the United States.
		Fennel is grown primarily in Italy, France, Greece, and the United States.
	www.tonytantillo.com /vegetables/fennel.html (505 words)

	botanical.com - A Modern Herbal \| Fennel - Herb Profile and Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Fennel shoots, Fennel water and Fennel seed are all mentioned in an ancient record of Spanish agriculture dating A.D. The diffusion of the plant in Central Europe was stimulated by Charlemagne, who enjoined its cultivation on the imperial farms.
		It was formerly the practice to boil Fennel with all fish, and it was mainly cultivated in kitchen gardens for this purpose.
		Fennel tea, formerly also employed as a carminative, is made by pouring half a pint of boiling water on a teaspoonful of bruised Fennel seeds.
	www.botanical.com /botanical/mgmh/f/fennel01.html (2613 words)

	fennel
		A native to the Mediterranean, Fennel is an ancient and common plant known to the ancient Greeks and spread throughout Europe by Imperial Rome.
		As a herb, fennel leaves are used in French and Italian cuisine’s in sauces for fish and in mayonnaise.
		Fennel is a hardy perennial related to parsley, often cultivated as an annual, reaching heights of 1.5 - 2.5 m (5 - 8 ft).
	www.theepicentre.com /Spices/fennel.html (447 words)

	Fennel
		Fennel is a licorice- or anise-flavored annual with leaves resembling dill.
		Fennel grown for seed may be seeded directly and allowed to bolt, flower, and set seed.
		Fennel seed is also said to act as an appetite suppressant when chewed, though sources differ on this point.
	www.landscape-america.com /herbs/fennel.html (491 words)

	Crop Tips and Recipes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Fennel is a native of southern Europe, where it was cultivated and used as medicine, food, insect repellent, and herb.
		Fennel has a distinctive anise-like taste and has vitamin A, calcium, potassium and iron.
		Toss the fennel with the lemon juice; then add the olive oil, salt, sugar, a generous sprinkling of pepper, and chopped parsley.
	www.brookfieldfarm.org /fennel.htm (217 words)

	Out of the Frying Pan! Herb & Spice Encyclopedia: Fennel
		"Fennel" actually refers to different parts of two closely related plants, one used primarily as a vegetable, and one used primarily to yield fennel seeds.
		Florence fennel is cultivated primarily for the bulb, the bottom of the plant, which looks a bit like celery on steroids.
		Fennel seeds are a component of Chinese five-spice.
	www.outofthefryingpan.com /spices/fennel.shtml (220 words)

	Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare)
		With its umbels of tiny yellow flowers and dark green or bronze wispy leaves, fennel is a decorative addition to the herbaceous border where it makes a good background plant.
		Fennel can be grown as an annual, although the established roots will overwinter easily.
		Fennel is an effective treatment for respiratory congestion and is a common ingredient in cough remedies.
	www.gardenguides.com /herbs/fennel.htm (364 words)

	Fennel Seed
		Fennel Seed is the oval, green or yellowishbrown dried fruit of Foeniculum vulgare, a member of the parsley family.
		Fennel goes well with fish and is used in Italian sausages and some curry powder mixes.
		Fennel is native to southern Europe and the Mediterranean area.
	www.culinarycafe.com /Spices_Herbs/Fennel_Seed.html (126 words)

	Fennel Seed
		The fennel seed is used in herbal medicine as a remedy for colic (in combination with chamomile, vervain, licorice and lemon balm), gastrointestinal pains, bronchitis, and heart burn.
		The major chemical compound found in fennel, terpenoid anethole, is believed to be responsible for fennel's ability to inhibit spasms in smooth muscles such as those in the intestinal tract.
		This is thought to contribute to fennel's use as a carminative, a gas-relieving and gastrointestinal tract cramp-relieving agent.
	www.nutrasanus.com /fennel.html (219 words)

	Fennel
		Fennel is a biennial or perennial grown as an annual for its pungent swollen leafbases (not a true bulb), leaves, and seeds.
		Bronze fennel is the same as the common, leaf, or sweet fennel and only varies in colour, although it does not bulb at the base as the Florence fennel does.
		Fennel should not be planted near beans, kohlrabi, and tomatoes as it will have a detrimental affect on their growth.
	www.innvista.com /health/foods/vegetables/fennel.htm (804 words)

	Gale Encyclopedia of Alternative Medicine: Fennel
		Fennel has a thick, spindle-shaped taproot that produces a pithy, smooth or finely-fluted round stem that may reach to 6 ft (1.8 m) in height.
		Fennel was recommended as an herb for weight reduction, "to make people more lean that are too fat," according to the seventeenth century herbalist and astrologer Nicholas Culpeper.
		Fennel has naturalized in most temperate areas of the world, and is extensively cultivated for medicinal, ornamental, and culinary uses.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_g2603/is_0003/ai_2603000359 (538 words)

	Fennel - Foeniculum Vulgare - History, organic growing
		Fennel comes from the Umbelliferae family and is a hardy, perennial herb.
		Fennel is a hardy perennial which grows naturally over most of Europe and is considered indigenous to the Mediterranean area.
		Fennel tea can be used as a carminative with antispasmodic effect that can be used against cramps of the digestive tract in combination with flatulence.
	www.selfsufficientish.com /fennel.htm (1331 words)

	Fennel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Fennel is available through the fall and winter at many supermarkets and greengrocers, especially in Italian neighborhoods.
		The fennel bulbs should be firm and clean, the stalks straight, and the feathery fronds fresh and green; if flowers are present on the stalks, the bulb is overmature.
		Fennel adapts well to several cooking methods, all of which soften its crispness and mellow its rather striking flavor.
	www.wholehealthmd.com /refshelf/foods_view/1,1523,20,00.html (755 words)

	Crop Profiles - Arizona
		Fennel is grown in Maricopa and Yuma Counties.
		During the fennel-growing season, temperatures in Arizona range from 90°F to 30°F. In Arizona, fennel is mostly grown on soils that range from a clay loam to a sandy loam with a pH of 7.5-8.0.
		Fennel that has been damaged by looper feeding or that is contaminated with larvae or larvae frass is unmarketable.
	pestdata.ncsu.edu /cropprofiles/docs/azfennel.html (10757 words)

	fennel. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		In literature and legend fennel is a symbol of flattery, a remedy for failing eyesight, and an aphrodisiac.
		The dog fennels are members of the family Asteraceae (aster family).
		Fennel is classified in the division Magnoliophyta, class Magnoliopsida, order Apiales, family Umbelliferae.
	www.bartleby.com /65/fe/fennel.html (166 words)

	Fennel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Fennel 25Backdrops of fine, feathery foliage are one of the most effective ways of showing off brightly coloured, annual or perennial blossom.
		The well-known herb, fennel, is ideal for creating this effect and is in its prime at this time of year.
		Once fennel is established in the garden, you will probably find a good supply of self-sown seedlings appearing in neighbouring beds, borders, and gravel paths in late spring.
	www.arcadian-archives.com /fennel.htm (490 words)

	Fennel: A New Specialty Vegetable (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Fennel was one of the specialty vegetables that appeared to have a promising future in this country.
		Fennel, a perennial herb of the carrot family, is grown as an annual and has a tendency to bolt, a periodic problem with the splitting of the bulb and formation of excessive side shoots within the bulb.
		Finnochio fennel oil contains less anethole and higher limonene than sweet or bitter fennel oils which are grown commercially for the seeds (technically the fruit), yet higher anethole levels than traditional sweet fennel foliage.
	www.hort.purdue.edu /newcrop/NewCropsNews/93-3-1/fennel.html (731 words)

	iHerb: HerbalGram The Journal of the American Botanical Council (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Aqueous infusion of bitter fennel seed increased the transport velocity of the isolated ciliated epithelium of a frog esophagus by 12% (ESCOP, 1997; Leung and Foster, 1996; M ller-Limmroth and Frhlich, 1980).
		Fennel administered orally increased the spontaneous movement of the unanesthetized rabbit stomach and taken intravenously reduced the inhibition of stomach movement by sodium pentobarbitone (Niiho et al., 1977).
		Fennel syrup and fennel honey are used for catarrh of the upper respiratory tract in children.
	www.herbalgram.org /iherb/expandedcommissione/he034.asp (1792 words)

	Fabulous, Feathery Fennel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Fennel oil helps neutralize toxicity in the body so it is great for use after drinking too much alcohol or in smoking.
		In laboratory studies, fennel oil was found to increase movement of the stomach and counteracted spasms of the smooth gut muscles.
		Fennel was a prized vegetable in the Middle Ages and American Colonists brought fennel to North America where it is still used and appreciated today.
	www.chamomiletimes.com /articles/fennel.htm (1714 words)

	McCormick - Spice Encyclopedia - Fennel
		Fennel is the dried, ripe fruit of the perennial Foeniculum vulgare.
		Fennel is used in curry blends, Chinese five spice, mirepoix, and herbes de Provence.
		Fennel is generally described as having a sweet aromatic flavor and aroma that is similar to Anise (licorice-like) but less intense.
	www.mccormick.com /content.cfm?id=8205 (267 words)

	fennel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Their heady and memorable flavor, reminiscent of licorice and anise, is familiar to most people because fennel seeds are routinely used in rye bread.
		In addition to keeping fennel as a kitchen staple, people in China, Europe, and other parts of the world continue to use fennel seeds in teas, tinctures, and compresses to relieve myriad ailments, including stomach upset, gas, and coughs.
		Because pure fennel oil contains concentrated levels of a female sex hormone, it's risky for women who are pregnant or breast-feeding, or for those who have a hormone-sensitive condition such as breast cancer.
	www.wholehealthmd.com /refshelf/substances_view/1,1525,849,00.html (369 words)

	Fennel.
		It is also known as fennel oil, uikyo yo oil as well as foeniculum vulgare oil.
		Fennel has a herby, slightly spicy smell, much like aniseed and it is clear in color.
		In high concentrations, fennel oil is contra-indicated for people suffering from epilepsy as well as pregnant women, but the concentrations used in our skincare products do not come near such concentrations, but due care should be taken.
	www.dermaxime.com /fennel.htm (450 words)

	Fennel - Steve Manfredi - www.smh.com.au
		The bulbous Florence fennel is the one mostly sold at greengrocers.
		Cook the fennel by simmering in water until each wedge has softened, though it should still be a little firm.
		Fill the folds of the fennel wedges with finely grated parmesan, season each with salt and pepper and place on a roasting tray that has been brushed with olive oil.
	www.smh.com.au /articles/2004/09/03/1093939124138.html?from=storyrhs (528 words)

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