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	Ferdinand
		Ferdinand I of Austria - 1793-1875; became emperor 1835.
		Ferdinand IV, Archduke of Austria, duke of Modena.
		Ferdinand IV of Castile and Leon[?] - 1285-1312; became king 1295.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/fe/Ferdinand.html (241 words)

	First World War.com - Who's Who - Tsar Ferdinand I
		Although Tsar Ferdinand I of Bulgaria (1861-1948) was one of many monarchs to lose his throne in 1918, he had shown remarkable ability to retain it till the end in the face of civil disturbance, revolution and military defeat.
		Born on 26 February 1861 in Vienna, Ferdinand was the youngest son of Prince Augustus I of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha.
		Having survived revolution in Bulgaria towards the close of the war, Ferdinand was finally forced to abdicate by the Allies in early October 1918 in favour of his son Boris III, having surrendered to the allies in late September.
	www.firstworldwar.com /bio/ferdinand_bulgaria.htm (585 words)

	Bulgaria.com - History, Rulers of Bulgaria - Tsar Ferdinand (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		When in the summer of 1887 Prince Ferdinand arrived to Vidin, he was apparently full of ambitions to build a powerful state and to lay the foundations of a lasting Coburg dynasty.
		Ferdinand's historic merit is that he did not stand in the way of that development, but in many ways encouraged the modernization of the country.
		He failed to consult the government or the National Assembly about Bulgaria's entry into the Second Balkan War in the summer of 1913 and the alliance with Germany and Austro-Hungary during World War I. It was his desire for fame that fuelled his overinflated self-confidence and resulted in two national disasters in 1913 and 1919.
	www.bulgaria.com /history/rulers/ferdinand.html (781 words)

	Ferdinand I of Bulgaria - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Ferdinand I of Bulgaria (February 26, 1861 - September 10, 1948), born Prince Ferdinand Maximilian Karl Leopold Maria of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, was the Prince Regnant and later King of Bulgaria as well as an author, botanist and philatelist.
		Ferdinand was born in Vienna, a prince of the Kohary branch of the ducal family of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha.
		Bulgaria's domestic political life was dominated during the early years of his reign by liberal party leader Stefan Stambolov, whose foreign policy saw a marked cooling in relations with Russia, formerly seen as Bulgaria's protector.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ferdinand_of_Bulgaria (852 words)

	Welcome to Bulgaria
		Bulgaria's climate is typical of the Balkan Peninsula: moderately continental in the north and northwest (with colder winters) and Mediterranean (with summer drought) in the southeast and in the Mesta and Struma river valleys.
		Nearly two-fifths of Bulgaria's land is arable, and a fourth of this is irrigated (mostly in the southeast during the summer dry season).
		Bulgaria's defeat in 1918 forced Ferdinand's abdication and the accession of his son, The interwar years were a period of economic crisis and political extremism and violence.
	www.bgusworld.com /HTML1996/WEBHISTO.HTM (2129 words)

	Bulgaria: history (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Bulgaria was occupied by the Slav people who spread across the area between the Danube and the Aegean Sea in the 7th and 6th centuries BC.
		Ferdinand surrendered to the Allies in 1918 and abdicated in favor of his son Boris.
		Bulgaria was the USSRâs closest ally among the Warsaw Pact countries, and in 1968 Bulgarian troops accompanied Soviet troops in the invasion of Czechoslovakia.
	gbgm-umc.org /country_profiles/country_history.cfm?Id=223 (3383 words)

	Propaganda Postcards of the Great War, Centrals: Heads of State
		Kingdom of Bulgaria : Ferdinand I (1861 - 1948) Reign : 1887 - 1918.
		Ferdinand was a Prince of the German House of Sachsen - Coburg when he was recruited to assume the throne of the Principality of Bulgaria.
		Ferdinand was 54 years old and in the 28th years of his reign in 1915, the year in which Bulgaria entered World War One on the side of the Central Powers.
	www.ww1-propaganda-cards.com /centrals_heads_of_state.html (802 words)

	Bulgaria
		This league, comprising Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece, and Montenegro, declared war on Turkey in 1912 and was victorious, largely because of the Bulgarian army.
		Bulgaria was defeated, and Ferdinand abdicated on Oct. 4, 1918, in favor of his son, Boris III.
		Bulgaria was defeated, and Ferdinand abdicated on October 4, 1918, in favor of his son, Boris III.
	website.lineone.net /~johnbidmead/bulgaria.htm (1339 words)

	Ferdinand - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		A grandnephew of Ernest I of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, he was chosen prince of Bulgaria after the enforced abdication of Prince Alexander.
		In the hope of recovering most of Macedonia, lost to Serbia and Greece by the Treaty of Bucharest (1913), Ferdinand in 1915 joined the Central Powers in World War I. In 1917 the tide of war turned against Bulgaria, and in 1918, Ferdinand was forced to abdicate in favor of his son, Boris III.
		Ferdinand left Bulgaria to spend most of the rest of his life at Coburg, Germany.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-ferdibul.html (619 words)

	NationMaster - Statistics on Bulgaria. 1868 facts and figures, stats and information on Bulgarian economy, crime, ...
		In succeeding centuries, Bulgaria struggled with the Byzantine Empire to assert its place in the Balkans, but by the end of the 14th century the country was overrun by the Ottoman Turks.
		Northern Bulgaria attained autonomy in 1878 and all of Bulgaria became independent from the Ottoman Empire in 1908.
		Bulgaria was never part of Russian empire or USSR and actually was the first country in the world that accepted Cyrillic as an official alphabet.
	www.nationmaster.com /country/bu-bulgaria (1419 words)

	Ferdinand I of Romania Summary
		Ferdinand was crowned king of Greater Romania at Alba lulia on Oct. 15, 1922.
		Born in Sigmaringen in southwestern Germany, the originally catholic Prince Ferdinand of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen was a son of prince Leopold of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen and princess Antonia of Portugal (1845-1913), daughter of Queen Maria II and her consort, Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha.
		Ferdinand's mother's first cousin Ferdinand I of Bulgaria sat on the throne of the neighboring Bulgaria since 1889 and was to become the greatest opponent of the kingdom of his Romanian cousins.
	www.bookrags.com /Ferdinand_I_of_Romania (1098 words)

	FAQ server : Bulgaria (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Ferdinand I (Maximilian-Karl-Leopold-Maria) of Coburg-Gotha, Tsar (King) of the Bulgarians was born in Vienna on February 26, 1861.
		Prince Ferdinand won the support of the new Russian Tsar, Nicholas I, by baptizing Boris, heir to the Bulgarian throne, in the Eastern Orthodox faith in 1896.
		The betrayal of Bulgaria by her ex-allies Serbia, Montenegro and Greece influenced Tsar Ferdinand to accept his government's policy decision to side with the Central Powers during World War I, which Bulgaria entered in 1915.
	www1.cs.columbia.edu /~radev/cgi-bin/faqserver.cgi?ferdinand (541 words)

	History of Bulgaria
		Ferdinand Saxe-Coburg Gotha, Bulgarian Prince since 1887, proclaimed Bulgaria 's independence from Turkey and in 1908 became king of the Bulgarian people.
		Bulgaria took part in the Balkan War (1912) and fought together with Serbia and Greece for the freedom of Thrace and Macedonia.
		Bulgaria won that war, but in the subsequent war among the allies (1913) it was defeated by Romania, Turkey and by its earlier allies, who tore from her territories with a Bulgarian population.
	www.best-of-bulgaria-property.com /bulgaria/ferdinand-saxe-coburg.htm (601 words)

	BULGARIA
		Bulgaria (Bulgarian: България), officially the Republic of Bulgaria (Bulgarian: Република България), is a country in Southeastern Europe.
		Bulgaria was the only country that saved its entire Jewish population (around 50,000) from the Nazi camps by refusing to comply with a 31 August 1943 resolution.
		Bulgaria joined NATO on 29 March 2004 and is set to join the European Union at the earliest on 1 January 2007 after signing the Treaty of Accession on 25 April 2005.
	www.solarnavigator.net /geography/bulgaria.htm (899 words)

	The Economy and Economic History of Bulgaria (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Bulgaria had reasons to align itself either with the Central Power coalition of the German Empire and the Austro-Hungarian Empire or the Entente of the Empires of Britain, France and Russia.
		Bulgaria and the Commencement of World War II From the end of World War I Bulgaria's major trading partner was Germany.
		Bulgaria in World War II Bulgaria participated in the German invasions of Greece and Yugoslavia only to the extent of occupying Thrace and Macedonia, territories to which Bulgaria had some historical claim.
	www2.sjsu.edu /faculty/watkins/bulgaria.htm (5592 words)

	Bulgaria Press, Media, TV, Radio, Newspapers
		Prince Alexander's decision to block increasing Russian influence in Bulgaria by denying the permit for the construction of a railroad for Russia in Bulgaria and the increased presence of the Russian army in Bulgaria led to a serious split between the two nations.
		Until September 1946 and the abolishment of the monarchy, Bulgaria rapidly witnessed the closure of the media, suppression of political parties and the execution of their leaders, and the conversion of a capitalistic economy to a Communist one.
		Bulgaria began major reforms within the government's bureaucracy, particularly its judicial system, which previously was subject to executive influence, corruption, and structural and staffing problems.
	www.pressreference.com /Be-Co/Bulgaria.html (6561 words)

	Bulgaria in the Second World War
		Bulgaria was a province of the Ottoman Empire from the 14th century until support from Russia enabled it to become an autonomous principality in 1878.
		Bulgaria's parliament was elected by manhood suffrage and had the power to veto royal legislation.
		Bulgaria was defeated in six weeks and as a result lost Bulgarian-speaking parts of Macedonia and the coastal region of Dobrudja.
	www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /2WWbulgaria.htm (461 words)

	Bulgaria - DECADES OF NATIONAL CONSOLIDATION
		Radical factions in Bulgaria were persuaded to lower their goals from annexation of Macedonia and Thrace to a union between Bulgaria and Eastern Rumelia.
		Inspired by the 1905 uprisings in Russia, a series of riots and demonstrations between 1905 and 1908 were a reaction by workers, the poor, and some of the intelligentsia to several issues: domestic repression, government corruption, and the handling of the Macedonian issue.
		While the Turks were preoccupied with that situation, Ferdinand nationalized the Bulgarian section of his main international rail line and declared himself tsar of a fully independent Bulgaria.
	countrystudies.us /bulgaria/11.htm (2442 words)

	Bulgarian Property from Bulgaria Property Investment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Bulgaria is roughly the same size as England, and is located on the Balkan Peninsula surrounded by the Black Sea to the east which links it also to Russia, Ukraine, and Georgia., Romania to the north, Serbia and Macedonia to the West, and Greece and Turkey to the South.
		The process of successful growth was curtailed as a result of the adventurism of king Ferdinand I, which led to the catastrophes of 1913, when the country had to wage simultaneous wars against Serbia, Montenegro, Greece, Turkey, and Romania, and of 1918, during the war against the Entente countries.
		Bulgaria was the only ally of Hitler's Germany which did not allow the killing of its Jewish citizens.
	www.bulgaria-property-investment.co.uk /bulgaria.html (3467 words)

	Camelot Village: Britain's Heritage and History
		Bulgaria, which was once an important empire, was overrun first by the Byzantines and then by the Ottoman Turks.
		In 1887, led by Stefan Stambuloff (1854-95), the Bulgarians re-united north and south Bulgaria and elected Prince Ferdinand of Coburg, a relation of Queen Victoria, as their ruler.
		Ferdinand and his Russian friends probably conspired in Stambuloff's assassination in 1895.
	www.camelotintl.com /world/02ferdinand_of_coburg.html (217 words)

	BULGARIA - Royalty - Old Vintage Antique Postcard Postcards
		The First Balkan War (1912-1913) : Portraits of King Ferdinand I of Bulgaria, King George I of Greece, Nikola I of Montenegro and Peter I of Serbia.
		The First Balkan War (1912-1913) : Map of the Balkan Peninsula and portraits of King Ferdinand I of Bulgaria, King George I of Greece, Nikola I of Montenegro and Peter I of Serbia.
		The First Balkan War (1912-1913) : Portraits of King Ferdinand I of Bulgaria, King George I of Greece, Nikola I of Montenegro and Peter I of Serbia and View of a trench near Edirne (Andrinople).
	www.postcardman.net /bulgaria_royalty.html (360 words)

	First World War.com - Primary Documents - Tsar Ferdinand of Bulgaria's Abdication, 4 October 1918
		Following the overwhelming Allied victory in the Vardar Offensive of September 1918 and Prime Minister Malinov's decision to negotiate an armistice, Tsar Ferdinand's position became untenable.
		By reason of a succession of events which have occurred in my kingdom and which demand a sacrifice from each citizen, even to the surrendering of one's self for the well-being of all, I desire to give as the first example the sacrifice of myself.
		I call upon all faithful subjects and true patriots to unite as one man about the throne of King Boris, to lift the country from its difficult situation and to elevate new Bulgaria to the height to which it is predestined.
	www.firstworldwar.com /source/abdication_ferdinand.htm (236 words)

	Bulgaria: Punch Cartoons From World War I (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		THE thug with the dagger is Ferdinand (1861—1948), who was czar of Bulgaria from 1908 to 1918, after being ruling prince from 1887 to 1908.
		In all the Punch cartoons on this and subsequent pages, he personifies Bulgaria, and receives the treatment meted out to all enemies of Britain during World War I, being held up, alternately, to ridicule and righteous execration.
		He was, however, a grandnephew of Ernest I of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, and was chosen as prince of Bulgaria after the enforced abdication of Prince Alexander.
	nzsf.com /Bulgaria/index.html (281 words)

	AllRefer.com - Ferdinand, czar of Bulgaria (Bulgarian History, Biography) - Encyclopedia
		Ferdinand 1861–1948, czar of Bulgaria (1908–18), after being ruling prince (1887–1908).
		In 1908, taking advantage of the Young Turk revolution in Constantinople and the annexation of nominally Ottoman Bosnia and Hercegovina by Austria, Ferdinand proclaimed the full independence of Bulgaria from the Ottoman Empire and proclaimed himself czar.
		The four allies, attacking the Ottomans, were victorious in the first of the Balkan Wars (1912–13), but in the second Balkan War (1913) Bulgaria suffered a humiliating defeat by Serbia, Greece, Romania, and the Ottomans.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/F/FerdiBul.html (328 words)

	The Ottoman Sultans of Turkey & Successors in Romania
		Thus King Ferdinand was the grandson of a first cousin of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert (Ferdinand of Portugal, the brother of Augustus, Prince of Coburg, who was the father of Ferdinand of Bulgaria), and he married one of their own granddaughters, Marie of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha.
		Claimed by Bulgaria and seized by Serbia in the Balkan Wars, Macedonia was nevertheless allowed to leave Yugoslavia in 1991 with a minimum of hassle.
		Bulgaria seems to have given up claims to Macedonia, but I am still not clear whether Macedonian is or is not a dialect of Bulgaria.
	www.friesian.com /turkia.htm (12137 words)

	Stambuliski, Alexander - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		He was a leader of the Peasants' party and by 1911 had become head of the opposition to Czar Ferdinand of Bulgaria.
		He was jailed (1915-18) for opposing the entry of Bulgaria into World War I on the side of the Central Powers.
		After Ferdinand's deposition and the accession of Boris III, Stambuliski became premier (1919) and virtual dictator (1920).
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-stambuli.html (166 words)

	Yordan Radichkov: the improbable Bulgarian.
		Yordan Radichkov was born in 1929 at Kalimanitsi, a village in northeastern Bulgaria which is today submerged beneath the waters behind a dam.
		Bulgaria was going through a complex period, to say the least.
		The universal core of Bulgaria is to be found at the crossroads of these two routes.
	www.unesco.org /courier/1999_01/uk/dires/txt1.htm (2883 words)

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