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Topic: Ferdinand I of Tuscany

	Leopold II of Tuscany Information - TextSheet.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Leopold II was the son of the grand-duke Ferdinand III of Tuscany, whom he succeeded in 1824.
		The revolution in Milan and Vienna aroused a fever of patriotic enthusiasm in Tuscany, where war against Austria was demanded; Leopold, giving way to popular pressure, sent a force of regulars and volunteers to co-operate with Piedmont in the Lombard campaign.
		Leopold of Tuscany was a well-meaning, not unkindly man, and fonder of his subjects than were the other Italian despots, but he was weak, and too closely bound by family ties and Habsburg traditions ever to become a real Liberal.
	pyro.sferahost.com /encyclopedia/l/le/leopold_ii_of_tuscany.html (1149 words)

	Ferdinand
		Ferdinand I of Austria - 1793-1875; became emperor 1835.
		Ferdinand IV, Archduke of Austria, duke of Modena.
		Ferdinand of Austria, Cardinal-Infante of Spain - 1618-1641
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/f/fe/ferdinand.html (324 words)

	NINETEENTH GENERATION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Grand Duke Ferdinand III of TUSCANY was born in 1769 in Austria - son of Leopold II.
		He Ruled Grand Duchy of Tuscany between 1790 and 1801.
		He Regained Duchy of Tuscany between 1814 and 1824.
	home.att.net /~hamiltonclan/hamilton/gilbert/d11089.htm (46 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Tuscany
		Tuscany, or Tuscia as it was called in the Middle Ages, became a part of the Frankish Empire during the reign of Charlemagne and was formed a margravate, the margrave of which was also made the ruler several times of the Duchy of Spoleto and Camerino.
		During the French Revolution Ferdinand lost his duchy in 1789 and 1800; it was given to Duke Louis of Parma on 1 October, under the name of the Kingdom of Etruria.
		In 1807 Tuscany was united directly with the French Empire, and Napoleon made his sister Eliza Bacciocchi its administrator with the title of grand duchess.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/15103b.htm (2049 words)

	Tuscany
		Christina, Grand Duchess of Tuscany Christina of Lorraine or Chretienne de Lorraine (Nancy, was the daughter of Charles...
		She was the daughter of Ferdinand IV of Tuscany and his second wife Alicia...
		Rulers of Tuscany 6 Habsburg-Lorraine Grand Dukes of Tuscany, 1814-1860 Unofficial Medici Rulers of Florence, 1434-1531...
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /topics/tuscany.html (140 words)

	Hapsburgs
		Ferdinand I of Austria and Hungary served as Emperor of Austria (1835-48) and King of Hungary (1830-48).
		Ferdinand II served as Holy Roman emperor (1619-1637), King of Bohemia (1617-1619), and King of Hungary (1621-1625).
		As a Habsburg, Ferdinand became Holy Roman Emperor in 1619 and, allied with Bavaria and the Catholic League, defeated the Bohemians at the Battle of White Mountain in 1620.
	www.geocities.com /historyofaustria/habsburgs.html (6790 words)

	Austrian (Tuscany Line) Royal Family
		See 26.2 - Ferdinand became Grand Duke of Tuscany in 1790 when it was ceded to him by his father Leopold (on becoming Holy Roman Emperor).
		See 26.7 - Ferdinand lost his throne when Tuscany was united with Sardinia on 22 March 1860.
		Ferdinand lost his throne when Tuscany was united with Sardinia on 22 March 1860.
	www.btinternet.com /~allan_raymond/Austrian_Tuscany_Royal_Family.htm (1060 words)

	Italy
		Tuscany was one of the major divisions of the Kingdom of Italy under Carolingian rule and later.
		This was Ferdinand's third marriage, so it did not contribute any heirs to Austria, but their own daughter Eleonore, after marriage to an ephemeral King of Poland, married Duke Charles IV of Lorraine.
		This time the Hapsburgs were a bit more fertile, and Tuscany remained in the line of Ferdinand, except for exile during the Revolutionary Era (1801-1814), until the Unification of Italy, when Tuscany voted to join the Kingdom of Sardinia, soon to become the Kingdom of Italy.
	www.friesian.com /italia.htm (9544 words)

	History of geology--Steno
		Ferdinand II of Medici was wealthy and gave Steno considerable freedom.
		His 1667 report is a timid, cautious appendix to a treatise on muscles; it is nonetheless clear that he understood the organic origin of fossils.
		He envisaged six stages for the geological formation of Tuscany, which he thought might be global in occurrence.
	academic.emporia.edu /aberjame/histgeol/steno/steno.htm (1133 words)

	Ferdinand IV, Grand Duke of Tuscany - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Ferdinand IV von Österreich, (titled Ferdinando IV, Granduca di Toscana) (10 June 1835 - 17 January 1908) was the son of Leopold II, Grand Duke of Tuscany.
		He was crowned Grand Duke of Tuscany in 1859 after his father's abdication, but never reigned and was deposed in 1860 when Tuscany was annexed to Italy.
		His full name and title was HI and RH Ferdinando IV Salvatore Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Battista Francesco Lodovico Gonzaga Raffaele Ranerio Gennaro Grand Duke of Tuscany, Prince Imperial and Archduke of Austria, Prince Royal of Hungary and Bohemia.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ferdinand_IV_of_Tuscany (245 words)

	Ferdinand II -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		He was the son of the future King Francis I and the Spanish infanta María Isabel, a member of the branch of the House of Bourbon that had ruled Naples and Sicily from 1734.
		By their marriage in October 1469, Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella of Castile initiated a confederation of the two kingdoms that became the basis for the unification of Spain.
		Marcos, Ferdinand E. The annual salary of Ferdinand Marcos as president of the Philippines was 5,700 dollars.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article?tocId=9034024 (690 words)

	Index to royal Genealogical Data - ordered by forename - part 37 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Ferdinand I of Tuscany, Grand Duke of Tuscany de' Medici, b.
		Ferdinand IV of Naples, King of Naples and Sicily de Bourbon, b.
		Ferdinand V "The Catholic" of Spain, King of Spain 1st, b.
	www.dcs.hull.ac.uk /genealogy/royal/gedFx37.html (596 words)

	Ferdinand
		Ferdinand is a Germanic name, although it was never common in medieval German lands.
		Most famously, it was born by Ferdinand II, or V, (1452-1516) husband to Queen Isabella, and patron of Columbus.
		In the 16th century, Ferdinand made a brief reappearance in England by supporters of Queen Mary and her Spanish husband, Philip.
	www.geocities.com /edgarbook/names/f/ferdinand.html (246 words)

	Heraldry in Tuscany
		After Mathilde left her estates to the Pope in 1115, the line of local imperial representatives was broken, and the cities of Tuscany increasingly asserted their independence, although they were racked by internal strife between partisans of the Emperor (the Ghibellines) and those of the Papacy (the Guelfs).
		Arms of the grand-dukes of Tuscany, from the base of a statue of Ferdinand III in Arezzo.
		In 1791 he ceded Tuscany to his younger son Ferdinand III (1769-1824), who ruled until a Napoleonic interruption: the treaty of Lunéville(Feb 9, 1801) transferred Tuscany to the Bourbon-Parma family.
	www.heraldica.org /topics/national/tuscany.htm (2241 words)

	SweeTuscany © Vacations in Tuscany: Accommodations in chianti - Hotels - Farm Holidays - Bed and breakfast - ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Ferdinand appointed Galileo to the professorship of mathematics at the university of Pisa in 1588.
		In the year of his accession, Ferdinand married Christina of Lorraine (1565-1637), who was the grand daughter of Catherine de' Medici, Queen of France.
		Cosimo II Cosimo's son, Ferdinand II (1610-1670) was just ten years old when he became Grand Duke, and until his majority the government was carried on by the two Grand Duchesses, Cosimo's mother Christina of Lorraine, and Cosimo's wife, Maria Magdalena of Austria, the sister of the Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II.
	www.sweetuscany.com /villa_apartment/florence_Mugello.php (385 words)

	Feldmarschall-Leutnant Karl Manussi von Montesole
		Karl Ferdinand Manussi was born on the 24th of May 1843 in Vienna as son of the city official Ferdinand Karl Manussi (1809-1887) and his first wife Anna Maria born Laporta (1815-1860).
		The kaiserliche Rat and Truchseß Ferdinand Karl Manussi was a well known Viennese philanthropist, especially engaged in the care of the blind as president of the Blinden-Versorgungs- und Beschäftigungsanstalt at Wien-Josefstadt.
		Together with his older brother Ferdinand, he joined the Mexican Volunteer Corps on the 31st of August 1864, but unlike Ferdinand he was transferred as an Unterlieutenant 1st class in the Jäger-unit, followed by the promotion to Oberleutnant on the 9th of October 1865.
	www.austro-hungarian-army.co.uk /biog/manussikarl.htm (1206 words)

	The Grand-Duchy of Tuscany
		As for Tuscany, it was now allocated Tuscany as compensation to François de Lorraine, husband of Maria-Teresa, who gave up his duchy to the dispossessed king of Poland Stanislas Leszcynski and loser of the War (father-in-law of the king of France).
		The treaty of Paris (May 30, 1814) and the final act of the Congress of Vienna returned Tuscany to Ferdinand III of Austria exactly as he held it before the treaty of Lunéville.
		Ferdinand III sent from Vienna a Proprio-Motu dated 22 Feb 1791 to the president of the Regency Council in Florence, instructing him to take possession of the grand-duchy in his name.
	www.heraldica.org /topics/royalty/tuscany.htm (3942 words)

	TABLE OF CONTENTS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Ferdinand had learnt at Rome that subservience to Spain was not the only alternative for an Italian Prince; and his very marriage proved that he was not in leading-strings.
		Ferdinand's gentle dignity and genial simplicity dispersed the fumes of Francis' morbid pride.
		As Ferdinand had annexed the Spanish and larger part of Navarre, and as the line of Albret had thus become a satellite of France, so the lion's share of the Savoyard territories had fallen to Francis I and Henry II, while the remainder was a mere dependency of Spain.
	www.uni-mannheim.de /mateo/camenaref/cmh/cmh312.html (18964 words)

	Alessandro Scarlatti - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		In 1702 he left Naples and did not return until the Spanish domination had been superseded by that of the Austrians.
		In the interval he enjoyed the patronage of Ferdinand III of Tuscany, for whose private theatre near Florence he composed operas, and of, who made him his maestro di cappella, and procured him a similar post at the Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore in Rome in 1703.
		After visiting Venice and Urbino in 1707, he took up his duties at Naples again in 1708, and remained there until 1717.
	www.pineville.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Alessandro_Scarlatti (687 words)

	Tuscany Accommodations - SweeTuscany ©: accommodations in Tuscany : hotels in Florence and Chianti campings lodgings ...
		Ferdinand II During the outbreak of the plague, in 1630, Ferdinand distinguished himself, but he was not a strong ruler and was unable to protect Galileo from the in 1633.
		In 1735, an arrangement was made between Austria, Tuscany, England, and the Netherlands that a swap should be made with Lorraine going to Tuscany and Tuscany to Austria in return.
		It was the home land of the Etruscans, which was annexed by Tuscany Gian-Gastone had no male heir, and the House of Medici died with him.
	www.sweetuscany.net /Florence_Siena_Chianti_Elba_Maremma_landscapes/volterra_tuscany_Apartments.htm (482 words)

	AllRefer.com - Ferdinand I de' Medici (Italian History, Biography) - Encyclopedia
		Ferdinand I de' Medici 1549–1609, grand duke of Tuscany (1587–1609); brother and successor of Francesco de' Medici.
		He was made a cardinal in his youth, and he built the famous Villa Medici at Rome.
		Ferdinand improved the administration, strengthened the fleet, and created the port of Livorno.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/M/MedicF1.html (182 words)

	THE PINK LILY - gay & lesbian guida to florence & tuscany 1999 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Tuscany has for centuries been a preferred destination for international tourists, for its pleasantness and, not least of all, for its unique capacity to make people of varied origins feel at home.
		The capital of Tuscany is not just its thousand artistic masterpieces or the rolling hills of its sorrounding countryside; it is also its accepting populace and its charming ambience, with lively cultural happenings and musical events, major exhibitions of art, antiques, crafts, fashion and ecology, excellent cuisine and shopping.
		Tuscany's great port city was founded in 1577 on an ideal plan, with unusually liberal laws that favored an early and rich multicultural society: a remarkable exception in all of Europe.
	it.gay.com /pinklily/pink_lily.htm (6927 words)

	Florence Art Guide - Ferdinando II dé Medici
		The son of Cosimo II and Maria Maddelena of Austria, his father died when he was only ten years old and he spent the next seven years under the guardianship of his mother and his grandmother, Cristina of Lorraine.
		In that period Tuscany was extremly poverty-stricken and full of religious zealots; the Grand Duchess Regents further dissipated the slender resources of the country in aid of the armies of France and Spain (the Thirty Years¹ War was about to break out), and in pensions to "converts".
		However, in spite of all his efforts, he was never able to save the country from the continuous repetition of plague and famine (in some years there were as many as 9.000 victims in Florence alone, without counting the depopulation in the surrounding countryside).
	www.mega.it /eng/egui/pers/fersec.htm (377 words)

	Famous Diamonds: Florentine Diamond (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		When the last of the Medici's died, it passed to Vienna through the marriage of Francis Stephan of Lorraine (who later became the Grand Duke of Tuscany) to Empress Maria Theresa and was placed in the Hapsburg Crown Jewels in the Hofburg, Vienna; at the time, it was valued at $750,000.
		Aloisi stated in 1932 that the rough stone was 'acquired' in the late 1500s from the King of Vijayanagar (now Narsingha) in southern India by the Portuguese Governor of Goa, Ludovico Castro, Count of Montesanto, after the king's defeat by Portugese troops.
		The crystal was deposited with the Jesuits in Rome until, after lengthy negotiations, Grand Duke Ferdinand I of Tuscany succeeded in buying it from the Castro-Noranha family for 35,000 Portuguese scudi crocati.
	www.am-diamonds.com /famous-diamonds.php?id=24 (1517 words)

	JACOPO PERI - LoveToKnow Article on JACOPO PERI
		After studying under Cristoforo Malvezzi of Lucca, he became maestro di cappella.
		first to Ferdinand, duke of Tuscany, and later to Cosmo II.
		He was an important member of the literary and artistic circle which frequented the house of Giovanni Bar,di, conte de Vernio, where the revival of Greek tragedy with its appropriate musical declamation was a favorite subject of discussion.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /P/PE/PERI_JACOPO.htm (285 words)

	Malpighi
		Despite opposition from the university authorities because he was non-Bolognese by birth, in 1653 he was granted doctorates in both medicine and philosophy and appointed as a teacher, whereupon he immediately dedicated himself to further study in anatomy and medicine.
		In 1656, Ferdinand II of Tuscany invited him to the professorship of theoretical medicine at the University of Pisa.
		There Malpighi began his lifelong friendship with Giovanni Borelli, mathematician and naturalist, who was a prominent supporter of the Accademia del Cimento, one of the first scientific societies.
	www.spaceship-earth.org /Biograph/Malpighi.htm (1176 words)

	Ferdinand (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		IV of Naples">Ferdinand IV of Naples - 1751-1825; first became king 1759.
		II of the Two Sicilies">Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies - 1810-1859; became king 1830.
		Mulville if the impression made by the consideration, that of course with time and opportunity it couldn't struck with her use of this last word to question her further.
	www.city-search.org /fe/ferdinand.html (601 words)

	WMO 50 - Future Developments
		The Accademia Del Cimento of Florence, established in 1657 by King Ferdinand II of Tuscany, made a great contribution to the development of some of the basic tools of meteorological science.
		King Ferdinand II also established the first international meteorological network of weather stations, included seven in northern Italy and four others in Warsaw, Paris, Innsbruck and Osnabruck.
		In Florence, 15 observations were made daily in which the famous "thermoscope" of Galileo Galileo was utilised for measuring temperatures.
	www.wmo.ch /wmo50/e/wmo/history_e.html (531 words)

	Tuscany Temperature
		Experience Tuscany in the comfort of your own private villa.
		Apart from the well known historical cities such as Florence, Siena, Lucca and Tuscany features lots of walled hamlets, castles on the hilltops of vineyards, olive groves, secular trees.
		GW Villa Rentals has a selection of holiday villas and apartments in Tuscany.
	www.cheap-bed-and-breakfast-london.co.uk /b&b/tuscany_temperature.html (382 words)

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