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	Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Emperor Ferdinand II Ferdinand II (July 9, 1578 – February 15, 1637), of the House of Habsburg, reigned as Holy Roman Emperor from 1620-1637.
		Born in Graz to Charles II of Austria (1540-1590) and Maria Anna of Bavaria (1551-1608), Ferdinand was provided with a strict Jesuit education culminating in his years at the University of Ingolstadt.
		In 1600, Ferdinand married Maria Anna of Bavaria (1574-1616), daughter of Duke William V of Bavaria.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ferdinand_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor (1120 words)

	Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Ferdinand I (10 March 1503 – 25 July 1564), Holy Roman Emperor (1556–1564), was born in Madrid, the son of Juana the Mad, Queen of Castile (1479–1555), and Philip I the Handsome, King of Castile (1478–1506), who was heir to Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I of Habsburg.
		Ferdinand was the younger brother of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, who entrusted him with the government of the Habsburg hereditary lands (roughly modern-day Austria and Slovenia).
		He was initially supported by King Sigismund II Augustus of Poland and Lithuania, his mother's brother, but in 1549 a treaty was signed between the Habsburgs and the Polish ruler as a result of which Poland became neutral in the conflict, Sigismund Augustus marrying Elisabeth von Habsburg, Ferdinand's daughter.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ferdinand_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor (957 words)

	Ferdinand
		Ferdinand IV, Archduke of Austria, duke of Modena.
		Ferdinand II of Naples - 1469-1496; became king 1495.
		Ferdinand of Austria, Cardinal-Infante of Spain[?] - 1618-1641
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/fe/Ferdinand.html (241 words)

	AllRefer.com - Ferdinand II, Holy Roman emperor (German History, Biography) - Encyclopedia
		Ferdinand II 1578–1637, Holy Roman emperor (1619–37), king of Bohemia (1617–37) and of Hungary (1618–37); successor of Holy Roman Emperor Matthias.
		Grandson of Ferdinand I, son of Archduke Charles of Styria, Ferdinand was educated by the Jesuits and supported the Counter Reformation.
		Ferdinand in 1630 had dismissed Wallenstein under pressure from the princes of the empire, who felt the general was becoming too powerful.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/F/Ferdi2HRE.html (486 words)

	Ferdinand II, Holy Roman emperor — Infoplease.com
		Ferdinand II Ferdinand II, 1578–1637, Holy Roman emperor (1619–37), king of Bohemia (1617–37) and of Hungary (1618–37); successor of Holy Roman Emperor Matthias.
		Holy Roman Empire: Emperors - Holy Roman Empire: Emperors Charlemagne (Charles I), emperor of the West (800–814),...
		Alexander I, the Holy Alliance and Clemens Metternich: a reappraisal.
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/people/A0818462.html (431 words)

	AllRefer.com - Ferdinand III, Holy Roman emperor (German History, Biography) - Encyclopedia
		Ferdinand III 1608–57, Holy Roman emperor (1637–57), king of Hungary (1626–57) and of Bohemia (1627–57), son and successor of Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II.
		After the dismissal and assassination (1634) of the imperial commander Wallenstein, Ferdinand became nominal leader of the imperial forces in the Thirty Years War, but it was the imperial general Gallas who was responsible for the successes that culminated in the victory of NOrdlingen (1634).
		Although anxious for peace, Ferdinand rejected the early peace proposals, but in 1648 he had to assent to the treaties negotiated at MUnster and OsnabrUck (see Westphalia, Peace of), which virtually ended the central power of the Holy Roman Empire.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/F/FerdiHRE.html (309 words)

	The Galileo Project \| Galileo \| Patrons \| Medici Family
		Ferdinand appointed Galileo to the professorship of mathematics at the university of Pisa in 1588.
		Cosimo's son, Ferdinand II (1610-1670) was just ten years old when he became Grand Duke, and until his majority the government was carried on by the two Grand Duchesses, Cosimo's mother Christina of Lorraine, and Cosimo's wife, Maria Magdalena of Austria, the sister of the Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II.
		Ferdinand II During the outbreak of the plague, in 1630, Ferdinand distinguished himself, but he was not a strong ruler and was unable to protect Galileo from the Inquisition in 1633.
	galileo.rice.edu /gal/medici.html (1482 words)

	Bohemia
		Roman authors provide the first clear reference to this area as the home of the Boii, a Celtic people.
		With Bohemia's conversion to Christianity in the 9th century, close relations were forged with the East Frankish kingdom, then part of the so-called Carolingian empire, later the nucleus of the Holy Roman Empire of which Bohemia was an autonomous part from the 10th century.
		In the early 17th century opposition to Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor as King of Bohemia led to the Thirty Years War and the selection of an alternative protestant king, Frederick V, Elector Palatine.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/bo/Boehmen.html (411 words)

	History of Austria
		Charles was the son of Philip I, king of Castile, and Joanna the Mad; maternal grandson of Ferdinand V of Castile and Isabella I; paternal grandson of the Habsburg Holy Roman emperor Maximilian I; and great-grandson of Charles the Bold, duke of Burgundy.
		Maximilian II Rudolf II Rudolf II, Holy Roman emperor (1576-1612), king of Hungary (1572-1608), and king of Bohemia (1575-1611), born in Vienna, the son and successor of Emperor Maximilian II.
		Ferdinand, as a Habsburg, became Holy Roman emperor in 1619 and, allied with Bavaria and the Catholic League, defeated the Bohemians at the Battle of White Mountain in 1620.
	www.geocities.com /historyofaustria/history.html (20221 words)

	Holy Roman Emperors: Free Encyclopedia Articles at Questia.com Online Library
		...equilibrium of the Holy Roman Empire was no...threatened by the emperors, whose imperial...authority of the Holy Roman Emperors, schemed unsuccessfully...takeovers altered the Holy Roman Empire beyond...remained.
		Emperor...election of the Roman pontiff and the...fealty to the holy Roman church.
		...Bohemia (1617 37) and of Hungary (1618 37); successor of Holy Roman Emperor Matthias.
	www.questia.com /library/encyclopedia/holy_roman_emperors.jsp (1668 words)

	file_nav_name Encyclopedia Index (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The Duchy of Carinthia (German : KÃ¤rnten, Slovenian : KoroÅ¡ka) was a duchy of the Holy Roman Empire from 976...
		Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor (March 10, 1503 â“ July 27, 1564) was one of the Habsburg emperors that at vari...
		An emperor is a (male) monarch, usually the sovereign ruler of an empire or another type of imperial realm.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /topics/habsburg.html (2906 words)

	Worldroots.com
		Ferdinand III, Archduke of Austria+GD of Tuscany 1769-1824
		Ferdinand IV, Archduke of Austria, GD of Tuscany 1835-1908
		Friedrich II The Handsome of Austria, Emperor Elect 1289-1330
	worldroots.com /brigitte/royal/habs-f.htm (652 words)

	Ferdinand V and Isabella I (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Ferdinand had hoped by this alliance to obtain the Castilian crown for himself, but his high-spirited and politically astute wife firmly retained sovereign authority in her own realm.
		She was the daughter of John II of Castile and León by his second wife, Isabella of Portugal.
		In 1469 Princess Isabella married Ferdinand of Aragón, known also as Ferdinand V, The Catholic, and on the death of her brother, Henry IV, Isabella and Ferdinand jointly succeeded (1474) to the throne of Castile and León.
	www.sonhex.dk /fandi.htm (617 words)

	Timeline Holy Roman Empire
		1036-1056 Henry III ruled the Holy Roman Empire, which extended from Hamburg and Bremen in the north to the instep of Italy to the south, Burgundy in the west, and Hungary and Poland to the east.
		The Catholic heir to the Hapsburg dynasty, Charles V, was elected Holy Roman Emperor, combining the crowns of Spain, Burgundy (with the Netherlands), Austria and Germany.
		1640 Jun 9, Leopold I, Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire (1658-1705), was born.
	timelines.ws /countries/HOLY_ROMAN_EMP.HTML (2979 words)

	Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor - Definition, explanation
		Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor (July 9, 1578 – February 15, 1637), of the house of Habsburg, ruled 1620-1637.
		Ferdinand was also an absolutist and did not endear himself to the nobles, who were quite jealous of their privileges.
		The nobles of the Holy Roman Empire had pressured Ferdinand into releasing Wallenstein in 1630 for fear of his growing power, but with this new threat, he was called back after Tilly was defeated at the Battle of Breitenfeld and killed on the Lech (1632).
	www.calsky.com /lexikon/en/txt/f/fe/ferdinand_ii__holy_roman_emperor.php (876 words)

	Historica Germania. Considers the history of Germany from the ancient period ca. 500 AD to the end of World War II.
		Roman Army defeated by Suevian tribe at Battle of the Teutonburg Forest in A.D. 9 and pushed west of Rhine River.
		Loius IV (Louis the Bavarian) of House of Wittelsbach, Holy Roman Emperor (1328-47).
		Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor (1619-37), Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor (1576-1612).
	www.stengerhistorica.com /History/HistoricaGermania/Index.htm (1354 words)

	The Thirty Years War: The Battle of White Mountain and the End of the Bohemian Rebellion
		Ferdinand is Deposed and the Bohemian Crown Given to Frederick V, Elector Palatine
		At the news that Hungary was lost, the Emperor fled Vienna to the greater safety of Gratz.
		Thus in January, 1620 Johann-Georg began negotiating with the Emperor and his allies in the Catholic League to procure assurances that the secularized bishoprics of the Lower Saxon Circle would not be returned to Catholic rule.
	www.pipeline.com /~cwa/White_Mountain_Phase.htm (2528 words)

	thePeerage.com - Anna von Leuchtenberg and others
		She was the daughter of Ferdinand III von Habsburg, Holy Roman Emperor and Maria Anna von Habsburg, Infanta de España.
		Ferdinand III von Habsburg, Holy Roman Emperor was born in 1608 in Graz, Austria.
		Ferdinand II von Österreich, Holy Roman Emperor was born in 1578 in Graz, Austria.
	www.thepeerage.com /p10306.htm (1219 words)

	Ferdinand II
		Ferdinand was born in Graz, the eldest son of the archduke Charles, the ruler of Inner Austria (Styria, Carinthia, and Carniola), and Maria, a daughter of Albrecht V, duke of Bavaria.
		Ferdinand's Edict of Restitution (1629), which forced Protestants to return to the Roman Catholic church all property seized since 1552, revealed to the German princes the threat of imperial absolutism.
		Roman Catholic historiography of the 19th century assigned him too high a place, while liberal historians were likely to underestimate his importance.
	www.fortunecity.com /victorian/riley/787/30/Imperial/FerdinandII.html (886 words)

	The Thirty Years' War - Timeline Index
		Religious animosity, especially among non-German adherents of the contending Protestant and Roman Catholic factions, broadened the war and was a substantial factor in its later stages.
		In large measure, this situation had resulted from the weaknesses of the Peace of Augsburg, an agreement concluded in 1555 between the Holy Roman emperor and the Lutheran princes of Germany.
		Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor, of the house of Habsburg, ruled 1620-1637.
	www.timelineindex.com /content/view/1422 (227 words)

	Holy Roman Empire
		The (second) medieval revival of the Western Roman Empire was referred to as The Holy Roman Empire which lasted from 962 AD to 1806.
		Francis II ruled thereafter as Francis I of the Austrian Empire (established in 1804).
		Usually, the king of Germany became emperor -considered by Europeans the title of most prestige- as soon as he was crowned by the pope.
	www.arcaini.com /italy/italyhistory/HolyRomanEmpire.htm (387 words)

	Biblyon: Complex War
		The Hapsburg Catholic King Ferdinand II of Bohemia used the spread of Calivinism as an excuse to rigidly apply Augsburg to root out Protestantism and impose Catholicism upon Bohemia.
		King Ferdinand II What began as an attempt to impose imperial rule on Germany in Bohemia under the guise of re-establishing Catholicism, and continued with the Pope fighting the Catholic expansion of Spain, ended with the rise of France and the decline of Papal power.
		They might take part in the overall war; they might be conscripts caught up in one side; they might attempt to avert or provoke war between any two or more of the warring parties; they might remain local and try to protect their local community against the depredations of both sides.
	www.hoboes.com /html/RPG/Gods/?ART=70 (1411 words)

	August 28: Ferdinand II becomes Holy Roman Emperor
		The seven "German" electors (the Archbishops of Mainz, Trier and Cologne, the King of Bohemia, the Count Palatine of the Rhine, the Duke of Saxony and the Margrave of Brandenburg) chose Ferdinand II to be Holy Roman Emperor.
		Furthermore, it was clear that Ferdinand hoped to make himself master of all the territories that now lay at his feet, removing or reducing their local leaders.
		They must be dependent on the emperor, not the emperor on them." However, Ferdinand needed the electors' votes if his son, Ferdinand III, was to be made King of Rome, a step that would put him in line to become the next emperor.
	chi.gospelcom.net /DAILYF/2002/08/daily-08-28-2002.shtml (756 words)

	Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor - InformationBlast
		Originally Archduke of Styria, his appointment as King of Bohemia was one of the causes of the Thirty Years War.
		He was the son of Karl II of Austria (1540-1590) and his wife Maria Anna of Bavaria (1551-1608).
		He was the leading champion of the Roman Catholic Counter-Reformation and of absolutist rule during the Thirty Years' War.
	www.informationblast.com /Emperor_Ferdinand_II.html (120 words)

	Johann Tetzel
		Roman Catholic priest, Augustinian monk, and theologian at the University of Wittenburg who condemned the sale of indulgences.
		Holy Roman Emperor who was unable to suppress Protestantism because he was busy with war.
		Roman Catholic regent of France who offered subsidies to Swedish king Gustavus Adolphus in order to enter into the war against Ferdinand.
	members.tripod.com /~Nitro13/c2.htm (397 words)

	The Germanies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The Holy Roman Emperor Charles V was also King Charles I of Spain.
		His brother, Ferdinand I, received the Austrian territories of the Habsburg family and the elective title of Holy Roman Emperor.
		Having lost out in their power struggle with the Bourbons of France and in their struggle to gain dominance within the Holy Roman Empire, the Austrian Habsburgs concentrated on enlarging their hereditary lands at the expense of the declining Muslim Ottoman Empire in the Balkans.
	faculty.ucc.edu /egh-damerow/the_germanies.htm (726 words)

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