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Topic: Ferdinand II of Austria

	Austria - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Austria is located at the crossroads of Europe; Vienna is at the gate of the Danubian plain, and the Brenner Pass in W Austria links Germany and Italy.
		Austria captured world attention in 1986 when former UN secretary-general Kurt Waldheim was elected president despite allegations that he had been involved in atrocities as a German army staff officer in the Balkans during World War II.
		Austria was quickly ostracized by other EU nations because of the Freedom party's participation in the government, and Haider—who had not joined the government—subsequently resigned as party leader.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-austria.html (3518 words)

	The Austrian Flag
		The flag was adopted by Friedrich II., der Streitbare, the last Babenberg as Duke of Austria in the 13th century.
		According to legend, Duke Leopold V. of Austria (1157-1194) was involved in a fierce battle during the Crusades.
		Austria became one of the marches (the Ostmark) of the Holy Roman Empire after the Battle of Lechfeld in 955, and was given a margrave around 960.
	www.sinz.org /Michael.Sinz/Austria (278 words)

	Ferdinand II 1810-1859 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Ferdinand II (1810-1859), King of the Two Sicilies, was the first monarch against whom revolution erupted in 1848, the fir st to concede a constitution, and the first to initiate a successful counter-revolutionary movement.
		Ferdinand called for new elections but neither he nor his ministers paid heed to the assembly once it met; he peroged it on September 5.
		Ferdinand took pride in the fact that he was the first European sovereign to dominate the revolution and that he had done so without foreign assistance.
	www.ohiou.edu /~chastain/dh/ferd.htm (951 words)

	CHARLES BRAY's Austri Journal
		The mountains are also the source of Austria’s best known industry, tourism, the beauty of the Hohe Tauern and the neighboring Niedere Tauern, which run east to west through the country, are accessible via magnificent north-south mountain passes such as the Grossglockner which reaches an altitude of 2503 m [8213 ft] above sea level.
		Industrially, Austria subscribes to the small is beautiful philosophy of the 20th century, German born economist Ernest Schumacher.
		Liberated by the Allies in 1945, Austria was allowed to set up its own government again in 1955, after guaranteeing that the country would be strictly neutral, an undertaking which remains in force today.
	www.greatestcities.com /users/cbray5003/Europe/Austria (1302 words)

	History of Austria (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Charles was the son of Philip I, king of Castile, and Joanna the Mad; maternal grandson of Ferdinand V of Castile and Isabella I; paternal grandson of the Habsburg Holy Roman emperor Maximilian I; and great-grandson of Charles the Bold, duke of Burgundy.
		Maximilian II Rudolf II Rudolf II, Holy Roman emperor (1576-1612), king of Hungary (1572-1608), and king of Bohemia (1575-1611), born in Vienna, the son and successor of Emperor Maximilian II.
		Ferdinand, as a Habsburg, became Holy Roman emperor in 1619 and, allied with Bavaria and the Catholic League, defeated the Bohemians at the Battle of White Mountain in 1620.
	www.geocities.com /historyofaustria/history.html (20221 words)

	History 240
		Ferdinand II of Austria crowned in 1618 determined to reassert his power and the Catholic Church.
		Ferdinand II was determined to win and had support of Bavarian who defeated Bohemians in 1620.
		Ferdinand II believed he was powerful enough to assert power and reverse the religious settlement.
	web.uvic.ca /~jfedorak/30yrswar.htm (699 words)

	First World War.com - Who's Who - Archduke Franz Ferdinand
		Franz Ferdinand (1863-1914) was born in Graz, Austria.
		Austria annexed the provinces outright in 1908, a controversial move which upset governments in the west; however, Greater-Serbia proponents were outraged.
		Franz Ferdinand was buried in a crypt beneath the chapel of his castle, Artstetten, instead of the customary burial place of the Hapsburgs, Capuchin Crypt, in Vienna.
	www.firstworldwar.com /bio/ferdinand.htm (504 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Ferdinand II
		As Ferdinand was the only archduke of his day with sufficient power and energy to take up the struggle against the estates then aiming at supreme power in the Austrian hereditary domains, the childless Emperor Matthias strove to secure for him the succession to the whole empire.
		Ferdinand annulled the privileges of the estates, declared void the concessions granted to the Bohemian Protestants by the Majestätsbrief of Rudolf II, and punished the heads of the insurrection with death and confiscation of goods.
		Protestantism was exterminated in Bohemia, Moravia, and Lower Austria; in Silesia alone, on the intercession of the Lutheran Elector of Saxony, the Reformers were treated with less severity.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/06040a.htm (1578 words)

	Kingdoms of Germany - Austria
		Western Franks secede from the Germanic Empire, and Austria is controlled by the various Frankish rulers of the fledgling Holy Roman Empire.
		Archduke Francis II of Austria becomes Emperor Francis I of the Austrian Empire.
		The heir to the throne, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, is assassinated by Serb nationalists.
	www.kessler-web.co.uk /History/KingListsEurope/GermanyAustria.htm (548 words)

	Hapsburgs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Ferdinand I of Austria and Hungary served as Emperor of Austria (1835-48) and King of Hungary (1830-48).
		Duke of Austria, Styria, and Carniola, son of Duke Albrecht II of Austria and Johanna of the Palatinate
		Born in Vienna, the son and successor of Emperor Maximilian II, Rudolf II of Habsburg served as Holy Roman Emperor (1576-1612), King of Hungary (1572-1608), and King of Bohemia (1575-1611).
	www.geocities.com /historyofaustria/habsburgs.html (6790 words)

	RULERS OF AUSTRIA (ÖSTERREICH)
		RULERS OF Babenberg Margraves of Ostmark, Dukes of Austria from 1156
		Son of Václav II of Bohemia; married Gertrud daughter of Heinrich son of Leopold VI of Bade
		Habsburg Dukes of Austria, Archdukes of Austria from 1453
	www-personal.umich.edu /~imladjov/AustrianRulers.htm (1001 words)

	Home\|Collections\|Coin Cabinet\|15th — 18th centuries\|Double Ducat
		In 1590, Ferdinand II (the son of Charles, who was the brother of Archduke Ferdinand) succeeded his father as archduke in Styria and Carinthia.
		Begun under Emperor Ferdinand I, the standardisation of the various coinages in the three lands of Austria, Bohemia and Hungary was already quite advanced but not yet complete.
		In 1632, Ferdinand II had mints at Vienna, Graz and St Veit in Austria, Prague, Kuttenberg (Kutná Hora), and Joachimsthal (Jáchymov) in Bohemia, Olmütz (Olomouc) in Moravia, Breslau in Silesia and as well as Kremnitz (Körmöcbánya, Slovakian: Kremnica) and Nagybánya (Romanian: Baia Mare) in Hungary (now in Slovakia and Romania respectively).
	www.khm.at /staticE/page63.html (298 words)

	Ferdinand II Biography \| Encyclopedia of World Biography
		Ferdinand II (1578-1637) was Holy Roman emperor from 1619 to 1637.
		Born in Graz in Styria on July 9, 1578, Ferdinand of Hapsburg was the son of Archduke Charles of inner Austria and Maria of Bavaria.
		In 1629 and again in 1635 Ferdinand II was in a position to dictate a favorable peace in Germany.
	www.bookrags.com /biography/ferdinand-ii2 (491 words)

	Austria. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		After the death (1246) of the last Babenberg, King Ottocar II of Bohemia acquired (1251–69) Austria, Styria, Carinthia, and Carniola.
		Rudolph II and Matthias pursued policies of partial Catholicization, and, under Ferdinand II, anti-Protestant vigor helped to precipitate the Thirty Years War (1618–48).
		The Congress of Vienna (1814–15; see Vienna, Congress of) did not restore to Austria its former possessions in the Netherlands and in Baden but awarded it Lombardy, Venetia, Istria, and Dalmatia.
	www.bartleby.com /65/au/Austria.html (3380 words)

	Ferdinand II, Archduke of Austria - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Archduke Ferdinand of Austria was the second son of Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor and Anna of Bohemia and Hungary.
		Became a Cardinal in 1576, Margrave of Burgau in 1578, Bishop of Constance in 1589 and Bishop of Brixen in 1591.
		She was a daughter of William I, Duke of Mantua and Eleonora of Austria, younger sister of Ferdinand.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Austria (654 words)

	International Catholic University: 18.6
		This led the Emperor, Ferdinand II of Austria, to the conscious decision that he was going to reestablish Catholicism everywhere in his dominions, from the Alps to the Baltic, from beyond the Rhine to the frontiers of Poland.
		Ferdinand was trained by the Jesuits and he was ardently and sincerely Catholic.
		Ferdinand and his forces were very successful at the beginning of the war.
	home.comcast.net /~icuweb/c01806.htm (4332 words)

	Ferdinand II
		Ferdinand was born in Graz, the eldest son of the archduke Charles, the ruler of Inner Austria (Styria, Carinthia, and Carniola), and Maria, a daughter of Albrecht V, duke of Bavaria.
		Ferdinand's Edict of Restitution (1629), which forced Protestants to return to the Roman Catholic church all property seized since 1552, revealed to the German princes the threat of imperial absolutism.
		Ferdinand II, who had been married to his second wife, Eleonora Gonzaga of Mantua, since 1622, died in Vienna in 1637.
	www.fortunecity.com /victorian/riley/787/30/Imperial/FerdinandII.html (886 words)

	Archduke Franz Ferdinand
		Franz Ferdinand, eldest son of Carl Ludwig, the brother of Emperor Franz Josef, was born in 1863.
		Emperor Wilhelm II of Germany, Tsar Nicholas II of Russia and Pope Leo XIII all made representations to Franz Josef on Franz Ferdinand's behalf arguing that the the disagreement over Ferdinand's marriage was undermining the stability of the monarchy.
		The Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria, nephew of the aged Emperor and heir to the throne, was assassinated in the streets of Sarajevo, the Bosnian capital, yesterday afternoon.
	www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /FWWarchduke.htm (1905 words)

	Ferdinand - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Ferdinand of Austria, Cardinal-Infante of Spain — 1618–1641
		Franz Ferdinand, archduke of Austria, assassinated in Sarajevo 1914.
		Ferdinand I of Bulgaria — 1861–1948; knyaz (prince) 1887–1908, tsar (emperor) 1908–1918.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ferdinand (466 words)

	Worldroots.com
		Archduke Carl of Austria *1961with spouse Francesca in 2003
		(dghtr of Emperor Franz I Stephan and Archduchess Maria Theresia of Austria)
		(dghtr of Archduke Felix of Austria and Princess and Duchess Anna Eugenie d'Arenberg - spouse of Freiherr Wolfgang von Erffa)
	worldroots.com /brigitte/royal/habs-k.htm (515 words)

	Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria -- biography
		He was brother of the Emperors Joseph II and Leopold II (ex-Grand Duke of Tuscany), of Queen Caroline of Naples, of Queen Marie-Antoinette of France, and of the Duchess of Parma.
		He was uncle of the Emperor Francis II and the Grand Duke Ferdinand, and was also father of the Duchess of Aosta.
		In 1808, his youngest daughter, Marie-Louise, married her first cousin, the Emperor Francis II (a widower for the second time), and was thus step-mother to the other Marie-Louise, the future wife of Napoleon and Neipperg.
	www.historydata.com /biographies/ferdinand_ad_austria.html (151 words)

	Ferdinand II of Austria (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.netlab.uky.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Ferdinand II of Austria is one of the topics in focus at Global Oneness.
		Ferdinand V of Spain, the Catholic; 1453-1516 Ferdinand I of Portugal - the Handsome; 1345-1383; became king 1367.
		Ferdinand II of Portugal - 1816-1885; became titular king 1837.
	www.experiencefestival.com.cob-web.org:8888 /ferdinand_ii_of_austria (706 words)

	August 28: Ferdinand II becomes Holy Roman Emperor (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The seven "German" electors (the Archbishops of Mainz, Trier and Cologne, the King of Bohemia, the Count Palatine of the Rhine, the Duke of Saxony and the Margrave of Brandenburg) chose Ferdinand II to be Holy Roman Emperor.
		Although Protestants had been in the majority in Austria when Austria yielded its homage to Ferdinand in 1596, he refused to keep to the policy of Charles V which had allowed Protestants to exist.
		Furthermore, it was clear that Ferdinand hoped to make himself master of all the territories that now lay at his feet, removing or reducing their local leaders.
	chi.gospelcom.net /DAILYF/2002/08/daily-08-28-2002.shtml (756 words)

	Pretenders (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		In 1688, James II was deposed for attempting to establish Roman Catholicism in Great Britain; he and his heirs maintained a rival court on the continent until the latter half of the 18th century.
		Based on the fact that Frederick II held Sicily and southern Italy, a claim that was assumed by his illegitimate son Manfred, the Kingdom of Naples has normally included Jerusalem as a adjunct title within its collection.
		Citing persistent rumours that Isabel II had been unfaithful to her husband, they regarded Alfonso XII as illegitimate and recognised the next male stem, the House of Bourbon-Parma, as Carlist kings.
	www.hostkingdom.net /pretends.html (6464 words)

	Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand, 1914
		The victims, Archduke Franz Ferdinand - heir to the throne of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and
		After the reception in the Town Hall General Potiorek, the Austrian Commander, pleaded with Francis Ferdinand to leave the city, as it was seething with rebellion.
		Francis Ferdinand's car could go fast enough until it reached this spot but here it was forced to slow down for the turn.
	www.eyewitnesstohistory.com /duke.htm (943 words)

	Ferdinand II (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Father: Charles of Austria (cousin of Rudolph II and Matthias)
		Sister: Anne of Austria (wife 1 of Sigismund III of Poland)
		Sister: Constance of Austria (wife 2 of Sigismund III of Poland)
	history.wisc.edu /sommerville/351/ferdinandii.htm (58 words)

	Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor - Timeline Index
		Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor, of the house of Habsburg, ruled 1620-1637.
		Originally Archduke of Styria, his appointment as King of Bohemia was one of the causes of the Thirty Years' War.
		He was the son of Charles II of Austria (1540-1590) and his wife Maria Anna of Bavaria (1551-1608).
	www.timelineindex.com /content/view/1418 (156 words)

	351 Introduction
		(Follow, for example, the marriages of the children and siblings of Ferdinand II of Austria or Philip III of Spain and you will continually return to the same people through different links).
		The French royal family was so closely linked to the Spanish that they had a claim to the throne when Charles II died without heirs in 1701.
		Sigismund III of Poland married two sisters of Ferdinand II - first Anne and then after her death, her sister Constance; his son by the first marriage, Ladislaus IV, first married Ferdinand's daughter (i.e.
	history.wisc.edu /sommerville/351/351-01.htm (1802 words)

	Innsbruck : Attractions : Nearby Attractions \| Frommers.com
		Schloss Ambras--This Renaissance palace, 3km (2 miles) southeast of the heart of Innsbruck on the edge of the Mittelgebirgsterrace, was built by Archduke Ferdinand II of Austria, Count of Tyrol, in the 16th century.
		This was Ferdinand's favorite residence and the center of his court's cultural life.
		The lower castle was planned and constructed by the archduke as a museum for his various collections, including arms and armor, art, and books, all of which can be seen today.
	www.frommers.com /destinations/innsbruck/0103020173.html (1021 words)

	Baron Clemens Maria Boenninghausen - Homeopath, Life History, Homeopathic Doctor Biography - Hpathy.com
		Baron Clemens Maria Franz von Boenninghausen was born in Netherlands on a family estate of his father.
		The family traced its lineage through Westphalian and Austrian ancestory, one ancestor having been appointed as Field Marshal by Ferdinand II of Austria in 1632.
		Since for centuries the family had devoted themselves to military careers the family fortune were but moderate.
	www.hpathy.com /biography/boenninghausen.asp (728 words)

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