The physical properties of fermium are largely unknown; its chemical properties are believed to be similar to those of the other members of the actinide series.
The eighth transuranium element to be discovered, fermium was first identified (1952) as fermium-255 (half-life about 20 hours) by Albert Ghiorso and his coworkers, who discovered it in residue from the first thermonuclear test explosion in the South Pacific.
During 1953 and early 1954, while discovery of elements 99 and 100 was withheld from publication for security reasons, a group from the Nobel Institute of Physics in Stockholm bombarded 238U with 16O ions, and isolated a 30-min alpha-emitter, which they ascribed to 250-100, without claiming discovery of the element.
Fermium classified as an element in the Actinide series as one of the "Rare Earth Elements" which can located in Group 3 elements of the Periodic Table and in the 6th and 7th periods.
Find out more facts about Fermium on the Periodic Table which arranges every chemical element according to its atomic number, as based on the periodic law, so that chemical elements with similar properties are in the same column.
During 1953 and early 1954, while discovery of elements 99 and 100 was withheld from publication for security reasons a group from the Nobel Institute of Physics in Stockholm bombarded 238U with 16 O ions, and isolated a 30-min alpha-emitter, which they ascribed to 250-100, without claiming discovery of the element.
Twenty isotopes and isomers of fermium are known to exist.
www.speclab.com /elements/fermium.htm (235 words)
January 16 - Today In Science History(Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
In 1953, a sample amounting to about 200 atoms of fermium (Fm, atomic number 100) was first by ion-exchange chromatography and identified at the University of California, Berkeley.
Like einsteinium, fermium was first isolated from the debris of the Nov 1952 test of the hydrogen-bomb (called the "Mike" event, conducted at Eniwetok Atoll in the Pacific Ocean).
During 1953 and early 1954, while discovery of elements 99 and 100 was withheld from publication for security reasons, a group from the Nobel Institute of Physics in Stockholm bombarded
Today, fermium is produced though a lengthy chain of nuclear reactions that involves bombarding each isotope in the chain with neutrons and then allowing the resulting isotope to undergo beta decay.
Fermium's most stable isotope, fermium-257, has a half-life of about 100.5 days.
Lasers probed the spectrum of light absorbed by fermium atoms using this chamber, in which ionized atoms are drawn toward the exit hole (white) in back.
Made in the 1952 detonation of the first thermonuclear bomb, the element fermium has since sat in a corner of the periodic table where few tools of chemistry reach.
The choice of Fermium for element #100 has proven to be prescient since it is the last element to be synthesized using neutron caption reactions, which were extensively studied by Fermi.
Because of the military secrets, the American discovery was not made public at that time.
Glenn T. Seaborg, Early History of LBNL, A transcript of the lecture on the 65th Anniversary of Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, August 26, 1996 (on-line).
A natural choice that was strongly supported by everyone was einsteinium for element 99 and fermium for element 100, and I had the honor of announcing this selection at the Geneva International Conference on the Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy in 1955.