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Topic: Fernando Alvarez de Toledo, Duke of Alva

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	Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, Duke of Alva - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, the third Duke of Alva (or Alba) (1508-January 12, 1583) was a Spanish general and governor of the Spanish Netherlands (1567 - 1573), nicknamed "the Iron Duke" by Protestants of the Low Countries because of his harshness.
		Alva's grandfather, Ferdinand of Toledo, educated him in military science and politics; and he was engaged with distinction at the Battle of Pavia in 1525, while still a youth.
		Alva was banished from court and confined in the castle of Uzeda.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Fernando_%C3%81lvarez_de_Toledo,_Duke_of_Alva (856 words)

	Fernando Alvarez de Toledo, Duke of Alva (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Fernando Alvarez de Toledo, the third Duke of Alva (or Alba) (1508-January 12, 1583) was a Spanish general and governor of the Spanish Netherlands (1567—1573), nicknamed "the Iron Duke" because of his cruelty.
		His grandfather, Ferdinand of Toledo, educated him in military science and politics; and he was engaged with distinction at the battle of Pavia while still a youth.
		Alva's preparations to oppose the gathering storm were made with his usual vigour, and he succeeded in recovering Bergen, Mechelen and Zutphen, under the conduct of his son Don Frederick.
	www.theezine.net /f/fernando-alvarez-de-toledo-duke-of-alva.html (788 words)

	Encyclopedia: Fernando-Ãlvarez-de-Toledo,-Duke-of-Alva (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Fernando Alvarez de Toledo, Duke of Alva, scanned from engraving in 1885 Cyclopaedia of Universal History This image is in the public domain because its copyright has expired in the United States and those countries with a copyright term of life of the author plus 100 years.
		Alva's preparations to oppose the gathering storm were made with his usual vigour, and he succeeded in recovering Bergen (population: 31,738 in 2004) is a municipality in the north-western Netherlands, in the province of North Holland.
		Governors of the Habsburg Netherlands: Guillaume de Croy, Marquis dAerschot 1506-1507 Margaret of Austria, Duchess of Savoy 1507-1530 Maria of Austria, Queen of Hungary 1530-1555 Emanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy 1555-1559...
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Fernando_%C1lvarez_de_Toledo,_Duke_of_Alva (3542 words)

	ALUNITE - LoveToKnow Article on ALUNITE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		ALVA, or ALBA, FERNANDO ALVAREZ DE TOLEDO, DUKE OF, (1508-1583), Spanish soldier, descended from one of the most illustrious families in Spain, was born in 1508.
		Alva's preparations to oppose the gathering storm were made with his usual vigour, and he succeeded in recovering Mons, Mechlin and Zutphen, under the conduct of his son Frederick.
		Alva's feeble state of health and continued disasters induced him to solicit his recall from the government of the Low Countries; a measure which, in all probability, was not displeasing to Philip^ who was now resolved to make trial of a milder administration.
	65.1911encyclopedia.org /A/AL/ALUNITE.htm (2195 words)

	Search Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Alva, Fernando ?varez de Toledo, duque de Alva, Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, duque de: see Alba, Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, duque de.
		Alba, Fernando ?varez de Toledo, duque de Alba or Alva, Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, duque deăl´be, ăl´ve, Span.
		He served under Condé at Rocroi and Nördlingen, was made maréchal de camp in 1652, and was later exiled for expressing hostility to the Peace of the Pyrenees (1659).
	www.encyclopedia.com /searchpool.asp?target=Fernando+Alvarez+de+Toledo,+Duke+of+Alva (579 words)

	Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, Duke of Alva - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Alva had subdued the whole and was at the gates of Rome, when he was compelled by Philip's orders to negotiate a peace.
		When he arrived he soon showed how much he merited the confidence which his master reposed in him, and instantly erected a tribunal which soon became known to its victims as the "," to try all persons who had been engaged in the late commotions which the civil and religious tyranny of Philip had excited.
		Alva was banished from court and confined in the castle of.
	www.americancanyon.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Fernando_Alvarez_de_Toledo,_Duke_of_Alva (954 words)

	toledo
		Toledo is a city located in central Spain, the capital of the province of Toledo and of the autonomous community of Castile-La Mancha.
		Toledo was famed for religious tolerance and had large communities of Jews and Muslims until they were expelled from Spain; the city therefore has important religious monuments like the Synagogue of Santa Maria la Blanca, the Synagogue of El Transito, and the Mosque of Cristo de la Luz.
		Toledo was home to El Greco for the latter part of his life, and is the subject of some of his most famous paintings, including The Burial of the Count of Orgaz, exhibited in the Church of Santo Tomé.
	www.fact-library.com /toledo.html (212 words)

	Alva - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Situated at the head of Alva Glen, the town grew around weaving and silver mining.
		Alva is also a city located in Lee County, Florida.
		Alva is the home of Northwestern Oklahoma State University.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Alva (128 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: The Duke of Alva
		The "iron duke" was to be the ideal instrument for the execution of this purpose.
		Alva remained in exile at his castle up to 1580, when the acknowledged power of his iron hand was sought in the war against Portugal.
		Alva was, as even Motley in "The Rise of the Dutch Republic" (London, 1868, 9, 336), admits, "the most successful and experienced general of Spain, or of Europe, in his day.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/01371a.htm (1476 words)

	Iron Duke - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		HMS Iron Duke is also the name of three ships in the Royal Navy, one of which is still in active service (a frigate).
		Iron Duke is also the nickname given to a 2.5 Liter internal combustion engine used in many 1980s-era General Motors front-wheel drive automobiles.
		Iron Duke was also the name of a famous class of locomotive built by the Great Western Railway in England.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Iron_Duke (145 words)

	Governors of the Habsburg Netherlands - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Governor of the Habsburg Netherlands ruled the Seventeen Provinces, after 1581 only the Southern Netherlands as a representative of the Duke of Burgundy (until 1555), the King of Spain (1555-1706) or the Archduke of Austria (1716-1794), all from the house of Habsburg.
		Alessandro Farnese, Duke of Parma and Piacenza 1578-1581
		Alessandro Farnese, Duke of Parma and Piacenza 1581-1592
	lighthousepoint.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Governors_of_the_Habsburg_Netherlands (258 words)

	Governors of the Habsburg Netherlands
		Luis de Benavides Carillo, Marquis of Fromiata 1659-1664
		Iñigo Fernandez de Velasco, Duke of Feria 1668-1670
		Archduchess Maria Christina of Austria and Duke Albert of Saxe-Teschen 1781-1793
	ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/go/Governors_of_the_Habsburg_Netherlands.html (119 words)

	Personen A (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		De molenaar ontving de edelman gastvrij in zijn molen, doch die maakte gebruik van de gelegenheid om de mooie dochter van de molenaar te verleiden.
		Er is zelfs een verhaal in omloop dat beweert dat Fernando Egmond nog heeft proberen te waarschuwen zo snel mogelijk te vertrekken.
		Daarna nam de eenogige Fernando deel aan diverse veldtochten in de Nederlanden, totdat hij in 1570 de Nederlanden zou verlaten als bevelhebber van de vloot die Anna van Oostenrijk naar Spanje zou voeren.
	dutchrevolt.leidenuniv.nl /Nederlands/personen/a/alvarez2.htm (376 words)

	Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The 'Iron Duke' attempted to destroy any manifestation of rebellion with a regime associated in the Netherlanders' mind with terror and tyranny, but in 1572 he failed to suppress the second wave of the Revolt.
		Charles V (1500-58): Duke of Burgundy (which included the Netherlands, Luxemburg, and Franche-Comté),(from 1515), King of Spain and her Italian possessions (from 1516), Archduke of Austria (1519-21), and elected Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire in 1519.
		Hoorne (1518-68): Philippe de Montmorency, Count of Hoorne, was a prominent Netherlands nobleman, member of the Council of State and of the 'League of the Great'.
	www.ucl.ac.uk /dutch/dutch/History1/Pages/biog.html (519 words)

	1508 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, Duke of Alva, Spanish general and governor of the Spanish Netherlands (died 1583)
		October 13 - Edmund de Ros, 11th Baron de Ros, follower of the House of Lancaster during the Wars of the Roses (born 1446)
		December 10 - René II, Duke of Lorraine, and Duke of Bar (born 1451)
	www.hartselle.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/1508 (305 words)

	Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, duque de Alva (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Alva había sometido la Campaña entera y estaba en las puertas de Roma, cuando las pedidos de Philip a le obligó que negociara una paz.
		Las preparaciones de Alva para oponer la tormenta de acopio fueron hechas con su vigor generalmente, y él tuvo éxito en la recuperación de Bergen, Mechelen y Zutphen, bajo conducta de su hijo pone Fadrique.
		Alva, sin embargo, no gozó de los honores y de las recompensas de su expedición pasada, porque él murió en Thomar en enero de 1583.
	www.yotor.net /wiki/es/fe/Fernando%20%C1lvarez%20de%20Toledo,%20duque%20de%20Alva.htm (810 words)

	The Ultimate Fadrique Alvarez de Toledo, Duke of Alva Dog Breeds Information Guide and Reference
		Don Fadrique Alvarez de Toledo, Duke of Alva (1537-1583) was a commander in the Spanish army during the Eighty Years' War.
		He was the second son of Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, Duke of Alva, and he became the fourth Duke of Alva after his father's death.
		His father the Duke did not approve of that -- he was afraid of his son's reputation that was already not good with Philip II of Spain, their King.
	www.dogluvers.com /dog_breeds/Fadrique_Alvarez_de_Toledo,_Duke_of_Alva (158 words)

	Encyclopedia: Duke of Milan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Pedro Alvarez de Toledo, Marquis of Francavila 1616-1618
		Gomez Suarez de Figueroa y Córdoba, Duke of Feria 1618-1625
		Gomez Suarez de Figueroa y Córdoba, Duke of Feria 1631-1633
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Duke-of-Milan (250 words)

	Alva Concert Tickets, Biography, Music and Posters (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		*'''Alva, ScotlandAlva''' is a burgh in Clackmannanshire, Scotland.
		Situated at the head of Alva Glen, the town grew around weaving and silver mining.*'''Alva, FloridaAlva''' is also a city located in Lee County, Florida.
		Parts of Alva lie on both sides of the Caloosahatchee River.*'''Alva, OklahomaAlva''' is also a city in Woods County, Oklahoma.
	www.chartbreaker.net /Alva.htm (491 words)

	WHKMLA : Reformation in the (Northern) Netherlands
		The process of the UNIFICATION OF THE NETHERLANDS, begun under the Burgundian Dukes, was completed during the rule of Emperor Charles V. Friesland recognized him as their territorial lord in 1524, Utrecht (a former princebishopric) in 1528, Overijssel in 1528, Drente and Groningen in 1536, Gelderland (Guelders) in 1543.
		Governess Margaret of Parma resigned; Fernando Alvarez de Toledo, the DUKE OF ALVA, succeeded her.
		De heiligverklaring van de martelaren van Gorcum in 1867.
	www.zum.de /whkmla/period/reformation/nldref.html (1603 words)

	Fernando Alvarez De Toledo, Duke Of Alva Encyclopedia Article, Definition, History, Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Looking For fernando alvarez de toledo duke of alva - Find fernando alvarez de toledo duke of alva and more at Lycos Search.
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	artbytexans.com /encyclopedia/Fernando_Alvarez_de_Toledo,_Duke_of_Alva (1115 words)

	Subject Index Page 4. 2001. The Encyclopedia of World History
		Alliance des forces démocratiques pour la libération du Congo-Zaire, AFDL
		Almagro the Younger, Diego de, governor of Peru
		Alva, duke of, Fernando Alvarez de Toledo, Spanish commander
	www.bartleby.com /67/s4.html (376 words)

	Online Encyclopedia and Dictionary - Battle of Jemmingen
		Louis was chased by Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, Duke of Alva and defeated at the Battle of Jemmingen on 21 July 1568.
		The army of the Duke of Alva consisted of 12000 infantry (4 tercio's), 3000 cavalry and some guns.
		The army of Louis of Nassau consisted of 10000 infantry (2 groups), some cavalry and 16 guns.
	fact-archive.com /encyclopedia/Battle_of_Jemmingen (120 words)

	1573 . 1571 . 1574 . 1576 . 1573 in science . July 15 . William Laud . 1645 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		July 12 - Spanish forces under the Fernando Alvarez de Toledo, Duke of Alva Duke of Alva capture Haarlem after a seven month siege.
		August-October - Unsuccessful siege of Alkmaar by Alva November - Alva resigns as Spanish Governor-General and Commander-in-Chief in the Netherlands, and is succeeded by Luis de Requesens, who attempts to pursue a more conciliatory policy.
		Spanish forces under Sancho de Avila defeat the rebel forces of Louis of Nassau.
	www.uk.fraquisanto.net /1573 (285 words)

	Personen A
		Fernando Alvarez de Toledo, derde hertog van Alva (Alba de Tormes, Castilië), hertog van Huescar, markies van Coria, graaf van Salvatierra, ridder in de orde van het Gulden Vlies.
		Vida y hazañas de Don Fernando Alvarez de Toledo, duque de Alba / Antonio Ossorio ; traducción de José Lopez de Toro ; edición y prólogo de [Jacobo Carlos Fitz-James Stuart Falco] duque [de Berwick y] de Alba.
		Des duca von Alba, vnd seiner verordenten zwelff Rethe erklerung, welcher halben einer Leibs vnd Guts in den Niderlanden verlustig.
	dutchrevolt.leidenuniv.nl /Nederlands/personen/a/alba.htm (787 words)

	Storm Tidings: Lamoral, Count of Egmont
		His most experienced general, Fernando Alvarez de Toledo, Duke of Alva, was placed in charge of the invading army and King Philip remained in Brussels with a small force under the command of the Count of Egmont.
		In response, the Duke of Alva crossed the Alps, demolished the Papal army and seized most of the Pope's lands.
		Cold hard logic suggested that the misgivings of the Duke of Alva (who was riding post-haste with the King and the remainder of the forces to try and save the Netherlands from Egmont's stupidity) were well founded.
	www.adamastorshire.co.za /chronicler/stormtidings/archive/jan/egmont.html (2220 words)

	1583 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		January 12 - Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, Duke of Alva, Spanish general and governor of the Spanish Netherlands (born 1508)
		Fadrique Alvarez de Toledo, Duke of Alva, commander in the Spanish army during the Eighty Years' War (born 1537)
		Catherine Jagellonica of Poland, queen of John II of Sweden (born 1526)
	www.leessummit.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/1583 (425 words)

	New Catholic Dictionary: Alva, Fernando Alvarez de Toledo, Duke of (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		New Catholic Dictionary: Alva, Fernando Alvarez de Toledo, Duke of
		Sent by Philip II to subdue the rebellious Netherlands, 1557, his stern measures caused him to be known as the Iron Duke.
		The Dutch rebelled under William of Orange, but Alva held them in check until their desperate resistance at Alkmaar gained them the victory.
	www.catholic-forum.com /saints/ncd00417.htm (86 words)

	1568 Online Research :: Information about 1568 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		May 23 - Battle of Heiligerlee - Troops under Louis of Nassau, brother of William I of Orange, defeat a smaller loyalist force under the Jean de Ligne, Duke of Aremberg in an attempt to invade the Northern Netherlands.
		July 21 - Battle of Jemmingen - The main Spanish army of the Fernando Alvarez de Toledo, Duke of Alva utterly defeats Louis of Nassau's invading army in the Northeastern Netherlands.
		Jean de Ligne, Duke of Aremberg (born 1528)
	www.carolinamaps.net /search/1568.html (522 words)

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