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	Smart Computing Encyclopedia Entry - Thomas M Kilburn
		This device was known as the Ferranti Mark I, and it made its debut in 1948.
		The Ferranti Mark I was based on Howard Aiken’s Mark I. The original Mark I did not have stored-program capabilities.
		The enhancements implemented by Kilburn in the Ferranti Mark I produced a computer that could perform mathematical calculations that were impossible for predecessor computers to handle.
	www.smartcomputing.com /editorial/dictionary/detail.asp?searchtype=2&DicID=19247&RefType=Encyclopedia&guid=8CF5E5CB35CB42E1857F6F42970E2A2C (518 words)

	Manchester Mark I - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Manchester Mark I was one of the earliest electronic computers, built at the University of Manchester in England, in 1949.
		The Ferranti Mark 1 (based on the Manchester Mark 1) had an addition time of 1,200 microseconds and a multiplication time of 2,160 microseconds.
		Ferranti, who had built the Mark I, rebuilt Meg with core memory and sold the resulting design as the Ferranti Mercury.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Manchester_Mark_I (895 words)

	Ferranti Mark I - Definition, explanation
		The Ferranti Mark I was the first commercially available general-purpose computer, with the first machine delivered in February 1951, just beating the UNIVAC I.
		It was based on the Manchester Mark I, which was designed at the University of Manchester by Freddie Williams and Tom Kilburn.
		The Manchester Mark I effectively served as a prototype for the Ferranti Mark I; the main improvements over it were in the size of the primary storage and secondary storage, a faster multiplier, and additional instructions.
	www.calsky.com /lexikon/en/txt/f/fe/ferranti_mark_i.php (215 words)

	Manchester Mark 1 Introduction
		The Manchester Mark 1 not only expanded the size and power of the basic Baby components but added some important innovations, in particular a magnetic drum for auxiliary storage, the original ancestor of the disc.
		The Ferranti Mark 1 had the same basic architecture as the Manchester Mark 1, but it was better engineered and included a number of enhancements that made it a significantly faster and more powerful machine.
		Ferranti then produced a revised version, the Ferranti Mark 1*, which had essentially the same architecture, but with a reduced but improved order code.
	www.computer50.org /mark1/mark1intro.html (454 words)

	Ferranti Mark I - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Ferranti Mark I was the second commercially available general-purpose computer (the first one being the German Z4), with the first machine delivered in February 1951, just beating the UNIVAC I.
		It was based on the Manchester Mark I, which was designed at the University of Manchester by Freddie Williams and Tom Kilburn.
		This was known as the Ferranti Mark I* or the Ferranti Star.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ferranti_Mark_I (200 words)

	FP-6000 -- From DATAR To The FP-6000
		Ferranti Canada's efforts to launch an indigenous computer industry, with itself at the centre, and the eventual collapse of this dream, is a more complex story than the usual versions which speak of great ideas lost to an unresponsive society.
		Ferranti Canada's response to the position of DRB was prudent: "Solandt leaves a small loophole for us to be associated with the Board, provided we will work for nothing", wrote A.B. Cooper, the president of the Canadian subsidiary, to de Ferranti.
		Ferranti Canada's design approach was to make all aspects of the computer cheque sorting system modular, in order that customers could expand the capacity of their sorting systems in an economical and flexible manner.
	www.ewh.ieee.org /reg/7/millennium/fp6000/fp6000_datar.html (9099 words)

	History of the School of Computer Science (Site not responding. Last check: )
		They built up a large Computing Service on the Ferranti Mark 1, which was used by 20 to 30 organisations outside the University.
		The Ferranti Mercury became a workhorse for the U.K. scientific community in the early 1960s, one that was acknowledged in the Flowers report on University Computing published in 1965.
		Ferranti joined the project in 1959, now called Atlas, and made a major contribution to the large operating system.
	www.cs.manchester.ac.uk /About/history.php (1399 words)

	Computer History Museum - Ferranti Ltd. - An Introduction to the Ferranti Mercury Computer
		In the early 20th century, Ferranti was well known for the production of power engineering devices and later branched into electronics.
		The Ferranti Mark 1 was the world's first commercially available general-purpose computer.
		Ferranti continued to develop a wide range of computers, often in collaboration with Manchester University.
	www.computerhistory.org /brochures/companies.php?alpha=d-f&company=com-42bc1acec3452 (123 words)

	Tom Kilburn
		The evolution from Baby to full Manchester Mark 1 took place in stages, and an intermediary version with most of the added power was available for general use from April 1949.
		In early 1951 the Manchester Mark 1 was replaced by the first Ferranti Mark 1, in a new building built specially to house it, the Computing Machine Laboratory.
		In 1950 Turing and Cicely designed the programming system for the Ferranti Mark 1 (Scheme A), based on their experience with the Manchester Mark 1, and Turing wrote the first programming manual for it.
	www.computer50.org /mark1/kilburn.html (4298 words)

	[No title]
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		Manchester Mark 1 ÏËÁÚÁÌÓÑ ÎÁÓÔÏÌØËÏ ÕÄÁÞÅÎ, ÞÔÏ ÂÒÉÔÁÎÓËÏÅ ÐÒÁ×ÉÔÅÌØÓÔ×Ï × 1949 ÇÏÄÕ ÚÁËÁÚÁÌÏ ÓÅÒÉÀ ÐÏÄÏÂÎÙÈ ÍÁÛÉÎ ËÏÍÐÁÎÉÉ Ferranti.
		ëÏÍÍÅÒÞÅÓËÁÑ ×ÅÒÓÉÑ Ferranti Mark 1 ÉÍÅÌÁ ÔÕ ÖÅ ÁÒÈÉÔÅËÔÕÒÕ, ÞÔÏ É Manchester Mark 1, ÏÄÎÁËÏ ÏÔÌÉÞÁÌÁÓØ ËÏÎÓÔÒÕËÔÉ×ÎÏ É ÉÍÅÌÁ ÎÅÓËÏÌØËÏ ÂÏÌØÛÅÅ ÂÙÓÔÒÏÄÅÊÓÔ×ÉÅ.
	www.ssga.ru /erudites_info/info_technology/computer/stati/ibm.html (515 words)

	50th Anniversary of the Manchester Baby computer
		It in turn was the basis of the first commercially available computer, the Ferranti Mark 1, the first machine off the production line being delivered in February 1951.
		These pages tell the story of the Baby and the Mark 1, and give a record of the 50th anniversary celebrations for the Mark 1, and the machines that followed it.
		The Mark 1 and the next three machines were all turned into commercial machines; the fifth, MU5, made a major contribution to the design of the ICL VME2900 series.
	www.cs.man.ac.uk /mark1/gallery.html (474 words)

	Manchester Autocodes
		It was possible to simulate this one-level store on the Mark I in a reasonably balanced way because the access time for reading an operand from the drum happened to be about the same time as a floating-point addition via an interpretive library routine.
		This provision was paramount to the acceptance of the Ferranti Mercury and later the English Electric KDF9's, System 4,s and then the ICL 2900's in ICL and elsewhere.
		Then through the derivatives of those languages operating on the several Ferranti, English Electric and ICL machines in ICI and elswhere, suites of significant design and performance improvement programs were written by mathematicians and engineers that were to last for decades.
	www.tommythomas.org.uk /Manchester/manchester_autocodes.html (798 words)

	Ferranti Mark I Computer
		The British then quickly developed the Manchester Mark 1, a more powerful and usable machine that was used primarily for scientific research.
		By late 1948, the government had commissioned Ferranti Ltd. to produce the Ferranti Mark 1, the first commercially available computer.
		The links included herein relate to the Ferranti Mark I. University of Manchester, England, United Kingdom: Overview of Manchester Mark I
	www.buzzle.com /chapters/computers-and-the-internet_history-and-the-human-experience_ferranti-mark-i.asp (166 words)

	Sideways Add / Population Count
		The (Manchester) Ferranti Mark I had a hardware random number generator.
		Another curiosity of the Mark I's instruction set was a sideways add ('population count'), also specified by Turing.
		I've always assumed that the two instructions could be useful for cryptography - eg for the generation of one-time coding pads and the testing of decryption procedures.
	cryptome.sabotage.org /sadd.htm (1322 words)

	MADM Mk I Ptototype and Kilburn's Highest Factor Routine
		The design and implementation of the Manchester Mark I Prototype was primarily due to two men, Fredric C. Williams and Tom Kilburn.
		For example to add two numbers, C := A + B, on the Mark I Prototype, you had to load negative A into the Accumulator, subtract B, then negate the answer by storing it at C, doing a load negative then storing it back to C. That is C := - ((-A) - B).
		The answers can be found in an article titled "Early Programs on the Manchester Mark I Prototype" which appeared in the July - September 1998 issue of the IEEE Annals of the History of Computing.
	www4.wittenberg.edu /academics/mathcomp/bjsdir/madmmk1.shtml (3052 words)

	50th Anniversary of the Manchester Baby computer
		It in turn was the basis of the first commercially available computer, the Ferranti Mark 1, the first machine off the production line being delivered in February 1951.
		These pages tell the story of the Baby and the Mark 1, and give a record of the 50th anniversary celebrations for the Mark 1, and the machines that followed it.
		The Mark 1 and the next three machines were all turned into commercial machines; the fifth, MU5, made a major contribution to the design of the ICL VME2900 series.
	www.computer50.org (474 words)

	Computer History for 1940 - 1960
		The Von Neumann Architecture is introduced in John von Neumann's report of the EDVAC.
		The Harvard-MARK III, the first of the MARK machines to use an internally stored program and indirect addressing, goes into operations again under the direction of Howard Aiken.
		The first commercial computer, the "First Ferranti MARK I" is now functional at Manchester University.
	www.computerhope.com /history/194060.htm (832 words)

	Neuroscience Of Intelligence
		Prinz's chess program, also written for the Ferranti Mark I, first ran in November 1951.
		For this reason and the fact that the processing speed for computers was pretty slow back then, the program would take a very long time to choose the move in which it should make.
		Turing started to program what he called his “Turochamp chess-player” on the Ferranti Mark I. What made this program different was that the Turochamp could play a complete game and operated not by exhaustive search but under the guidance of rule-of-thumb principles devised by Turing.
	www.macalester.edu /psychology/whathap/UBNRP/intelligence05/MMhistory.html (1156 words)

	Manchester Catalogue
		Ferranti Brochure: The Manchester Universal Electronic Computer (7 pp.
		Ferranti Brochure: The Manchester Electronic Computer (18 pp.
		Introduction to Programming on the Manchester Electronic Digital Computer made by Ferranti Ltd, D. Prinz (56 pp.)
	www.alanturing.net /turing_archive/archive/index/manchesterindex.html (171 words)

	Frequently asked questions by the Press - Tim BL (Site not responding. Last check: )
		A (1997) : My parents are both mathematicians: they actually met while working on the Ferranti Mark I, the first computer sold commercially.
		My mother has been dubbed the "first commercial computer programmer" as she went with the machine when it was installed on the customer site.
		The screen shot shows me making a link from "Atlas" in a list of experiments to some marked page.
	www.w3.org /People/Berners-Lee/FAQ.html (7901 words)

	Williams tube (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Williams design was used in the Manchester Mark I and the commercial Ferranti Mark I (both British machines), and in the IBM 'Defense Calculator' (1951).
		In a CRT (in principle a standard oscilloscope type with electrostatic deflection), the electron beam draws a spot of light on the phosphor-covered screen at the XY position where it is directed to by the deflection system.
		Dot pattern on the screen of a Williams memory tube of a Ferranti Mark I computer.
	www.science.uva.nl /faculteit/museum/williamstube.html (649 words)

	Welcome to PUPR - BS & MS in Computer Sciences Programs
		Turing's principal practical contribution at Manchester was to design the programming system of the Ferranti Mark I, the world's first commercially available electronic digital computer.
		Turing was a founding father of modern cognitive science and a leading early exponent of the hypothesis that the human brain is in large part a digital computing machine, theorising that the cortex at birth is an 'unorganised machine' which through 'training' becomes organised 'into a universal machine or something like it'.
		From 1951 Turing worked on what would now be called Artificial Life, using the Ferranti Mark I computer to model aspects of biological growth, in particular a chemical mechanism by which the genes of a zygote could determine the anatomical structure of the resulting animal or plant.
	www.pupr.edu /cs/cssite3.asp?ID=153 (1424 words)

	BBC NEWS \| In Depth \| dot life \| Fifty years of computers
		The Manchester Mark I - forerunner of the Ferranti
		Compared even to every day machines of the post-war period, the Ferranti Mark I and the Univac were huge.
		The computational heart of the Ferranti was held in two bays, each of which was almost five metres long, over two metres wide and over one metre wide.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/in_depth/sci_tech/2000/dot_life/1394413.stm (775 words)

	looking.back -- July
		The month of July is marked in our history by several inaugurations from the births of significant pioneers through the announcement of new machines and the establishment of computer companies.
		On 9 July 1951, the Ferranti company inaugurated the Mark I machine, a derivative of the machine that had been built by Frederick Williams and Tom Kilburn at the University of Manchester.
		The Ferranti Mark I marked the beginning of a line of commercial machines in the United Kingdom that would form the basis of the British computer industry.
	ei.cs.vt.edu /~history/50th/July.html (870 words)

	From Gutenberg to the Internet: Timeline 1951
		The first Ferranti Mark I version of the Manchester University machine is delivered to Manchester University.
		The Mark I is the first commercially produced electronic digital computer to be delivered to a customer.
		The second English electronic computer conference is held at Manchester to inaugurate the first Ferranti Mark I. There Wilkes introduces the term microprogramming,referring to the design of control circuits.
	www.historyofscience.com /G2I/docs/timeline/timeline_1951.shtml (544 words)

	Still More Real Machines (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Also shown is the instruction word format shared by the ORDVAC, the ILLIAC I, and several other machines based on the machine at Princeton's Institute for Advanced Study designed by John von Neumann, and the instruction word format of the Manchester Mark I, and the commercial Ferranti Mark I based on it.
		On the Manchester and Ferranti Mark I computers, the index register field was either zero, or gave the number of an index register, the contents of which were added to the entire instruction before use.
		Computers which accompanied data bits in memory with a "flag" bit which was significant to the programmer (parity bits, of course, are irrelevant) were excluded as well, so this eliminated the IBM 1401 and the much more recent BIT 483.
	www.quadibloc.com /comp/cp0305.htm (1878 words)

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