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	* Ferrel cell - (Meteorology): Definition
		Ferrel Cell - in the general circulation of the atmosphere, the name given to the middle latitude cell marked by sinking motion near 30 degrees and rising motion near 60 degrees latitude
		F0170 Ferrel cell Shallow circulation cell in the middle and high latitudes of both hemispheres, proposed by W. Ferrel (1859), in which the flow is poleward near the ground and equatorward at an intermediate level.
		Travelling generally eastward in the tropopause, the polar jets reside at the juncture of the Ferrel cell and the Polar cell and mark the location of the polar cold front.
	en.mimi.hu /meteorology/ferrel_cell.html (105 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Troposphere
		The region of the atmosphere where the lapse rate changes from positive (in the troposphere) to negative (in the stratosphere), is defined as the tropopause.
		There are three convection cells in each hemisphere: the Hadley cell, the Ferrel cell, and the Polar cell which guide the prevailing winds and transport heat from the equator to the poles.
		Atmospheric circulation is the large-scale movement of air, and the means (together with the ocean circulation, which is smaller [1]) by which heat is distributed on the surface of the Earth.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Troposphere (1560 words)

	William Ferrel Summary
		The latter was a derivative of the effect theorized by Gustave de Coriolis in 1835 and became known as Ferrel's law.
		Ferrel also contemplated the effect that the gravitational pull of the Sun and Moon might have on the Earth's rotation.
		During the 1870s, one of Ferrel's final contributions was to refine the observations of fellow Pennsylvanian James Pollard Espy (1785-1860), who demonstrated the role that atmospheric heating and cooling have in producing precipitation.
	www.bookrags.com /William_Ferrel (399 words)

	Ferrel biography
		In 1837 Ferrel was twenty-two years old and by that time he had saved enough money from his wages as a school teacher to allow him to finance his studies at college.
		His theory involved what is now known as a Ferrel cell in which air flows towards the pole and eastward near the earth's surface and towards the equator and westward at higher altitudes.
		Ferrel visited the staff of The American Ephemeris and Nautical Almanac in Cambridge, Massachusetts in the spring of 1857, was given certain work to undertake, then returned to his school in Nashville where he worked for another year.
	www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk /history/Biographies/Ferrel.html (1945 words)

	Ferrel Cell -- from Eric Weisstein's World of Astronomy
		A circulation cell which forms at the mid-latitudes of a rotating planet to balance the transport by the Hadley and polar cells.
		The Ferrel cell has air motion opposite to planetary rotation.
		The Ferrel cells and Hadley cells meet at the horse latitudes.
	scienceworld.wolfram.com /astronomy/FerrelCell.html (74 words)

	Coriolis Force
		The cell nearest the Equator is called the Hadley cell, in which air rises near the equator, flows north or south, and sinks again near a latitude of 30° in both hemispheres.
		In the cells nearest the poles, the Polar cells, air sinks at the poles, flows outward along the surface, rises near latitude 60° in both hemispheres, and flows back to the poles at high altitudes.
		A very weak cell, called the Ferrel cell, occurs between the Hadley and Polar cells.
	www.cotf.edu /ete/modules/elnino/crcoriolis.html (247 words)

	1.8 Meridional and Vertical Mass Flux
		The cells with rising motion in near-equatorial latitudes and sinking motion in the subtropics are known as the Hadley circulation or Hadley Cell (Huschke, 1957).
		The cells with rising motion around 60° latitude and sinking motion in the subtropics are known as the Ferrel circulation or Ferrel Cell (Fairbridge, 1967).
		The Hadley and Ferrel circulations carry heat, moisture and momentum with them, and are responsible for the poleward transport of total energy.
	www.nrlmry.navy.mil /~chu/chap2/se108.htm (167 words)

	7(p) Global Scale Circulation of the Atmosphere
		These three circulation cells are known as the: Hadley cell; Ferrel cell; and Polar cell.
		A small portion of this lifted air is sent back into the Ferrel cell after it reaches the top of the troposphere.
		Most of this lifted air is directed to the polar vortex where it moves downward to create the polar high.
	www.physicalgeography.net /fundamentals/7p.html (1740 words)

	climate [GozoWeather.com]
		Depressions start making their way into the Mediterranean at this time of year, driven by the apparent southward movement of the overhead sun from the Equator to the Tropic of Cancer.
		This movement causes the three Hadley cells in the northern hemisphere to 'elongate' southwards.
		The Hadley Cells start to 'contract' again, thus dragging with them the depressions to the northern latitudes.
	www.gozoweather.com /climate.shtml (633 words)

	petrolpump.co.in : energy sources, Wind, Trade Winds, Winds by spatial scale, Prevailing winds, Seasonal winds, ...
		Winds can be classified either by their scale, the kinds of forces which cause them (according to the atmospheric equations of motion), or the geographic regions in which they exist.
		The Trades form under the Hadley circulation cell, and are part of the return flow for this cell.
		The Westerlies, which can be found at the mid-latitudes beneath the Ferrel circulation cell, likewise arise from the tendency of winds to move in a curved path on a rotating planet.
	www.petrolpump.co.in /energy-sources/wind.htm (2268 words)

	Fa-Fm
		Most generally this is a phenomenon where the output of a system is fed or cycled back into the input of the system, thus changing the output, etc. This is equivalent to saying that a system is nonlinear.
		A mid-latitude mean atmospheric circulation cell for weather proposed by Ferrel in the 19th century.
		In this cell the air flows poleward and eastward near the surface and equatorward and westward at higher levels.
	stommel.tamu.edu /~baum/paleo/ocean/node11.html (1700 words)

	tScholars.com \| Ferrel cell (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Ferrel cell is usually shown between the Hadley and Polar cells, e.g.
		It is named after William Ferrel, who was concerned with describing the surface flow in the Temperate zone of air that came from the Horse Latitudes, namely the Westerlies.
		The main 'problem' with the Ferrel cell is that it is thermally indirect.
	www.tscholars.com /encyclopedia/Ferrel_cell (406 words)

	tScholars.com \| William Ferrel (Site not responding. Last check: )
		William Ferrel (1817 – 1891), an American meteorologist, developed theories which explained the mid-latitude atmospheric circulation cell in detail, and it is after him that the Ferrel cell is named.
		Ferrel demonstrated that it is the tendency of rising warm air, as it rotates due to the Coriolis effect, to pull in air from more southerly, warmer regions and transport it poleward.
		It is this rotation which creates the complex curvatures in the frontal systems separating the cooler Arctic air to the north from the warmer continental tropical air to the south.
	www.tscholars.com /encyclopedia/William_Ferrel (134 words)

	understanding the jetstream
		Ferrel cell - A mid-latitude mean atmospheric circulation cell for weather named by Ferrel in the 19th century.
		In this cell the air flows poleward and eastward near the surface and equatorward and westward at higher levels.
		Surface winds in the polar cell are easterly (polar easterlies).
	www.pilotfriend.com /av_weather/meteo/jet.htm (811 words)

	Science Fair Projects - Hadley cell
		The Hadley cell carries heat and moisture from the tropics to the northern and southern mid-latitudes.
		This region marks the zone of separation between the Hadley cell and the temperate zone Ferrel cell, and is known as the "horse latitudes".
		A Hadley cell is bound as much by the laws of chaos as by the laws of thermodynamics, and what is here today may be there, or somewhere else, tomorrow.
	www.all-science-fair-projects.com /science_fair_projects_encyclopedia/Hadley_cell (839 words)

	The Dispatch - Serving the Lexington, NC - News (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In consequence of the atmosphere's revolving on a common axis with that of the earth, each particle is impressed with a centrifugal force, which, being resolved into a vertical and a horizontal force, the latter causes it to assume a spheroidal form conforming to the figure of the earth.
		Ferrel, W. 'An essay on the winds and the currents of the Oceans', Nashville journal of medicine and surgery, 1856.
		Ferrel recognized that in meteorology and oceanography what needs to be taken into account is a tendency to of air mass that is in motion relative to the earth to conserve the angular momentum (of its angular velocity with respect to the earth's axis).
	www.the-dispatch.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=William_Ferrel (308 words)

	Air Circulation
		This is the northernmost cell of circulation and its mean position is between 60°N and the North Pole.
		The mid-latitude circulation cell between the Polar cell and the Hadley cell is called the Ferrel cell.
		Unlike the other two cells, where the upper and low-level flows are reversed, a generally westerly flow dominates the Ferrel cell at the surface and aloft.
	sparce.evac.ou.edu /q_and_a/air_circulation.htm (1068 words)

	SciencePoles - Atmospheric circulation - Polar science, Arctic, Antarctic,Climate change, Research, Poles, Polar regions
		The Hadley cell mechanism is a closed heat loop, where warm, moist air rises around the equator to the upper reaches of the troposphere (the atmospheric layer which stretches from the ground to the stratosphere) and thereafter moves toward the poles.
		By acting as a heat sink (ie it absorbs heat), the Polar cell is crucial to balancing the Hadley cell's transport of heat northwards (from the equator) in maintaining the Earth's overall temperature equilibrium.
		The Ferrel cell is a secondary circulation system, acting as a counterbalance between the Hadley and Polar cells.
	www.polar-science.org /index.php?s=2&rs=home&uid=412&lg=en&pg=3 (703 words)

	Ferrel biography
		William Ferrel's father was Benjamin Ferrel who was a farmer and operated a sawmill, while his mother, whose maiden name was Miller but whose first name seems unknown, was the daughter of a farmer.
		An event which heightened Ferrel's scientific interests and encouraged him to pursue his education further was the partial eclipse of the sun which he witnessed in 1832.
		As well as research on tides Ferrel studied currents and storms, used tidal data to determine the mass of the moon, and he invented a machine to predict tidal maxima and minima.
	www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk /Biographies/Ferrel.html (1945 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Hadley cell and the Polar cell are similar in that they are thermally direct; in other words, they exist as a direct consequence of surface temperatures; their thermal characteristics override the effects of weather in their domain.
		The sheer volume of energy the Hadley cell transports, and the depth of the heat sink that is the Polar cell ensures, that the effects of transient weather phenomena are not only not felt by the system as a whole, but — except under unusual circumstances — are not even permitted to form.
		For this reason it is sometimes known as the "zone of mixing." At its southern extent, it overrides the Hadley cell, and at its northern extent, it overrides the Polar cell.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=atmospheric_circulation (1757 words)

	Geology 150 - Climate Changes (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The conservation of angular momentum prevents a single cell from occurring by causing air transported from the equator to flow eastward in the Northern Hemisphere.
		Hadley cell: a thermal cell characterized by upward expansion near the equator and divergence toward the poles aloft.
		Ferrel cell: a thermally indirect cell which circulates air between the subtropical high and the subpolar low.
	earth.usc.edu /geol150/weather/circulation.html (633 words)

	Atmospheric circulation
		Though the Hadley cell is described as lying on the equator, it should be noted that it is more accurate to describe it as following the sun’s zenith point, or what is termed the "thermal equator," which undergoes a semiannual north-south migration.
		The Hadley cell and the Polar cell are similar in that they are thermally direct; in other words, they exist as a direct consequence of surface temperatures as well; their thermal characteristics override the effects of weather in their domain.
		The Pacific cell is of such importance that it has been named the Walker circulation after Sir Gilbert Walker, an early-20th-century director of British observatories in India, who sought a means of predicting when the monsoon winds would fail.
	www.1bx.com /en/Atmospheric_circulation.htm (1811 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Atmospheric circulation
		The wind belts and the jet streams girdling the planet are steered by three cells: the Hadley cell, the Ferrel cell, and the Polar cell (the interpretation of the latter two is complex).
		The sheer volume of energy the Hadley cell transports, and the depth of the heat sink that is the Polar cell ensures, that the effects of transient weather phenomena are not only not felt by the system as a whole, but — except under unusual circumstances — are not even permitted to form.
		The Ferrel cell, theorized by William Ferrel (1817-1891), is a secondary circulation feature, dependent for its existence upon the Hadley cell and the Polar cell.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Atmospheric_circulation (1791 words)

	Melissa Strausberg
		Ferrel hypothesized that it transported air poleward near the surface, and equatorward near the pole.
		It may seem odd that the Ferrel cell acts in the opposite direction of the Hadley and Polar cells, but there is an inherent difference in their origins: while the Hadley and Polar cells are thermally driven, the Ferrel cell is driven by baroclinic eddies (small deviations from the average flow).
		In the Hadley cells and Polar cells, where surface circulation is equatorward, winds blow west—these are the “trade winds” and the “polar easterlies” (coming from the east, flowing to the west), respectively.
	www.its.caltech.edu /~sciwrite/journal03/strausberg.html (4234 words)

	lab8-key
		Hadley Cell is a direct thermal circulation with rising motion near the equator (0°) and sinking motion near 30 degrees latitude.
		Ferrel Cell is an indirect thermal circulation with sinking motion near 30 degrees latitude and rising motion near 60 degrees latitude.
		One last comment on the Ferrel cell, it is the most difficult to see day-to-day because of its relationship to the polar front.
	www.meso.com /wind-personal/glenn/171/lab08/lab8-key.htm (2974 words)

	Earth's Climate System - Global Air Circulation
		Of course Earth does rotate once on its axis each day and the resulting Coriolis effect causes the meridional flow to be disrupted as winds are deflected to the right of their course in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left of their course in the Southern Hemisphere.
		Ferrel Cells: Mid-latitude cells in both hemispheres are termed the Ferrel cells (Fig.
		Circulation in these cells results from the air flowing toward the poles from the subtropical highs which collides with cold air flowing from the poles.
	www.mhhe.com /earthsci/geology/mcconnell/ecs/gac.htm (859 words)

	HADLEY CELL - GoGoSearch.com
		cell is a circulation pattern that dominates the tropical atmosphere, with rising motion near the equator, poleward flow 10-15 kilometers above...
		This region marks the zone of separation between the Hadley cell and the temperate zone Ferrel cell, and is known as the "horse latitudes";.
		A Hadley cell is bound as much by the laws of chaos as by the laws of thermodynamics, and what is here today may be there, or somewhere else, tomorrow.
	www.gogosearch.com /wiki/Hadley_cell (833 words)

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