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Topic: Ferromanganese

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	Method and apparatus for manufacturing medium or low carbon ferromanganese - Patent 5462579
		Where the flow rate of the mixed gas injected into the molten high carbon ferromanganese is increased in response to a lowering in decarburization efficiency during the refining or to a lowering in carbon concentration of the molten ferromanganese, the decarburization proceeds in high efficiency at a reduced flow rate of the gas.
		The combustion gas generated on decarburization and refining of the molten high carbon ferromanganese by blowing oxygen gas on the surface of the molten high carbon ferromanganese in the converter consists of a mixed gas comprised of a major proportion of CO gas along with N.sub.2 gas and CO.sub.2 gas.
		In this manufacturing method wherein molten high carbon ferromanganese is decarburized and refined, the final carbon concentration is presumed in terms of the blown oxygen amount (cumulative amount) and the decarburization efficiency, and the flow rate of the bottom-blown gas is changed.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /5462579.html (3761 words)

	The World Market for Ferromanganese with Less Than 2% Carbon by Weight: A 2004
		I have developed a methodology, based on macroeconomic and trade models, to estimate the market for ferromanganese with less than 2% carbon by weight for those countries serving the world market via exports or supplying from various countries via imports.
		Chapter 4 does the same, but for imports of ferromanganese with less than 2% carbon by weight for all countries in the world.
		Combined, Chapters 3 and 4 present the complete picture for imports and exports of ferromanganese with less than 2% carbon by weight to and from all major countries in the world.
	www.mindbranch.com /catalog/product.jsp?code=R307-4960 (702 words)

	National Institute of Oceanography, India
		Ferromanganese crusts are hydrogenous colloidal precipitates, which are known to record oceanographic conditions contemporaneous to their growth period.
		This is the reason why the seamount ferromanganese crusts formed closer to OMZ tend to enrich cobalt over other transition metals.
		After the first-time recovery of cobalt enriched ferromanganese crusts from the ANS, we proposed a project to DOD for funding, which received funding for X 5-Year Plan period.
	www.nio.org /projects/shamprasad/cobalt/project_shyamprasad_addition.jsp (1671 words)

	Recycling Today Magazine :: News :: PA Businessman Sees Value in Slag Heaps
		New technology developed in the last decade makes it possible to extract from slag a valuable substance known as ferromanganese, which is used to harden steel.
		Slag, a stone-like material left over from steelmaking, is typically a mix of limestone and minute traces of ferromanganese, which is extracted by putting the slag in the jig's hopper and pumping in water and air to separate the components.
		Only about three percent of the slag is useful ferromanganese, but with an estimated 11 million tons of slag at Rider's Dump, there is enough to sustain an extraction operation for a dozen or more years, Kordell said.
	www.recyclingtoday.com /news/news.asp?ID=3949&SubCatID=21&CatID=9 (579 words)

	Murtha Joins in Grand Opening of Rollock Division
		We are taking ferromanganese slag left over by blast furnaces that began operations in Johnstown over 100 years ago, cleaning the metals out of the slag and leaving a nice, clean limestone.
		“Ferromanganese is used to strengthen steel and we are going to use it to strengthen the Johnstown economy,” Kordell added.
		Johnstown has several million tons of ferromanganese slag at different locations and, as Rollock negotiates agreements with the owners, the company expects its operations to continue for decades, Murtha said, noting that the new division will create about 25 jobs initially with the potential for a lot more.
	www.house.gov /murtha/news/nw030422.htm (393 words)

	The World Market for Ferromanganese with over 2% Carbon by Weight: A 2004 Global Trade Perspective
		I have developed a methodology, based on macroeconomic and trade models, to estimate the market for ferromanganese with over 2% carbon by weight for those countries serving the world market via exports or supplying from various countries via imports.
		Chapter 4 does the same, but for imports of ferromanganese with over 2% carbon by weight for all countries in the world.
		Combined, Chapters 3 and 4 present the complete picture for imports and exports of ferromanganese with over 2% carbon by weight to and from all major countries in the world.
	www.marketresearch.com /redirect.asp?productid=919437&progid=3603 (674 words)

	Silica fume - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Silica fume, also known as microsilica, is a byproduct of the reduction of high-purity quartz with coke in electric arc furnaces in the production of silicon and ferrosilicon alloys.
		Silica Fume is also collected as a byproduct in the production of other silicon alloys such as ferrochromium, ferromanganese, ferromagnesium, and calcium silicon (ACI Comm.
		Before the mid-1970s, nearly all silica fume was discharged into the atmosphere.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Silica_fume (245 words)

	EPA: Federal Register: National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Ferroalloys Production: ...
		When producing ferromanganese, furnace #12 operates at a power input of 20 to 22 MW, while furnace #1 is expected to operate at 25 MW.
		Although furnace #1 is permitted for ferromanganese production by the State of Ohio, ferromanganese has not been produced in the furnace since 1993, which predates any requirements by the State of Ohio for performance testing.
		In formulating appropriate limits for furnace #1 when producing ferromanganese and furnace #12 when producing silicomanganese, we included the two considerations advanced by the petitioner: that emissions are directly proportional to power input and that emissions differ by 10 percent due to furnace depth.
	www.epa.gov /fedrgstr/EPA-AIR/2001/March/Day-22/a7028.htm (5003 words)

	The World Market for Ferromanganese with over 2% Carbon by Weight: A 2005 Global Trade Perspective
		The total level of imports and exports on a worldwide basis, and those for each region, is based on a model which aggregates across over 150 key country markets and projects these to the current year.
		Of the 150 countries considered, if a country is not reported here it is therefore estimated to have only a negligible level of trade in ferromanganese with over 2% carbon by weight (i.e.
		In such cases, the difference between the numbers given in this report and the numbers actually observed might be interpreted as the "net loss" or "net gain" due to these exogenous events affecting regular trade flows that would have occurred had these events not have taken place.
	www.marketresearch.com /redirect.asp?productid=1027532&progid=3603 (801 words)

	The World Market for Ferromanganese: A 2005 Global Trade Perspective: Industry
		I have developed a methodology, based on macroeconomic and trade models, to estimate the market for ferromanganese for those countries serving the world market via exports or supplying from various countries via imports.
		Combined, Chapters 3 and 4 present the complete picture for imports and exports of ferromanganese to and from all major countries in the world.
		"Ferromanganese" as a category is defined in this report following the definition given by the United Nations Statistics Division Classification Registry using the Standard International Trade Classification, Revision 3 (SITC, Rev. 3).
	www.mindbranch.com /products/R307-7531.html (762 words)

	Electronic Code of Federal Regulations: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Plant roadway means any area at a ferromanganese and silicomanganese production facility that is subject to plant mobile equipment, such as fork lifts, front end loaders, or trucks, carrying manganese-bearing materials.
		No owner or operator shall cause to be discharged into the atmosphere from any new, reconstructed, or existing MOR process exhaust gases containing particulate matter in excess of 69 mg/dscm (0.03 gr/dscf).
		(1) Each owner or operator of an affected ferromanganese and silicomanganese production facility must prepare, and at all times operate according to, a fugitive dust control plan that describes in detail the measures that will be put in place to control fugitive dust emissions from the individual fugitive dust sources at the facility.
	ecfr.gpoaccess.gov /cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=84b7a657d57b1e6f4a47cce2120435df&rgn=div6&view=text&node=40:12.0.1.1.1.8&idno=40 (6415 words)

	Thesis Abstract (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Ferrosilicon and Ferromanganese alloys are used for deoxidation, desulphurization and also used in particular grades of steels to change its physical and chemical properties.
		Ferromanganese modifies the structure of graphite and retard the grain growth, produces the fine grains steel.
		Around 30 pct input energy is wasted as calorific value of CO to produce Ferrosilicon and Ferromanganese.
	www.iitk.ac.in /mme/mtTheses/2004/Y120613.html (372 words)

	New Page 3 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The DOD decision is a response to a letter written by Strickland in January.
		In the letter, Strickland asked that DOD sales of Ferromanganese remain at 50,000 tons, instead of their plan to increase sales to 100,000 tons.
		Ferromanganese is a critical component in steel production because of its unique heat resistant properties.
	www.house.gov /strickland/erametdecision.html (195 words)

	Business Report - Kumba may build ferromanganese plant with Samancor
		AlloyStream may allow South African manganese miners to use their lower-grade, or fine manganese ore, most of which is traditionally stockpiled as it cannot all be sold.
		Metallurgists at Kumba developed the technology, which uses lower grades of manganese and coal, and cuts the electricity required to make ferromanganese, lowering costs by almost a third.
		Ferromanganese for delivery to Europe has dropped 43 percent since the end of 2004 and traded at $545 (R3 373) a ton yesterday, according to Metal Bulletin.
	busrep.co.za /index.php?fArticleId=3160881&fSectionId=552&fSetId=662 (712 words)

	Electrolysis cell - Patent 4107006
		As already mentioned above, the cell according to the invention is more particularly suitable for elaborating manganese metal from ferromanganese, particularly for the working of the method for elaborating manganese metal from ferromanganese which is the object of Belgian patent application PV No. 0/156765 filed May 27, 1975.
		The spent electrolyte contains manganese chloride and iron chloride which is then subjected outside the cell or inside thereof, to a purification by adding an excess ferromanganese to remove the iron chloride, the thus-purified electrolyte being fed back to the cathode compartment through the openings 15.
		1 and 2, is used, the holes 4 provided in said anode walls have a small enough diameter for the iron or ferromanganese fed to said anode not to pass through said holes.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4107006.html (1596 words)

	REFERENCES
		Geochemistry of buried Miocene–Pleistocene ferromanganese nodules from the Antarctic Ocean.
		Ferromanganese nodules from MANOP Sites H, S, and R—control of mineralogical and chemical composition by multiple accretionary processes.
		Geochemical constraints on the formation of late Cenozoic ferromanganese micronodules from the central Arctic Ocean.
	www-odp.tamu.edu /publications/199_SR/211/211_9.htm (374 words)

	SFPO: US sales stable; French ferromanganese producer also foresees no big price hikes soon - Societe du Ferromanganese ...
		Societe du Ferromanganese de Paris-Outreau (SFPO) continues to be profitable despite depressed market prices, thanks to a very lean organization and to careful investments in high technology to keep it competitive with either the more diversified or lower-cost ferroalloy producers around the world.
		Looking at the immediate U.S. market prospects for high-carbon ferromanganese, and noticing a trend toward "balanced prices" on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean, Homo predicted "no spectacular increase" in prices from their recent level of $350 to $360 a long ton, which is way down from the record 1981 level of $500 a ton.
		Predicting that consumption of ferromanganese "won't increase much" in 1985 on either side of the Atlantic, despite the recovery of the capital goods sector, Homo pointed out that ferromanganese production also declined last year, causing a rundown of the "horribly" high inventories that depressed the market in 1983.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m3MKT/is_v93/ai_3782319 (896 words)

	Untitled Document
		Manheim, F.T., and Lane-Bostwick, C.M., 1988, Cobalt in ferromanganese crusts as a monitor of hydrothermal discharge on the Pacific sea floor: Nature, v.
		Manheim, F.T., and Hein, J.R., 1986, Ferromanganese crusts, in Proc.
		Halbach, P. Manheim, F'T and Otten, P., 1982 Co-rich ferromanganese deposits in the marginal seamount regions of the Central Pacific Basin, results of the Midpac '81: Erzmetall, v.
	mason.gmu.edu /~fmanhei1/frankbib.html (5762 words)

	SEABED AUTHORITY HEARS LATEST SCIENTIFIC FINDINGS ON NEW DEEP-SEA MINERALS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Seafloor polymetallic sulphide deposits had recently attracted the interest of the international mining industry due to the high concentration of base and precious metals, he observed. Polymetallic massive sulphide deposits in amounts up to 100 million tonnes existed on the seafloor in a variety of tectonic settings, including mid-ocean ridges, back-arc rifts and seamounts.
		Turning to cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts, he explained that they were formed on the seafloor on the flanks and summits of seamounts, ridges, plateaus and abyssal hills where rocks had been swept clean of sediments, intermittently, over millions of years.
		Occurring at water depths of up to 3,000 metres, crusts were important as potential sources of cobalt, but also of titanium, cerium, nickel, platinum, manganese and other minerals.
	www.un.org /News/Press/docs/2002/sea1752.doc.htm (567 words)

	Severstal Steel, hit by explosion, is big ferromanganese consumer - Metals News - Metals Place (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The Severstal Steel plant in Dearborn, Michigan, where a vehicle carrying molten steel exploded Monday morning causing several injuries, is a large consumer of ferromanganese, both high-carbon and medium-carbon, US ferroalloy suppliers agreed.
		A person answering the phone at Severstal Steel's office said they did not know if the plant was operating and referred questions to a company spokesman who was not immediately available for comment.
		Severstal Steel, a unit of Russia's Steverstal Group, typically books bargeload deliveries of ferromanganese on a quarterly or semi-annual basis.
	metalsplace.com /metalsnews?a=1027 (203 words)

	Seabed yields mark of nearby supernova - research on deep-sea sediment called ferromanganese crust - Brief Article ...
		A stellar explosion rocked Earth's neighborhood about 5 million years ago, according to German researchers who have uprooted the first direct evidence of a supernova recent and so close.
		Hillebrandt's team sampled and dated three thin layers of a deep-sea sediment called a ferromanganese crust.
		The researchers sought particles of iron-60, a radioactive iron isotope produced abundantly in supernovas but having few other sources in the solar system.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1200/is_2_156/ai_55369383 (599 words)

	Welcome to My Web Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		century on ferromanganese nodules and crusts, but not mentioning some basic works especially about platinum and gold.
		Platinum and gold concentrations in ferromanganese nodules are controlled by their ionic potential (electrical charge and ionic radius size) in sea water and the abundance in Earth’s crust.
		Coefficient accumulation for platinum (>30) and gold (<1) are very close to theoretically calculated.
	www - !http: //morgeo.us (145 words)

	Eric Heinen De Carlo - Publications
		De Carlo, E.H., Pennywell, P., and Fraley, C.M. Geochemistry of ferromanganese deposits from the Kiribati and Tuvalu region of the West Central Pacific Ocean.
		Interelement relationships in ferromanganese crusts from the central Pacific Ocean: Implications for genesis.
		Geochemistry of a hydrothermal ferromanganese deposit from the North Fiji Basin.
	www.soest.hawaii.edu /oceanography/edecarlo/pub.htm (5564 words)

	This study examines the rare-earth elements (REEs) found in ferromanganese coatings covering both sandy alluvium and ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Abstract: This study examines the rare-earth elements (REEs) found in ferromanganese coatings covering both sandy alluvium and submerged boulders in an underground stream from Vantului Cave, Romania.
		The fl ferromanganese sediments are mainly composed of birnessite and other poorly-crystallized manganese oxide and hydroxides (pyrolusite, romanechite, todorokite, rhodochrosite) as well as goethite and kaolinite.
		Scanning electron microscope and EDX analyses performed on the fl ferromanganese sediments show the material to have concentrated considerable amounts of REEs (La, Ce, Sm, Nd) in iron-rich spheres that build up botryoidal-like aggregates.
	www.uib.no /People/nglbn/jcks59.html (183 words)

	China's ferromanganese market looks firm - Metals News - Metals Place
		Average price for ferromanganese (Mn65%) is around CHY 5000/t in Guangxi province.
		Ferromanganese (Mn75%) is in a range of CHY 5800-5900/t in Yunnan province.
		The present ferromanganese market is expected to improve as depletion of inventories may cause steel mills to buy ferromanganese for winter stock rebuilding.
	metalsplace.com /metalsnews?a=2591 (86 words)

	Huifang Xu Research in Mineral Science
		The UV-induced luminescence (see the plot of intensity profile) is related to density of crystal defects, concentration of trace elements, and crystallization rate of the quartz.
		Mineral proxies for paleo-climate changes: study on eolian loess deposits from the Loess Plateau of Central China, and ferromanganese crusts (micron scale oscillation corresponding to millennia time scale) from seamounts in West Pacific Ocean to understand paleo-climate and paleo-ocean environment changes during Quaternary and Tertiary periods.
		Right: Optical microscopic image showing oscillation layers in a ferromanganese crust from the west Pacific Ocean.
	www.geology.wisc.edu /~hfxu/xu_mineralsci.html (389 words)

	Geologists decipher clues to Earth's ancient climate in crusts on ocean floor (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		According to John N. Christensen, assistant research scientist in geological sciences, these deposits-called ferromanganese crusts-constitute an important new data source for geochemists who currently rely on ice cores and shells of microscopic ocean animals, among other sources, for data on Earth's paleoclimate.
		The crusts form when dissolved elements such as iron, manganese and lead precipitate out of seawater to form solids in oxide layers, which build up over time growing at a rate of a few millimeters every million years.
		Crusts analyzed in the U-M study were from samples collected by the U.S. Geological Survey that were organized and catalogued by James R. Hein.
	www.umich.edu /~urecord/9798/Sep03_97/earth.htm (613 words)

	University of Michigan
		FOR RELEASE AT 4 P.M. ANN ARBOR---University of Michigan geologists have decoded a precise record of long-term changes in Earth's ancient climate and ocean currents hidden inside dark, crusty deposits coating rocks on the Pacific ocean floor.
		According to John N. Christensen, U-M assistant research scientist in geological sciences, these deposits---called ferromanganese crusts---constitute an important new data source for geochemists who currently rely on ice cores and shells of microscopic ocean animals, among other sources, for data on Earth's paleoclimate.
		Crusts analyzed in the U-M study were from samples collected by the U.S. Geological Survey and which were organized and catalogued by James R. Hein.
	www.umich.edu /news?Releases/1997/Aug97/chr081497 (629 words)

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