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Topic: Ferruginous

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	WDFW -- PHS Management Recommendations Vol IV: Birds
		Ferruginous hawks breed in the Lower Columbia Basin and surrounding arid lands of southeast Washington.
		Ferruginous hawks are sensitive to disturbance; pairs may abandon nests even when mildly disturbed during nest building or incubation (1 March through 31 May) (Smith and Murphy 1978, White and Thurow 1985, Olendorff 1993, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife 1996).
		Ferruginous hawk nesting ecology and raptor populations in northern South Dakota.
	wdfw.wa.gov /hab/phs/vol4/feruge.htm (2048 words)

	WDFW Wildlife Research: Ferruginous Hawk Migration Ecology
		Ferruginous hawks are very sensitive to disturbance at their nests early in the nesting season.
		For ferruginous hawks, as with most raptors, their value in "rodent-control" as well as aesthetic qualities have been embraced by humans in recent years and they are no longer widely persecuted through wanton shooting.
		Only 25% of the 200 ferruginous hawk nesting territories are occupied in most years in eastern Washington, and many of these have remained vacant for years.
	www.wdfw.wa.gov /wlm/research/raptor/ferrhawk/ferrhawk.htm (707 words)

	Formation of ferruginous bodies
		Ferruginous bodies are typically asbestos fibers that have become coated with an iron-rich material which is believed to be derived from proteins such as ferritin and hemosiderin [ Davis, 1970; Morgan and Holmes, 1985; Pooley, 1972].
		The ferruginous material consists of submicrometer ferrihydrite crystals, and similar-sized ferrihydrite crystals occur in the cores of ferritin and hemosiderin [ Treffry et al., 1987].
		Ferruginous bodies are typically associated with agglomerations of macrophages (called giant cells) [ Koerten, 1990], implying that the macrophage has a role in the formation of ferruginous bodies.
	www.agu.org /revgeophys/guthri01/node6.html (484 words)

	Ferruginous Hawk Detailed Information - Montana Animal Field Guide
		All Montana breeding Ferruginous Hawks are of the eastern subpopulation (breed east of the Divide).
		Black (1992) surveyed Ferruginous Hawk habitat in Phillips County and reported the habitat to be 69% grassland, 25% shrubland and 13% bare area.
		Populations of ferruginous and Swainson's hawks increase in synchrony with ground squirrels.
	fwp.state.mt.us /fieldguide/detail_ABNKC19120.aspx (2493 words)

	BirdWeb - Bird Details (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The Ferruginous Hawk, generally seen in eastern Washington, is the largest of Washington's hawks.
		Ferruginous Hawks inhabit dry, open country of the plains, prairies, grassland, shrub-steppe, and deserts, especially in those areas with native bunchgrasses.
		Ferruginous Hawks have declined in recent years across North America, including in Washington, which is at the extreme western edge of the range.
	www.birdweb.org /birdweb/species.asp?id=107 (767 words)

	Status of the Ferruginous Hawk - Alberta Sustainable Resource Development (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Historically, ferruginous hawks nested throughout the prairie and arid grassland regions of western North America.
		In the early 1900s, ferruginous hawks nested throughout south and central Alberta as far north as Edmonton, but by 1987 nesting birds were found no farther north than Coronation (60% of the earlier range).
		Ferruginous hawks are found in areas of uncultivated pastureland or prairie.
	www3.gov.ab.ca /srd/fw/threatsp/fh_stat.html (206 words)

	The Ferruginous Hawk
		Ferruginous hawks also hunt small birds particularly horned larks and meadow larks in about the same way as they hunt their summer quarry.
		Ferruginous hawks are very sensitive to intrusion at any time during their breeding season, particularly during the production of eggs or the onset of incubation or when the young are newly hatched.
		Ferruginous hawks also face severe depletion of their necessary breeding season quarry, (ground squirrel species, and prairie dogs) due to their decimation through continual poisoning by humans wishing to eradicate such rodent pests from their land.
	www.conservationcentre.org /scase4.html (2685 words)

	CACTUS FERRUGINOUS-- Kids' Planet -- Defenders of Wildlife
		Cactus Ferruginous Pygmy Owls are one of three subspecies of the ferruginous pygmy-owl.
		Cactus Ferruginous Pygmy Owls are found in lowland central Arizona south through western Mexico, to the states of Colima and Michoacan and from southern Texas south through the Mexican states of Tamaulipas and Nuevo Leon.
		The greatest threats to the Cactus Ferruginous Pygmy Owls are: urban and agricultural development, logging, woodcutting, livestock overgrazing, and demands on groundwater.
	www.kidsplanet.org /factsheets/cactuspygmyowl.html (339 words)

	Ferruginous Hawk
		Rosche (1979) found ferruginous hawk in the lower North Platte River Valley during 10 March to 15 April, and 2 October to 27 December.
		Ferruginous hawk is sensitive to human disturbance and is prone to nest desertion (Olendorff and Stoddard 1974, Fyfe and Olendorff 1976).
		Benckeser (1951) reported a pair of ferruginous hawks nesting on the side of a steep bank in a pasture northwest of Brule, Keith County in 1950.
	www.npwrc.usgs.gov /resource/distr/birds/platte/species/buterega.htm (368 words)

	Ferruginous Hawk
		Ferruginous Hawks hunt with a variety of techniques including hunting from a perch, hovering, low or high searching flight, or from the ground.
		Like many owls and other raptors, the Ferruginous Hawk’s nesting attempts and fledgling success are dependent upon the food supply in the nesting territory.
		The Ferruginous Hawk is one of two booted hawks in North America.
	www.peregrinefund.org /Explore_Raptors/hawks/ferrugin.html (328 words)

	Montana Bird Conservation Plan - Version 1.0 - Jan. 2000 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Ferruginous Hawks tend to be opportunistic nesters (Olendorff 1973, Woffinden 1975, Gilmer and Stewart 1983), nesting on or near the ground, in trees, shrubs, artificial platforms and river cutbanks.
		Ferruginous Hawks are sensitive to human disturbance and tend to avoid areas of activity.
		Ferruginous Hawks are particularly sensitive to disturbance during the breeding season (Olendorff 1973, Gilmer and Stewart 1983, Schmutz 1984, White and Thurow 1985, Bechard et al.
	biology.dbs.umt.edu /landbird/mbcp/mtpif/mtfeha.htm (728 words)

	Building nests for the Ferruginous hawks
		Ninety percent of the Ferruginous Hawk diet consists of the Richardson's ground squirrel (gophers) and they are known to consume approximately 480 gophers every breeding season.
		The Ferruginous Hawk can not hunt effectively on crop land because their large wing and body size prevents them from effectively manoeuvring among the stands of grain.
		Ferruginous hawks like to build their large stick nests on the ground, and they prefer to make nests along the crests of coulee breaks or cliffs.
	www.agr.gc.ca /pfra/biodiversity/hawk_e.htm (808 words)

	BISON Species Account 040805 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Ferruginous hawks occur as residents locally almost statewide (at least formerly) and are considered to be rare to uncommon.
		Ferruginous hawks are rare winter residents at the White Sands National Monument, in Dona Ana and Otero counties 56.
		Ferruginous hawks are uncommon from the middle of October to the millde of March 97.
	www.fw.vt.edu /fishex/nmex_main/species/040805.htm (3429 words)

	About Buteo Regalis, the Ferruginous Hawk (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Ferruginous and Rough-legged Hawks are the only hawks whose legs are feathered down to the toes.
		The large body and broad wings of Ferruginous Hawks are well adapted to soaring on thermal updrafts over the prairies or giving a rapid straight-a-way chase of prey animals.
		Ferruginous hawks rely primarily upon rodents found in their grassland ecosystems.
	www.english.uiuc.edu /maps/poets/m_r/momaday/hawk.htm (259 words)

	Hawks, Eagles, and Falcons of North Dakota
		The ferruginous hawk is a large, high-soaring hawk that is found in open mixed-grass prairie.
		Presently, the ferruginous hawk is most commonly seen on the Missouri Coteau and in western North Dakota.
		The ferruginous hawk's main prey is small and medium-sized mammals, in particular ground squirrels and prairie dogs.
	www.npwrc.usgs.gov /resource/othrdata/hawks/buterega.htm (211 words)

	EUROPA - Environnement - Nature and Biodiversity (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The Ferruginous Duck nests at lakes Aggel and Saraesy (Mil Steppe), Shilian Marsh (Shirvan Steppe), Lake Mahmund-chala (southern Mugan), Divichi Liman and possibly at smaller wetlands of the Samur-Divichi Lowland.
		In the nineteenth century, the Ferruginous Duck was a common breeder in Tuscany (Maremma) and was a confirmed or probable breeder in Piemonte, Veneto, Toscana, Sicily, Sardinia and the Po Delta.
		Sterbetz, I. Feeding ecology of the Ferruginous Duck in Hungary.
	europa.eu.int /comm/environment/nature/nature_conservation/focus_wild_birds/species_birds_directive/birdactionplan/aythyanyroca.htm (12129 words)

	Ferruginous Buzzard
		The Ferruginous Hawk, also known as the Ferruginous Buzzard, is an impressive looking bird with a stout body and an impressive wingspan, which can reach over four feet in length.
		The Ferruginous Hawk is used less often in Falconry than others, such as the Harris Hawk, due to the Ferruginous being more temperamental and harder to handle.
		The habitat for the Ferruginous Hawk generally consists of open areas, such as grasslands and arid zones in the northwest, though they've adapted to living in mountainous regions as well.
	www.customfalconry.com /ferruginousbuzzard.htm (860 words)

	Ferruginous hawk (Buteo regalis)
		Ferruginous hawks breed from eastern Washington to southern Alberta and southern Saskatchewan, Canada, south to eastern Oregon, Nevada, northern and southeastern Arizona, northern New Mexico, northwest Texas, western Nebraska, western Kansas, and western Oklahoma.
		The ferruginous hawk is the largest buteo in North America averaging 22.5-25" long, with a 53-56" wingspan.
		Populations of ferruginous hawks seem to have declined in most areas over their range, except in California where they appear to have increased significantly in the past decade.
	www.desertusa.com /mag00/feb/papr/hawk.html (916 words)

	The Modern Apprentice - The Ferruginous Hawk
		The Ferruginous Hawk is sometimes confused with the Red-Tail Hawk.
		The body form of the Ferruginous is marked by a large body, broad wings, broad (relatively short) tail.
		The term for the female Ferruginous is much debated as there is no traditional term, although "hen" is generally not accepted.
	www.themodernapprentice.com /ferruginous.htm (384 words)

	Audubon WatchList - Ferruginous Hawk
		Ferruginous Hawks are found in open arid regions of western North America where they feed primarily on small mammals especially ground squirrels, rabbits and prairie-dogs.
		Ferruginous Hawks will often hunt from ground perches, and will pounce on prey as they move through the soil or when they surface from burrows.
		Ferruginous Hawks were also hunted in the past, but this does not seem to be a threat at the moment.
	audubon2.org /webapp/watchlist/viewSpecies.jsp?id=81 (880 words)

	TWSG 12 - Population Trends of Breeding Ferruginous Duck in Bulgaria
		Ferruginous Ducks were studied from April to November 1998 at six of the most important breeding sites in Bulgaria: Mechka, Orsoya, Kalimok and Pazardgik fishponds, and Durankulak and Srebarna Lakes.
		Ferruginous Ducks during this study used similar feeding techniques as in previous studies in Bulgaria (Figure 5).
		Ferruginous Ducks were observed feeding on Ceratophyllum demersus (subsequently found to have Chironomidae larvae on the leaves) and Lemna sp., whilst a female was observed feeding on Asellus sp.
	www.wwt.org.uk /threatsp/twsg/bulletins/12/F7.htm (1023 words)

	Ferruginous Pygmy-Owl Biology
		The Ferruginous Pygmy-Owl is very similar to the Northern Pygmy-Owl with the distinctions of habitat, call, color, white crown streaking and usually tail band color.
		The Ferruginous Pygmy also has white streaking on the forehead and head, where the Northern Pygmy's markings are more rounded spots.
		The male Ferruginous Pygmy's advertising call is described as a whistled "popping" sound and has a shorter interval between the notes than there is in the Northern Pygmy's.
	www.owling.com /Ferrug_nh.htm (722 words)

	The Raptors of Arizona. University of Arizona Press. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The principal vocalization of the Ferruginous Pygmy-Owl is a rapid, monotonous, repeated, and shrill hooting.
		The Ferruginous Pygmy-Owl is associated with tropical and subtropical and habitats with various vegetation associations, mostly somewhat open or bordering on open country.
		Perhaps Ferruginous Pygmy-Owls living at the edge of their range are subject to influences that cause long-term population fluctuations.
	www.uapress.arizona.edu /samples/sam1146.htm (1480 words)

	Ferruginous Pygmy Owl
		Ferruginous Pygmy Owl: The Ferruginous Pygmy Owl is a Neotropical species, and southern Arizona is the northernmost limit of its range.
		Ferruginous Pygmy Owl: The main vocalization of the Ferruginous Pygmy Owl is a rapid, monotonous, repeated, and shrill hooting.
		Ferruginous Pygmy: Very similar to Northern Pygmy Owl, but the Northern Pygmy Owl is grayer overall (although color variation does exist), has spotting on head, and the tail bands are white.
	identify.whatbird.com /obj/20/_/Ferruginous_Pygmy_Owl.aspx (968 words)

	BISON Species Account 040805 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Ferruginous hawks are favored by fires that reduce pinyon-juniper woodlands.
		The ferruginous hawk feeds primarily on prairie dogs, ground squirrels, and less regularly on locusts, birds, and Jerusalem crickets 50.
		The Ferruginous hawk (Buteo regalis) is listed in the Federal Register, November 15, 1994, as a Category 2 species for consideration to be listed as a threatened or endangered species.
	fwie.fw.vt.edu /states/nmex_main/species/040805.htm (3904 words)

	Ferruginous Hawk Field Study (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Ferruginous hawks arrive to breed during February and March, and after nesting, adults depart in mid-summer.
		The second major goal of the project is to aid in protection of the shrub steppe habitat that is critical for survival of these hawks and many other plant and animal species.
		Next year, in addition to ferruginous hawks, other declining species of shrub steppe raptors, such as golden eagles will be studied using satellite telemetry.
	www.zoo.org /educate/hawks.html (565 words)

	Species at risk - FERRUGINOUS HAWK
		Ferruginous hawks are the largest of Canadian buteonine hawks and are more restricted than other buteos in their breeding distribution, which for ferruginous hawks includes only the grasslands of western Canada.
		The grassland populations of ferruginous hawks east of the Rocky Mountains are specialized in their resource exploitation.
		This plan was prepared to coordinate attempts to avert further declines among ferruginous hawks and to ensure the continued existence of viable populations in prairie Canada.
	www.speciesatrisk.gc.ca /publications/plans/ferhaw_e.cfm (402 words)

	WWT Threatened Species Department
		Ferruginous Ducks have a widespread breeding distribution from western Europe to China and south to North Africa and Iran.
		As with other waterfowl in the Mediterranean and Middle East, the Ferruginous Duck appears to be particularly at risk because it breeds in areas inhabited by man. In contrast, most other European waterfowl breed in the safe haven of the arctic Russian tundra.
		Effective conservation of the Ferruginous Duck is hampered by their highly dispersed and fragmented distribution, and their habitat preference for dense, well-vegetated marshes.
	www.wwt.org.uk /threatsp/pastwwt/ferrduck.htm (483 words)

	Animal Fact Sheets (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Ferruginous hawks are part of the family Accipitridae, which includes hawks, eagles, kites and Old World vultures.
		Ferruginous hawks appear to be monogamous and pair bonds may be long term.
		Ferruginous hawks' shy and retiring nature often mandates the use of fairly remote nest sites which are free of human disturbance.
	www.zoo.org /educate/fact_sheets/raptors/fh.htm (1074 words)

	Ferruginous Pygmy-Owl
		The Ferruginous Pygmy-Owl is a small owl, standing only about 7 inches tall when full grown and weighs between 45-96grams.
		The Ferruginous Pygmy-Owl is considered endangered throughout the US portion of its range.
		Ferruginous Pygmy-Owls typically live in the hollows of trees and saguaro cacti which they sometimes occupy year after year.
	www.toddshikingguide.com /FloraFauna/Fauna44.htm (188 words)

	Final Rule, Cactus Ferruginous Pygmy-Owl in Arizona, WAIS Document Retrieval, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Fish ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The cactus ferruginous pygmy-owl is reddish-brown overall, with a cream-colored belly streaked with reddish-brown.
		The cactus ferruginous pygmy-owl is one of four subspecies of the ferruginous pygmy-owl.
		The Arizona and Texas populations of the cactus ferruginous pygmy- owl are unique due to their geographic separation, potential morphological and genetic distinctness, and the floristics, distribution, and status of habitat.
	www.fws.gov /endangered/r/fr97610.html (17006 words)

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