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Topic: Fetal adrenals

Related Topics

adrenal gland

congenital adrenal hyperplasia

adrenal cortex

adrenal insufficiency

adrenal medulla

Hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis

Adrenal hyperplasia

Pituitary adrenal axis

Fetal adrenals

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia type 2

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia type 5

Adrenal Gland Disorder

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	UNSW Embryo- Development of the Endocrine System Articles
		By midgestation, the human fetal adrenals are composed of two distinct cortical zones: the predominant fetal zone, which occupies 80-90% of the cortical volume and produces large amounts of the delta 5-steroid dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, and the narrow definitive zone, which surrounds the fetal zone.
		Ultrasonographic identification and measurement of the fetal adrenal gland in utero is thus an useful indicator to assess the growth and maturation of the fetal adrenal gland, and for detecting of congenital adrenal hyperplasia and hypoplasia.
		Fetal adrenal function was activated by exogenous ACTH in vivo, and was reflected in an increase in the ratio of cortisol to corticosterone in fetal plasma and in augmented cortisol output in vitro from dispersed fetal adrenal cells.
	embryology.med.unsw.edu.au /Refer/endocrine/adrenal_rev.htm (7974 words)

	Fetal Monitoring - CARDIOTOCOGRAPHY
		Until the second half of the 20th century assessment of the fetal condition depended on very limited means: the growth of the uterus and its contents, the movements of the fetus perceived by the mother and the listening of the fetal heart beat with a mono- or binaural stethoscope (1).
		The normal fetal heart rate (FHR) pattern is characterised by a baseline frequency between 110 and 150 beats per minute, presence of periodic accelerations, a normal heart rate variability with a bandwidth between 5 and 25 beats per minute and the absence of decelerations (3).
		The (patho-)physiologic background of the fetal heart rhythm is extremely complex (4).
	www.obgyn.net /fm/articles/cardiotocographya998-def.htm (2831 words)

	Endotext.com - Female Reproductive Endocrinology - Endocrine Disorders of Pregnancy (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The unique inner or fetal zone comprises 80-85% of the volume of the adrenal in utero, and is largely responsible for the tremendous secretory capacity of this organ.
		Alpha-fetoprotein is a glycoprotein synthesized, in sequence, by the yolk sac, gastrointestinal tract and fetal liver (156,157).
		Blood flow to the fetal adrenal is affected by many factors that, in turn, affect the exposure of the fetal adrenal receptors of the different trophic stimuli.
	www.endotext.org /female/female13/female13_2.htm (6093 words)

	eMedicine - Adrenal Disease and Pregnancy : Article Excerpt by Mini R Abraham
		The fetal adrenals are principally composed of an inner fetal zone that accounts for 85% of the total volume.
		The capacity of the fetal adrenals for steroidogenesis is enormous, and, near term, the fetal adrenals secrete 100-200 mg of the steroid per day.
		The trophic stimulus for the fetal adrenal may not be corticotropin, and the pattern of steroids secreted by the fetal adrenal is also different.
	www.emedicine.com /med/byname/adrenal-disease-and-pregnancy.htm (701 words)

	Kidneys and Urinary Tract - DIAGNOSIS OF CONGENITAL ABNORMALITIES - THE 18-23 WEEKS SCAN
		The kidneys and adrenals, located below the level of the stomach, on either side and anterior to the spine, are visible by ultrasonography from as early as 9 weeks of gestation and in all cases from 12 weeks.
		The fetal bladder can be visualized from the first trimester (in about 80% of fetuses at 11 weeks and more than 90% by 13 weeks); changes in volume over time help to differentiate it from other cystic pelvic structures.
		In fetal lamb, ureteric ligation during the first half of gestation results in dysplastic kidneys, whereas, in the second half of pregnancy, ureteric ligation is associated with the development of hydronephrosis but preservation of renal architecture.
	www.thefetus.net /html/chapter-08/renalfmf.htm (2405 words)

	eMedicine - Adrenal Disease and Pregnancy : Article by Mini R Abraham
		Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is a family of genetic disorders caused by a deleterious mutation in the gene encoding adrenal steroidogenic enzyme, which is essential for cortisol biosynthesis.
		Institute adrenal steroid replacement and adrenal androgen suppression using a glucocorticoid that is metabolized by placental 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase II (ie, hydrocortisone, cortisone acetate, prednisone, methylprednisolone).
		Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) caused by a steroid 21-hydroxylase deficiency is a common cause of genital virilization in the female fetus, resulting from inappropriate fetal adrenal androgen secretion.
	www.emedicine.com /med/topic3266.htm (6653 words)

	Kidneys and Urinary Tract - DIAGNOSIS OF CONGENITAL ABNORMALITIES - THE 18-23 WEEKS SCAN
		The kidneys and adrenals, located below the level of the stomach, on either side and anterior to the spine, are visible by ultrasonography from as early as 9 weeks of gestation and in all cases from 12 weeks.
		The fetal bladder can be visualized from the first trimester (in about 80% of fetuses at 11 weeks and more than 90% by 13 weeks); changes in volume over time help to differentiate it from other cystic pelvic structures.
		In fetal lamb, ureteric ligation during the first half of gestation results in dysplastic kidneys, whereas, in the second half of pregnancy, ureteric ligation is associated with the development of hydronephrosis but preservation of renal architecture.
	www.centrus.com.br /DiplomaFMF/SeriesFMF/18-23-weeks/chapter-08/renalfmf.htm (2405 words)

	Blood pressure and heart rate in the ovine fetus: ontogenic changes and effects of fetal adrenalectomy -- Unno et al. ...
		Fetal respiratory movements, electrocortical and cardiovascular responses to hypoxaemia and hypercapnia in sheep.
		Bilateral destruction of the fetal paraventricular nuclei prolongs gestation in sheep.
		Effect of fetal adrenalectomy on messenger RNA for proopiomelanocortin in the anterior pituitary and for corticotropin- releasing hormone in the paraventricular nucleus of the ovine fetus.
	ajpheart.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/276/1/H248 (5431 words)

	Infusion of ACTH stimulates expression of adrenal ACTH receptor and steroidogenic acute regulatory protein mRNA in ...
		Effects of fetal hypophysectomy and the in vitro treatment by pituitary extracts on the maturation of cultured ovine fetal adrenal cells.
		In vivo adrenocorticotropin (1–24)-induced accumulation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate by ovine fetal adrenal cells is inhibited by concomitant infusion of metopirone.
		Surgical disconnection of the hypothalamus from the fetal pituitary abolishes the corticotrophic response to intrauterine hypoglycemia or hypoxemia in the sheep during late gestation.
	ajpendo.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/291/2/E214 (4611 words)

	Acta Pharmacologica Sinica
		The study on the characteristics of biotransformation enzymes in fetal adrenals still seems to be important with respect to possible significance in xenobiotic-induced fetal development toxicity.
		The adrenal is very important for the synthesis of steroid hormones and any interference in adrenal development by xenobiotics could have a profound effect on homeostasis.
		Although CYP3A7 is considered human fetal liver form, our observations showed that it was also expressed in fetal adrenals, and the levels of activity in fetal adrenals was 33% of that in the fetal livers.
	www.chinaphar.com /1671-4083/29/231.htm (3930 words)

	Reproductive Biology Research Unit
		Studies on parturition are directed at evaluating the role of the fetus in providing a signal for the inflammatory response that precedes and initiates parturition, as well as the mechanisms that cause inactivation of progesterone receptor function leading to the initiation of parturition in the human and other species.
		One aspect of research in the group is to define the mechanisms controlling the activation of the human fetal adrenal gland.
		Current research is focused on the regulation of MiTF in cervical cells and the role of this transcription factor in regulating cervical competence during pregnancy. The second research initiative is to understand the pathophysiology of pelvic organ prolapse that is associated with aging and childbirth.
	www.utsouthwestern.edu /utsw/cda/dept22001/files/117408.html (613 words)

	Developmental and Functional Biology of the Primate Fetal Adrenal Cortex -- Mesiano and Jaffe 18 (3): 378 -- Endocrine ...
		In contrast, the fetal adrenal cortex is comprised of two distinct zones: the outer definitive zone (DZ) and the large inner fetal zone.
		Hyperplasia occurs mainly in the definitive zone; hypertrophy occurs mainly in the fetal zone; apoptosis occurs mainly in the central areas of the fetal zone; and cells migrate from the periphery to the center of the gland.
		by hypoplasia of the fetal adrenal glands with absence of the
	edrv.endojournals.org /cgi/content/full/18/3/378 (10224 words)

	Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory Protein Expression Is Decreased in the Adrenal Gland of the Growth-Restricted Sheep ...
		in the responsiveness of the fetal sheep adrenal to ACTH, an
		is decreased in the adrenal gland of the growth-restricted fetus.
		in the adrenal gland of the growth-restricted fetus.
	www.biolreprod.org /cgi/content/full/67/2/584 (5454 words)

	M FRASER AND OTHERS (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Development of the fetal adrenal gland is crucial not only for maturation of several fetal organ systems and the initiation of parturition, but also for the development of the fetal response to stress.
		The enkephalin-related peptides are present in the chromaffin cells of the fetal adrenal medulla and are secreted in response to stress and with sympathetic stimulation.
		Adrenal glands were removed from fetal sheep, lambs and adult sheep at different stages of development for measurement of PENK mRNA.
	journals.endocrinology.org /joe/155/joe1550143.htm (529 words)

	Ontogeny of growth hormone receptors in human tissues: an immunohistochemical study. (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Liver parenchymal and bile duct cells showed specific staining from the earliest FA examined (8.5 weeks); in fetal liver, the intensity of the immunoreaction was greatest in hepatocytes surrounding the central veins and portal triads, whereas the numerous hematopoietic cells exhibited little to no immunostaining.
		Fetal zone cells of fetal adrenals showed weak immunostaining beginning at 13-14 weeks; glomerulosa cells stained intensely in the postnatal adrenal.
		We conclude that immunoreactive hGH receptors can be identified in early fetal, as well as postnatal, tissues and that the pattern of cellular immunostaining develops gradually throughout gestation in a very tissue-specific manner.
	www.arclab.org /medlineupdates/abstract_8768881.html (384 words)

	eMedicine - Fetal Growth Restriction : Article by Michael G Ross
		This is called the brain-sparing effect and results in increased relative blood flow to the brain, heart, adrenals, and placenta, with diminished relative flow to the bone marrow, muscles, lungs, GI tract, and kidneys.
		As fetal femur dysplasia is associated with IUGR, Chang et al used 3-dimensional ultrasonography to measure fetal femur volume as a predictor of IUGR.
		Cesarean delivery without a trial of labor is appropriate (1) in the presence of evidence of fetal distress by nonstress testing or reversed diastolic flow or (2) for traditional obstetrical indications for cesarean delivery (ie, malpresentation, prior cesarean delivery).
	www.emedicine.com /med/topic3247.htm (6720 words)

	New study provides first linkage of fetal alcohol exposure and enlarged heart
		As fetal adrenals start functioning during the last week of gestation, maternal Cort may affect fetal development indirectly through regulating fetal adrenal function.
		In contrast, fetal Cort levels are decreased suggesting a highly significant inverse relationship between maternal and fetal glucocorticoid levels exists during the last week of gestation.
		The research results suggest that maternal adrenal hormones might contribute to the cardiovascular changes found in adult female offspring exposed to ethanol in utero.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2003-08/aps-nsp082503.php (1096 words)

	CSIRO PUBLISHING - Reproduction, Fertility and Development
		A fetal signal activates a nitric oxide–guanylate cyclase system in the myometrium that may maintain myometrial inactivity, and this is down-regulated at term.
		The fetal adrenals double in size between Day 24 and term, and their cortisol content increases over 10-fold.
		There is thus a strong case that fetal adrenal cortisol plays a key role in the preparation for birth and the timing of it.
	www.publish.csiro.au /nid/44/paper/RD01095.htm (306 words)

	Comparative Placentation
		The trophoblast is cuboidal with microvillous surface and closely applied to the endometrial epithelium of the crypts which also have a microvillous surface.
		Fetal (left) maternal (right) interface with close contact of two binucleate cells (BN) and endometrial surface.
		Hradecky, P.: Composition of the fetal fluids in African antelopes.
	medicine.ucsd.edu /cpa/sable.html (1502 words)

	Circadian rise in maternal glucocorticoid prevents pulmonary dysplasia in fetal mice with adrenal insufficiency -- ...
		The effect of CRH deficiency on adrenal size and steroidogenic enzyme gene expression was examined between e14.5 and e18.5.
		Fetal plasma corticosterone ranged between 15 and 25 µg/dl in Crh+/+ fetuses and tended to decrease by e18.5 (Fig.
		Fetal corticosterone is derived both from that transferred from the mother and that secreted from the fetal adrenal and supports the development of fetal organs, including lung.
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/97/13/7336 (4087 words)

	Tumor necrosis factor as a potent inhibitor of adrenocorticotropin-induced cortisol production and steroidogenic P450 ...
		Preincubation of the cultures with rTNF-alpha at concentrations ranging from 0.1-100 ng/ml produced a dose-dependent inhibition of the ACTH-induced accumulation of all P450 mRNAs.
		Northern and dot blot experiments showed that 36 h incubation of primary cultures of human fetal adrenals with ACTH (200 ng/ml) increased the levels of all P450 enzymes severalfold.
		To clarify the molecular basis of this suppression, we investigated the effect of recombinant TNF-alpha (rTNF-alpha) on the messenger RNAs (mRNAs) for adrenal cytochrome P450 oxidases, P450scc (cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme/20.22-desmolase), P450c11 (11 beta-hydroxylase/18-hydroxylase/18-methyl oxidase), P450c17 (17 alpha-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase), and P450c21 (21-hydroxylase).
	www.ihop-net.org /UniPub/iHOP/gp/24166.html (286 words)

	Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone Directly and Preferentially Stimulates Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate Secretion by ...
		fetal adrenals may be central to the process of primate parturition.
		The analysis was repeated with three different fetal adrenals of similar gestational ages (15–16 weeks), with a similar result as shown in this figure.
		In the fetus, CRH stimulates the fetal adrenal directly, to stimulate production of DHEA-S, which is converted by the placenta to estrogen, which in turn, drives expression of oxytocin receptors and connexin-43 for the formation of gap junctions in the maternal myometrium, events necessary for successful uterine contractions and parturition.
	jcem.endojournals.org /cgi/content/full/83/8/2916 (4346 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The fetal adrenal is the major source of these androgens.
		Fetal Adrenal: The fetal adrenals are as large as adults and the fetal zone makes up 85% of the volume.
		The fetal adrenal makes about 100-200 mg of steroids/day towards the end of the pregnancy.
	www.muhealth.org /~md2003/update7/1-19changes.doc (1754 words)

	Spectrum July 2002 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		By determining the karyotype of fetal cell samples obtained by either chorionic villus sampling in the first trimester of pregnancy or amniocentesis in the second trimester, greater than 99 plus % accuracy is achievable.
		Amniocentesis and fetal karyotyping can then be offered to those women whose screening test results suggest a risk greater than or equal to that of a 35 year old (i.e., 1 in 270).
		The uE3 in maternal serum is produced from the combined action of fetal adrenals, fetal liver, and the placenta.
	www.pathology.med.umich.edu /MLabs/General/MLSpectrum/SpectrumJul02.htm (4788 words)

	Chemoreflex Contribution to Adrenocortical Function during Acute Hypoxemia in the Llama Fetus at 0.6 to 0.7 of ...
		Fetal arterial and venous pressures were corrected for amniotic pressure.
		resistance in the fetal adrenal and in the fetal mesencephalon
		Cardiac output, adrenal blood flow, adrenal vascular resistance, and ACTH delivery to the adrenals in intact (white bars) and denervated (fl bars) llama fetuses during normoxia and after 15 (early) and 45 (late) min of hypoxemia (bars).
	endo.endojournals.org /cgi/content/full/139/5/2564 (4414 words)

	Long-Term Prenatal Hypoxia Alters Maturation of Adrenal Medulla in Rat -- MAMET et al. 51 (2): 207 -- Pediatric Research (Site not responding. Last check: )
		prenatal hypoxia on maturation of the adrenal medulla.
		Hx on the maturation of the adrenal medulla.
		Tomlinson A, Coupland RE 1990 The innervation of the adrenal gland.
	www.pedresearch.org /cgi/content/full/51/2/207 (5350 words)

	Sulphur And Mercury
		The artery is usually damaged and cholesterol is oxidized before infiltration into an artery and creation of a foam cell can occur, and homocysteine can damage the artery, oxidize the cholesterol, and decrease circulation, all of which increase the risk of heart disease.
		Cysteine is an essential amino acid for the human fetus, and for prematurely born and full term infants for a short period after birth.
		Concentrations are higher in the fetal liver and brain and some believe that it plays a role in brain development and also functions as a growth modulator.
	tuberose.com /Sulphur_and_Mercury.html (2590 words)

	Expression of Activin/Inhibin Receptor and Binding Protein Genes and Regulation of Activin/Inhibin Peptide Secretion in ...
		fetal and adult adrenals and cultured adrenocortical cells.
		The mRNA expression of activin/inhibin subunits, receptors, and binding proteins in the adrenal gland of a 13-gestational-week fetus (fetal; A and D), a 45-yr-old male (adult; B), and in cultured NCI-H295R adrenocortical carcinoma cells (H295; C and D).
		Fetal and adult adrenal tissues and NCI-H295R cells were lysed and total RNA was extracted.
	jcem.endojournals.org /cgi/content/full/87/9/4257 (4590 words)

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