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Topic: Fetal anomalies

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	Fetal Surgery \| Fetology, Fetal Care Center of Cincinnati
		Fetal medicine, also called prenatal pediatrics or fetology, is a well-established and highly sophisticated area of medicine practiced for more than 20 years.
		Fetal medicine deals strictly with high-risk pregnancies in which there is a known or suspected genetic or serious structural abnormality (congenital defect) that requires medical or surgical attention during the pregnancy or shortly after birth.
		Fetal medicine is the logical extension of pediatric care to the unborn patient and is bringing hope to families facing fetal abnormalities and high-risk pregnancies.
	www.fetalcarecenter.org /fetal-surgery/surgical-procedures (358 words)

	TheFetus.net - Hydranencephaly -Thomas C. Wheeler, MD*, Anh Dao, MD, Philippe Jeanty, MD, PhD
		Fetal hypoxia due to maternal exposure to carbon monoxide or butane gas may result in massive tissue necrosis.
		Prenatal Diagnosis of Congenital Anomalies - Urinary, Adrenals-HTML
		Ultrasound diagnosis of quintuple nuchal cord entanglement and fetal stress-HTML
	www.thefetus.net /page.php?id=116 (2043 words)

	BIO 572 - Introduction to Fetal Medicine - Brown Medical School
		In contrast, fetal medicine focuses on the often multidisciplinary approach to the "fetus as a patient," much the same way that a newborn, infant or child with a complex problem would be treated by pediatric medical and surgical specialists.
		Embryology and fetal development, from the genetic concepts of organogenesis, homeobox genes, single gene and chromosomal anomalies; to the basis of abnormal fetal development and the embryological origin of congenital anomalies, as they apply to the fetus with complex (and potentially treatable) anomalies.
		Direct fetal therapy is addressed, from non- or minimally invasive forms, such as ultrasound-guided needle techniques and endoscopy, to the most aggressive form of fetal therapy, in utero surgery.
	bms.brown.edu /pedisurg/Fetal/Seminar/Objectives.html (514 words)

	Case Based Pediatrics Chapter
		The development of birth defects is greatly dependent on the gestational age, nature of the teratogens and the intensity and duration of exposure.
		Diabetes mellitus: It is well known that pre-gestational and early gestational glucose control greatly influence the rate of miscarriage and fetal anomalies.
		The pattern of anomalies secondary to diabetes are characteristic.
	www.hawaii.edu /medicine/pediatrics/pedtext/s04c02.html (2060 words)

	Fetal Surgery for Spina Bifida, Fetal Care Center of Cincinnati
		Open fetal surgical repair of a large T11 to S1 myelomeningocele was performed at 23 weeks of gestation.
		The primary outcome variable of the MOMS trial is whether or not fetal repair of Myelomeningocele at 19 to 25 weeks' gestation improves outcome measured by death or the need for ventriculoperitoneal shunting at 1 year of age.
		The results of fetal myelomeningocele repair are difficult to evaluate, especially given the limited duration of follow-up.
	www.fetalcarecenter.org /fetal-surgery/spina-bifida (2021 words)

	Echocardiography Competence Statement - VIII. Fetal
		A thorough understanding of fetal physiology and the impact of heart disease on fetal physiology is necessary, along with an understanding of the potential impact that labor and delivery have on the fetal cardiovascular system.
		Since fetal echocardiography is a complex, specialized form of echocardiographic examination requiring a high level of skill, such minimal exposure does not provide sufficient training to independently perform, or clinically interpret, fetal echocardiograms.
		Maintenance of competence in fetal echocardiography should be achieved by continuing activity in performance and interpretation of studies as well as active participation in the care of the fetus with cardiovascular disease.
	www.acc.org /qualityandscience/clinical/competence/echo/VIII_fetal.htm (1658 words)

	Korean Journal of Radiology
		The anomalies associated are Holt-Oram syndrome (cardiac defects and congenital defects of the thumb), TAR syndrome (thrombocytopenia-absent radius, autosomal recessive), VATER or VACTERL association (vertebral, anal and cardiac anomalies; tracheoesophageal fistula; and radial/limb defects), Fanconi's anemia, and chromosomal anomalies (trisomy 18, trisomy 13) (1).
		At fetal ultrasound, overlapping of the fourth and fifth fingers radially, and the second finger in an ulnar direction, are observed consistently in a fetus with trisomy 18.
		When only restricted fetal movement and characteristic asymmetric fetal anomalies are observed, regardless of the presence or absence of fibrous membranes, the possibility of ABS should be considered.
	www.kjronline.org /abstract/view_articletext.asp?year=2003&page=243 (2763 words)

	UpToDate Fetal growth restriction: Evaluation and management
		Among malformed infants, the frequency of FGR ranges from 20 to 60 percent, with the highest risk in infants with multiple anomalies [1]; approximately 10 percent of FGR is accompanied by congenital anomalies [2].
		Anomalies associated with FGR include omphalocele, diaphragmatic hernia, skeletal dysplasia, and congenital heart defects; thus, examination of the fetal heart (fetal echocardiogram) and skeleton are particularly important.
		Fetal karyotyping is suggested if FGR is early (<32 weeks), severe (<3rd percentile), or accompanied by polyhydramnios (suggestive of trisomy 18) or structural anomalies [3].
	patients.uptodate.com /topic.asp?file=pregcomp/19999 (761 words)

	Fetal Anomalies - Ask.com Web Search
		Differential diagnosis of fetal structural abnormalities and fetal sonographic biometry.
		Decision-Making for Termination of Pregnancies With Fetal Anomalies:...
		training in the field of obstetrical ultrasound, the detection of fetal anomalies and counseling of the parent is conducted through...
	www.ask.com /web?o=0&qsrc=6&l=dir&q=Fetal+Anomalies (232 words)

	Questions / Answers, Fetal Care Center of Cincinnati
		Fetal Care Center of Cincinnati maternal-fetal specialists provide information for patients and families involved with high-risk pregnancy and fetal anomalies.
		Fetal therapy is the diagnosis of fetal abnormalities and treatment of the fetus before birth.
		Fetal surgery is very rare and usually done to help keep detected abnormalities from becoming life-threatening health issues once the baby is born.
	www.fetalcarecenter.org /patients/faqs.htm (919 words)

	BIBLIOGRAFIA - EVALUACION ECOGRAFICA DEL CORAZON FETAL
		Clark SL, Devore GR, Sabey PL, Prenatal Diagnosis of the fetal choroid plexus 1.988.
		Sonographic of fetal Dandy Walker malformation: a reappraisal.
		Fetal choroid plexus Cysts in the second trimester of pregnancy: a causes of concern.
	www.medicosecuador.com /sncfetal/bibliografia.htm (2189 words)

	UpToDate Prenatal sonographic diagnosis of fetal cardiac anomalies
		UpToDate Prenatal sonographic diagnosis of fetal cardiac anomalies
		Congenital anomalies cause 20 percent of deaths between 20 weeks of gestation and one year after birth: congenital heart disease accounts for one-third of those deaths [2].
		The distribution of lesions seen is somewhat different from postnatal populations, probably because fetal anomalies are usually found either at abnormal screening study or when other fetal anomalies are diagnosed and prompt a more careful examination of the heart [3].
	patients.uptodate.com /topic.asp?file=pregcomp/15923 (439 words)

	MFG - SERVICES
		Targeted sonographic evaluation of fetal anomalies and growth disorder
		This collaborative team enables the Maternal Fetal Group to provide quality, state-of-the-art care to both mother and fetus.
		Our goal is to provide services in a cost-sensitive manner in a professional, compassionate environment.
	www.matfet.com /Services.html (73 words)

	Cardiotext.com : Fetal Anomalies : Max Maizels, Bettina F. Cuneo : isbn 9780471224822
		Detailed fetal imaging has enabled medical professionals to detect fetal structural anomalies and research practical guidelines for prenatal diagnosis and postnatal management.
		Fetal Anomalies: Ultrasound Diagnosis and Postnatal Management is a practical sourcebook with images of structural fetal malformations on a continuum that begins at the stage of ultrasonographic identification, progressing to characterization in the newborn period, and culminating in repair and postoperative follow up.
		Incorporating the pictorial strengths of an atlas with the didactic utility of a reference work, Fetal Anomalies: Ultrasound Diagnosis and Postnatal Management is a unique book bridging various specialties that comprise maternal-fetal medicine, such as obstetrics, diagnostic imaging, neonatology, perinatology, surgery, and urology.
	www.cardiotext.com /description/isbn=0471224820&searchword=279%250A&searchop=scat&sord=&&start=40 (195 words)

	Lethal fetal anomalies: sonographic demonstration.
		Sonographic demonstration of a lethal fetal anomaly may dramatically alter obstetrical management.
		For example, cesarean section for fetal distress may not be performed if it is known that the fetus will not survive outside the uterus.
		The author describes the common fetal anomalies that are predictably fatal.
	www.galenicom.com /medline/article/2662246/au:Sanders+RC (112 words)

	eMedicine - Polyhydramnios and Oligohydramnios : Article by Roland L Boyd, DO, FAAP, FACOP (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Fetal abnormalities associated with polyhydramnios include neonatal macrosomia, fetal or neonatal hydrops with anasarca, ascites, pleural or pericardial effusions, and obstruction of the gastrointestinal tract (eg, duodenal atresia, tracheoesophageal fistula).
		A decrease in fetal deglutition occurs in anencephaly, trisomy 18, trisomy 21, muscular dystrophy, and skeletal dysplasia.
		The risk of fetal infection is increased in the presence of prolonged rupture of the membranes.
	www.emedicine.com /ped/topic1854.htm (3176 words)

	Current Research - Advanced Fetal Care Center - Clinical Services - Children's Hospital Boston
		Children's Advanced Fetal Care Center is studying the disease processes of various fetal anomalies in utero and developing intervention strategies with cellular, biological, and/or genetic solutions.
		This project has shown that fetal cells normally found in the amniotic fluid can be consistently isolated and expanded in sufficient numbers in vitro to be useful in fetal tissue engineering applications.
		The fetal age at diagnosis, pre- and postnatal diagnoses, antenatal course, and neonatal outcome were obtained from the parents, through chart reviews, and through telephone interviews with the treating obstetricians.
	www.childrenshospital.org /clinicalservices/Site2021/mainpageS2021P27sublevel17.html (1646 words)

	Todros T, Capuzzo E, Gaglioti P. Prenatal diagnosis of congenital anomalies. Images Paediatr
		The former confirms or refutes the existence of an actual anomaly in a fetus believed to be at increased risk, whereas the latter identifies an increased likelihood of a fetal abnormality in an apparently normal pregnancy.
		From published series of structural cardiac anomalies detected during fetal life it is apparent that the closest figure to the true incidence of CHD in the general population of fetuses is 1 percent.
		Fetal echocardiography should be performed in groups selected on the basis of patient history and sonographic anomalies or markers, including extracardiac anomalies, maternal diabetes, infection, suspicious scan on screening, chromosomal aberrations.
	www.health.gov.mt /impaedcard/issue/issue7/0318/0318.htm (4545 words)

	Obstetrics and Gynecology
		The severity of anomalies was graded by using an ordinal scale, in which 0 was no anomalies, 1 was no impact on quality of life, 2 was little impact but possibly requiring medical therapy, 3 was serious impact on quality of life even with optimal medical therapy, and 4 was incompatible with life.
		Of the remaining 54,517 fetuses, 832 were excluded because of the presence of at least one anomaly of unknown severity and 55 were excluded because of the presence of a chromosome abnormality of unknown severity.
		Grade 1 anomalies were not associated with the decision to have an abortion, but a great association was observed between abortion rates and the severity of other CNS anomalies, non-CNS anomalies, and chromosomal abnormalities (P <.001 in each case) (Table 4).
	www.acog.org /from_home/publications/green_journal/wrapper.cfm?document=/from_home/publications/green_journal/2002/ong13052fla.htm (3748 words)

	Basic Imaging > Ultrasound of Fetal Wellbeing
		In fetal distress, oligohydramnios represents fetal renal failure, and is by itself a
		Subsequent research has shown that placental grade is not a independent marker for fetal distress, but correlates with post-date status which correlates with increased morbidity.
		When Diastolic flow is absent or reversed, fetal distress is almost certain, and immediate BPP or NST or even delivery may be indicated.
	radiology.creighton.edu /fetalwell.htm (888 words)

	RISK Newsletter
		The overall rate of congenital anomalies in infants born to diabetic mothers may be as high as 10% when there is not good glycemic control.
		Fetal insulin is detectable by 10 weeks, well after the critical morphogenic period of most of the pertinent malformations (Grix, 1982).
		No statistical difference in anomalies was observed among infants of women with gestational diabetes who did not require insulin as compared to controls without any type of diabetes.
	www.fetal-exposure.org /DIABETES.html (2029 words)

	TheFetus.net - Umbilical cord anomalies-Fernando Heredia, MD, Philippe Jeanty, MD
		Fetal Akinesia Deformation Sequence (FADS) or Pena-Shokeir Sequence, which is a heterogeneous group of disorders in which prolonged decrease or absence of fetal movements results in a series of deformational anomalies: multiple contractures, pulmonary hypoplasia, craniofacial anomalies, polyhydramnios and intrauterine growth retardation
		Fetal karyotyping is indicated when other anomalies are found or when the cyst persists in to second trimester.
		7 Clausen I. Umbilical cord anomalies and antenatal fetal demise.
	www.thefetus.net /page.php?id=1149 (6829 words)

	Ultrasound detection of fetal anomalies in conjunction with first-trimester nuchal translucency screening: a feasibility
		Ultrasound detection of fetal anomalies in conjunction with first-trimester nuchal translucency screening: a feasibility study.
		The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of a fetal anatomy survey in conjunction with first-trimester nuchal translucency (NT) screening ultrasound in an unselected pregnant population performed by sonographers.
		Since some anomalies are not evident in the first trimester, the 18- to 20-week scan remains the gold standard.
	www.galenicom.com /medline/article/16157148/au:Keating+S (333 words)

	Diagnostic Imaging & Counseling - Advanced Fetal Care Center - Clinical Services - Children's Hospital Boston
		Fetal echocardiogram (fetal echo), a highly specialized, detailed ultrasound examination of the fetal heart, performed in the event a fetal cardiac abnormality is suspected or when hemo-dynamic assessment is warranted.
		AFCC pediatric radiologists Carol Barnewolt, MD, and Judy Estroff, MD, Co-Directors of Fetal Imaging in the Department of Radiology at Children's Hospital Boston, perform the ultrasound and/or MR and evaluate and review the results with the rest of the medical team.
		Computers are then used to form two-dimensional images of fetal organs based on the response of the hydrogen atoms.
	www.childrenshospital.org /clinicalservices/Site2021/mainpageS2021P6sublevel8.html (766 words)

	Learning Curve in Ultrasonographic Screening for Selected Fetal Structural Anomalies in Early Pregnancy -- Taipale et ...
		Ultrasonography in the detection of fetal anomalies in early pregnancy.
		The value of sonography in early pregnancy for the detection of fetal abnormalities in an unselected population.
		Hernadi L, Torocsik M. Screening for fetal anomalies in the 12th week of pregnancy by transvaginal sonography in an unselected population.
	www.greenjournal.org /cgi/content/full/101/2/273 (2858 words)

	Colorado Media Matters - AP misleads on Ritter's stance on "fetal anomaly" exception to abortion bill
		AP misleads on Ritter's stance on "fetal anomaly" exception to abortion bill
		Moreover, Paulson did not mention that in responding to Beauprez's characterization of his position on abortion, Ritter cited an entirely different condition as an example of a fetal anomaly that could be exempted from any abortion ban: a fetus that develops without a brain stem.
		And to say "fetal anomalies," some might involve hydrocephal -- or children born without brain stems or being in utero without brain stems.
	colorado.mediamatters.org /items/200608140002 (834 words)

	Ultrasound FAQ
		A large number of mails I received are about fetal anomalies, I have therefore tried to put together a Catalogue of Web pages which describe in some detail specific congenital anomalies that are diagnosable by ultrasound.
		On the other hand, as the correct visualization of any fetal part depends of a host of factors such as fetal position, amount of liquor and thickness of the abdominal wall, I have had occasions when I cannot be certain about the sex even at 28 weeks.
		It is noe becoming almost routine to perform a scan at around 11-14 weeks, mainly to look for an increased nuchal translucency and absent fetal nasal bone for the detection of chromosomal anomalies.
	www.ob-ultrasound.net /joewoo3.html (4196 words)

	Perinatal Outcomes of Twin Pregnancies Discordant for Major Fetal Anomalies
		Objective: The aim of this study was to determine perinatal outcomes of twin pregnancies discordant for a major fetal anomaly and to compare with twins without anomaly.
		Twins discordant for a major fetal anomaly were diagnosed in 13 cases (4.8%).
		We observed 3 cases with MCDA and 10 cases with DC placentation and the incidence of discordance for a major fetal anomaly as 4.6% (10/217) in DC and 6.0% (3/50) in MC twin pregnancies.
	content.karger.com /produktedb/produkte.asp?doi=85078 (311 words)

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