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Topic: Fetal growth restriction

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Intrauterine growth retardation

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	eMedicine - Fetal Growth Restriction : Article Excerpt by: Terry Harper, MD
		Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) refers to a condition in which a fetus is unable to achieve its genetically determined potential size.
		SGA is defined as growth at the 10th or less percentile for weight of all fetuses at that gestational age.
		Not all fetuses that are SGA are pathologically growth restricted and, in fact, may be constitutionally small.
	www.emedicine.com /med/byname/fetal-growth-restriction.htm (318 words)

	Fetus - Encyclopedia.WorldSearch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		If the newborn is small for gestational age, he or she will have an increased risk for perinatal mortality (death shortly after birth), asphyxia, hypothermia, polycythemia, hypocalcemia, immune dysfunction, neurologic abnormalities, and other long-term health problems.
		The circulatory system of a human fetus works differently from that of born humans, mainly because the lungs are not in use: the fetus obtains oxygen and nutrients from the mother through the placenta and the umbilical cord.
		Fetal hemoglobin enhances the fetus' ability to draw oxygen from the placenta.
	encyclopedia.worldsearch.com /fetus.htm (1107 words)

	UpToDate Fetal growth restriction: Evaluation and management
		Growth aberrations that result from intrinsic fetal factors such as aneuploidy, congenital malformations, and fetal infection carry a guarded prognosis that often cannot be improved by any intervention.
		Among malformed infants, the frequency of FGR ranges from 20 to 60 percent, with the highest risk in infants with multiple anomalies [1]; approximately 10 percent of FGR is accompanied by congenital anomalies [2].
		Fetal karyotyping is suggested if FGR is early (<32 weeks), severe (<3rd percentile), or accompanied by polyhydramnios (suggestive of trisomy 18) or structural anomalies [3].
	patients.uptodate.com /topic.asp?file=pregcomp/19999 (761 words)

	iugr
		The term intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is the most common generic term that is used to describe the fetus with a birthweight at or below the 10th percentile for gestational age and sex.
		In other words, a fetus who has a potential of growth at the 50th percentile but because of maternal, fetal, or placental disorders occurring alone or in combination, becomes growth restricted (birthweight < 10th percentile) is a IUGR fetus and he is at risk for adverse perinatal outcome.
		Birthweight and fetal growth rates tend to be least among population of Asiatic extraction and greatest in populations of Nordic extractions.
	www.hygeia.org /poems8.htm (1821 words)

	Fetal Growth Restriction : American Pregnancy Association
		The most common definition of fetal growth restriction is a fetal weight that is below the 10th percentile for gestational age as determined through an ultrasound.
		Symmetric or primary growth restriction is characterized by all internal organs being reduced in size.
		Asymmetric or secondary growth restriction is characterized by the head and brain being normal in size, but the abdomen is smaller.
	www.americanpregnancy.org /pregnancycomplications/fetalgrowthrestriction.htm (600 words)

	Catecholamines inhibit growth in fetal sheep in the absence of hypoxemia -- Bassett and Hanson 274 (6): 1536 -- AJP - ...
		Catecholamines inhibit growth in fetal sheep in the absence of hypoxemia
		Fetal endocrine responses to chronic placental embolization in the late-gestation ovine fetus.
		Chronic fetal placental embolization and hypoxemia cause hypertension and myocardial hypertrophy in fetal sheep.
	ajpregu.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/274/6/R1536 (6179 words)

	Fetal growth retardation : Guidelines, reviews, position statements, recommendations, standards
		ACR Appropriateness Criteria™ for growth disturbances: risk of intrauterine growth restriction.
		Confined placental mosaicism and intrauterine fetal growth [1998]
		Endovascular Trophoblast Invasion: Implications for the Pathogenesis of Intrauterine Growth Retardation and Preeclampsia [2003]
	www.gfmer.ch /Guidelines/Pregnancy_newborn/Fetal_growth_retardation.htm (293 words)

	eMedicine - Fetal Growth Restriction : Article by Terry Harper, MD
		This is called the brain-sparing effect and results in increased relative blood flow to the brain, heart, adrenals, and placenta, with diminished relative flow to the bone marrow, muscles, lungs, GI tract, and kidneys.
		Cesarean delivery without a trial of labor is appropriate (1) in the presence of evidence of fetal distress by nonstress testing or reversed diastolic flow or (2) for traditional obstetrical indications for cesarean delivery (ie, malpresentation, prior cesarean delivery).
		Recent literature by Siristatidis et al suggests that fetal pulse oximetry is reassuring of fetal well-being when the oxygen saturation as measured using pulse oximetry is greater than 35% and may provide clinicians with additional options for management in labor.
	www.emedicine.com /med/topic3247.htm (6473 words)

	Isocaloric maternal low-protein diet alters IGF-I, IGFBPs, and hepatocyte proliferation in the fetal rat -- El Khattabi ...
		Reduction of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) in protein-restricted rats is associated with differential regulation of IGF-binding protein messenger ribonucleic acids in liver and kidney, and peptides in liver and serum.
		Maternal undernutrition during late gestation induces fetal overexposure to glucocorticoids and intrauterine growth retardation, and disturbs the hypothalamo-pituitary adrenal axis in the newborn rat.
		Insulin-like growth factors and binding proteins in the fetal rat: alterations during maternal starvation and effects in fetal brain cell culture.
	ajpendo.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/285/5/E991 (6356 words)

	Food restriction alters pregnancy-associated changes in IGF and IGFBP in the guinea pig -- Sohlström et al. 274 ...
		Insulin-like growth factors I and II in maternal and fetal guinea pig serum.
		The effects of maternal undernutrition on maternal and fetal serum insulin-like growth factors, thyroid hormones and cortisol in the guinea pig.
		Elevating maternal insulin-like growth factor-I in mice and rats alters the pattern of fetal growth by removing maternal constraint.
	ajpendo.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/274/3/E410 (4260 words)

	Cotyledon and binucleate cell nitric oxide synthase expression in an ovine model of fetal growth restriction -- Galan ...
		Intrauterine growth retardation and fetal threonine uptake and decarboxylation in sheep (Abstract).
		Placental pathology and neurodevelopment of the infant with growth restriction.
		Krebs, C, Macara LM, Leiser R, Bowman AW, Greer IA, and Kingdom JCP Intrauterine growth restriction with absent end-diastolic flow velocity in the umbilical artery is associated with maldevelopment of the placental terminal villous tree.
	www.jap.org /cgi/content/full/90/6/2420 (4422 words)

	Blood flows and nutrient uptakes in growth-restricted pregnancies induced by overnourishing adolescent sheep -- Wallace ...
		Variables of fetal conformation and absolute and relative fetal organ weights are presented in Table 2.
		Restricted implantation increases the proportion of fetal villi, trophoblast tissue, and surface density in the sheep placenta (Abstract).
		Effects of chronic restriction in uterine blood flow on fetal and placental growth in the sheep.
	ajpregu.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/282/4/R1027 (5785 words)

	Switching Maternal Dietary Intake at the End of the First Trimester Has Profound Effects on Placental Development and ...
		of the gravid uterine horn, with the fetal cotyledon and maternal
		Growth and metabolism of the ovine placenta during mid-gestation.
		Insulin-like growth factors-I and II, somatotropin, prolactin and placental lactogen are not acute effectors of lipolysis in ruminants.
	www.biolreprod.org /cgi/content/full/61/1/101 (6484 words)

	Predictive Value of Hormone Measurements in Maternal and Fetal Complications of Pregnancy -- Reis et al. 23 (2): 230 -- ...
		of the placenta and fetal membranes to adverse environmental
		with hypertensive disorders, the incidence of FGR is increased
		Because FGR is a multifactorial heterogeneous pathology, it
	edrv.endojournals.org /cgi/content/full/23/2/230 (10327 words)

	Altered placental development and intrauterine growth restriction in IGF binding protein-1 transgenic mice -- Crossey ...
		with fetal growth restriction secondary to placental insufficiency.
		on fetal and placental growth in transgenic mice overexpressing
		fetal and maternal decidual overexpression of IGFBP-1 on placental
	www.jci.org /cgi/content/full/110/3/411 (4448 words)

	Guardian Unlimited \| The Guardian \| The forgotten babies
		But although the customised growth chart is freely available to download, there is no standardised record-keeping, and most maternity units still use the one-size-fits-all way of measuring a baby's growth.
		Peter Soothill, professor of maternal and fetal medicine at the university of Bristol, says: "Monitoring the growth of unborn babies is a very important part of antenatal care.
		However, when adjusting for an individual woman's circumstances, still one in 10 normal pregnancies could possibly be identified as having fetal growth restriction and we have to be careful not to generate unnecessary anxiety.
	www.guardian.co.uk /g2/story/0,3604,1521287,00.html (962 words)

	Premature Birth Raises Future Stillbirth Risk
		Although many of the causes of stillbirth are not understood, researchers say fetal growth restriction may be a major factor.
		In this study, researchers looked at whether the birth of a previous premature infant or an infant of low birth weight increased the risk of stillbirth in future pregnancies among 410,021 women in Sweden who gave birth to their first and second children between 1983 and 1997.
		The overall rate of stillbirths ranged from 2.4 per 1,000 births among women whose first infant was born at term and was normal weight to 19 per 1,000 births among those whose first child was very premature and small for gestational age.
	my.webmd.com /content/article/82/97243.htm?z=1728_00000_1000_nb_03 (400 words)

	Maternal insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1, body mass index, and fetal growth -- Holmes et al. 82 (2): 113 ...
		Maternal insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1, body mass index, and fetal growth -- Holmes et al.
		Maternal insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGFBP-1) does not correlate with birthweight in normal pregnancy but concentrations are increased in fetal growth restriction (FGR)
		Genes or placenta as modulator of fetal growth: evidence from the insulin-like growth factor axis in twins with discordant growth
	fn.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/abstract/82/2/F113 (487 words)

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