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Topic: Fetal hemoglobin

Related Topics

Hemoglobin

Fetal

Sickle cell anemia

Fetus

Hydroxyurea

HAART

Adaptation to extrauterine life

Transport protein

Teratogenesis

Circulatory system

Ectoderm

Birth defect

Heart

Katzbalger

Mollusc

	Fetal Hemoglobin Test: Encyclopedia of Medicine
		Fetal hemoglobin (Hemoglobin F), Alkali-resistant hemoglobin, HBF (or Hb F), is the major hemoglobin component in the bloodstream of the fetus.
		The determination of fetal hemoglobin is an aid in evaluating low concentrations of hemoglobin in the blood (anemia), as well as the hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin, and a group of inherited disorders affecting hemoglobin, among which are the thalassemias and sickle cell anemia.
		At birth, the newborn's blood is comprised of 60%–90% of fetal hemoglobin.
	health.enotes.com /medicine-encyclopedia/fetal-hemoglobin-test (161 words)

	Fetal hemoglobin
		Fetal hemoglobin (also hemoglobin F or HbF) is the main oxygen transport protein in the fetus during the last seven months of development in the womb.
		Functionally, fetal hemoglobin differs most from adult hemoglobin in that it is able to bind oxygen with greater affinity than the adult form, giving the developing fetus better access to oxygen from the mother's bloodstream.
		Notably, the P50 value for fetal hemoglobin (i.e., the partial pressure of oxygen at which the protein is 50% saturated; lower values indicate greater affinity) is roughly 19 mmHg, whereas adult hemoglobin has a value of approximately 26.8 mmHg.
	www.mrsci.com /Hematology/Fetal_hemoglobin.php (564 words)

	Hemoglobin Overview
		Hemoglobin is a protein that is carried by red cells.
		The cell is surrounded by a membrane that holds in the hemoglobin.
		The hemoglobin inside the red cells of a person with type O blood and that inside the red cells of a person with type A blood are identical.
	sickle.bwh.harvard.edu /hemoglobin.html (778 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Fetal hemoglobin
		Fetal hemoglobin (also hemoglobin F or HbF) is the main oxygen transport protein in the fetus during the last seven months of development in the womb.
		Functionally, fetal hemoglobin differs most from adult hemoglobin in that it is able to bind oxygen with greater affinity than the adult form, giving the developing fetus better access to oxygen from the mother's bloodstream.
		Notably, the P50 value for fetal hemoglobin (i.e., the partial pressure of oxygen at which the protein is 50% saturated; lower values indicate greater affinity) is roughly 19 mmHg, whereas adult hemoglobin has a value of approximately 26.8 mmHg.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Fetal_hemoglobin (751 words)

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		Correlations may be found as to the levels of hemoglobin adducts in the fetal cord blood samples with fetal birth weights as well as with fetal malformations and possi-bly with the later development of various childhood cancers.
		The use of hemoglobin as a biomarker in the detection of hemoglobin adducts in both maternal and fetal blood samples allows a method of developing a dosimetry of exposure and risk assessment to various carcino-genic compounds, particularly to those found in cigarette smoke.
		Possible explanations for this lower level of fetal adducts of 4-amiobiphenyl and benzo(a)pyrene include: (1) lower rates of fetal metabolism of the parent carcinogens to their reactive forms, (2) placental trapping of the reactive intermediates of 4-aminobiphenyl and benzo(a)pyrene, or (3) increased degradation of the fetal-carcinogen hemoglobin adducts.
	www.louisville.edu /medschool/pharmacology/tobacco1.html (1027 words)

	Myoglobin and Hemoglobin
		Adult hemoglobin is a [a(2):b(2)] tetrameric hemeprotein found in erythrocytes where it is responsible for binding oxygen in the lung and transporting the bound oxygen throughout the body where it is used in aerobic metabolic pathways.
		The major hemoglobin at this stage of development is a tetramer composed of 2 zeta (z) chains encoded within the a cluster and 2 eta (e) chains from the b cluster.
		Hemoglobin Gun Hill is the result of a deletion of 15 nucleotides caused by unequal cross over between codons 91-94 of one b-globin gene and codons 96-98 of the other.
	web.indstate.edu /thcme/mwking/hemoglobin-myoglobin.html (4119 words)

	Fetal Hemoglobin Test - Definition, Purpose, Description, Risks, Normal results, Parental concerns
		Fetal hemoglobin, an alkali-resistant form of hemoglobin, is the major hemoglobin component in the bloodstream of the fetus.
		Fetal hemoglobin is one of six types of hemoglobin measured in the clinical laboratory by a method called hemoglobin electrophoresis.
		The determination of fetal hemoglobin in the blood of infants and children identifies normal and abnormal levels, defining what percentage of total hemoglobin is made up of fetal hemoglobin.
	www.healthofchildren.com /E-F/Fetal-Hemoglobin-Test.html (1473 words)

	Fetal Cell Screen Information on Healthline
		The fetal cell screen is a procedure performed during pregnancy whereby blood is drawn from the mother and examined for the presence of fetal cells.
		Fetal red cells carrying the Rh positive antigen can leak into the maternal circulation and immunize the Rh-negative mother, possibly leading to hemolytic disease of the newborn.
		The greater the amount of fetal blood leakage, the larger the dose of Rho immune globulin to be administered to the mother.
	www.healthline.com /galecontent/fetal-cell-screen (1130 words)

	NJDHSS - Sickle Cell Disease
		Hydroxyurea is actually a chemotherapy medicine that has the side effect of increasing the amount of fetal hemoglobin in the blood.
		Fetal hemoglobin is produced before the baby is born and protects the red cells from taking on the sickle shape.
		Hemoglobin - hemoglobin is inside the red blood cells and gives the blood its red color and carries oxygen to the muscles, organs, and body tissues.
	www.state.nj.us /health/fhs/sicklecell/familyguide/newtreat.shtml (1223 words)

	Structure/Function Relationships of Hemoglobin
		Hemoglobin’s primary function is to bind oxygen that diffuses into the bloodstream from the lungs and then transport it to outlying tissues where it is released primarily for aerobic respiration.
		Equally important, hemoglobin also manifests cooperativity in the reverse direction: When environmental oxygen levels are low, hemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen drops disproportionately as fewer and fewer oxygen molecules remain to bind to hemoglobin.
		Without hemoglobin’s specialized cooperative ligand binding behavior, nearly twice as much hemoglobin would be needed to transport the same amount of oxygen and this requirement would presumably require twice the blood volume to accommodate a doubling of the number of red blood cells for housing the additional hemoglobin.
	tutor.lscf.ucsb.edu /instdev/sears/biochemistry/tw-hbn/hba-overview.htm (700 words)

	Fetal hemoglobin Summary
		The presence of fetal cells was, at first, probably reported in 1893, when fetal trophoblasts were found in the lung of a pregnant woman affected by eclampsia, a severe disease of the pregnancy.
		This further finding, allows consideration of the number of fetal cells in maternal blood as a marker for aneuploidies to be used as a primary or secondary screen, combined in a sequential algorithm with other non invasive tests such as biochemical or ultrasonographic screening.
		Notably, the P50 value for fetal hemoglobin (i.e., the partial pressure of oxygen at which the protein is 50% saturated; lower values indicate greater affinity) is roughly 19 mmHg, whereas adult hemoglobin has a value of approximately 26.8 mmHg.
	www.bookrags.com /Fetal_hemoglobin (1127 words)

	Fetal Hemoglobin (Hemoglobin F) Fact Sheet (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Fetal hemoglobin (hemoglobin F) is the main hemoglobin that transports oxygen around the body of the developing baby during the last 7 months of pregnancy.
		Fetal hemoglobin is best suited to the conditions in the womb and the oxygen transport needs of babies still in their mothers' wombs.
		Hemoglobin F is made up of 2 alpha chains and 2 gamma (fetal) chains.
	www.fha.state.md.us /genetics/html/hemo_f.html (273 words)

	New Hope for People with Sickle Cell Anemia (FDA Consumer Reprint)
		Hemoglobin's job is to carry oxygen to all the cells and tissues of the body.
		Fetal hemoglobin physically blocks hemoglobin S, preventing it from forming the long, rigid rods that lead to sickling of the red blood cells.
		As the level of fetal hemoglobin in the child's blood falls, explained Bonds, there is no longer anything to prevent the red blood cells from becoming sickle-shaped and getting stuck in the blood vessels, causing a painful crisis.
	www.pueblo.gsa.gov /cic_text/health/sicklecell/496_sick.html (2258 words)

	Fetal hemoglobin - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Notably, the P50 value for fetal hemoglobin (i.e., the partial pressure of oxygen at which the protein is 50% saturated; lower values indicate greater affinity) is roughly 19 mmHg, whereas adult hemoglobin has a value of approximately 26.8 mmHg.
		When fetal hemoglobin production is switched off after birth, normal children begin producing hemoglobin B. But children with sickle-cell disease instead begin producing a long, slender form of hemoglobin called hemoglobin S.
		This variety of hemoglobin causes red blood cells to change their shape from round to sickle-shaped, which have a greater tendency to stack on top of one another and crowd blood vessels.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Fetal_hemoglobin (752 words)

	Hemoglobin Electrophoresis
		A hemoglobin electrophoresis test is a blood test done to evaluate the different types of hemoglobin in the bloodstream.
		Hemoglobin F is replaced by hemoglobin A (adult hemoglobin) shortly after birth; only very small amounts of hemoglobin F are produced after birth.
		Hemoglobin S and hemoglobin C are the most common types of abnormal hemoglobins that may be identified by an electrophoresis test.
	www.webmd.com /a-to-z-guides/Hemoglobin-Electrophoresis (636 words)

	Valproic Acid and Augmentation of Fetal Hemoglobin in Individuals With and Without Sickle Cell Disease -- Selby et al. ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		We examined the changes in fetal hemoglobin synthesis in individuals without sickle cell disease and receiving valproic acid for epilepsy to determine whether previously reported valproic acid-induced changes in F-cells are associated with measurable increases in fetal hemoglobin.
		In this patient, the percentage of fetal hemoglobin increased from a value of 9% immediately after 5 months of therapy with valproic acid to 24% after 11 months of treatment with hydroxyurea (Fig 1); after the initiation of hydroxyurea, this patient required no further admissions to hospital.
		Shown are concentrations of fetal hemoglobin in a patient with sickle cell disease treated initially with valproic acid over 5 months and subsequuently with oral hydroxyurea at an initial dose of 11 mg/kg/d (arrows).
	www.bloodjournal.org /cgi/content/full/90/2/891 (1554 words)

	Hemoglobin Synthesis
		With the exception of the first 10 to 12 weeks after conception, fetal hemoglobin is the primary hemoglobin in the developing fetus.
		Complex biophysical characteristics of the hemoglobin tetramer permit the exquisite control of oxygen uptake in the lungs and release in the tissues that is necessary to sustain life.
		The combination of two alpha genes and two beta genes comprises the normal adult hemoglobin, hemoglobin A. The delta gene, which is located between the gamma and beta genes on chromosome 11 produces a small amount of delta globin in children and adults.
	sickle.bwh.harvard.edu /hbsynthesis.html (1077 words)

	Doppler Studies in red blood cell isoimunization
		Since, in fetal anemia, resistance to flow in the fetal circulation and placenta is unchanged, an increase of umbilical venous blood flow is in accordance with high cardiac output and elevated arterial velocities.
		It was suggested that the gradual decrease in flow, coinciding with resolution of fetal ascites, was the result of absorption of the transfused blood and correction of the fetal anemia.
		Fetal cardiac output in the isoimmunized pregnancy: a pulsed Doppler echocardiographic study of patients undergoing intravascular intrauterine transfusion.
	www.thefetus.net /html/doppler/capitulos-html/chapter_06.htm (4415 words)

	CIGNA - Hemoglobin Electrophoresis
		High levels of hemoglobin F may be seen in a rare condition called hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin.
		Hemoglobin C in low amounts can mean that hemoglobin C trait is present.
		Hemoglobin E in low amounts indicates the presence of hemoglobin E trait.
	www.cigna.com /healthinfo/hw39098.html (1059 words)

	triButyrate® and Thalassemia/Sickle Cell Anemia Research
		Hemoglobin is the oxygen-carrying protein of red blood cells.
		The painful episodes associated with the disease are fewer among patients who have a naturally higher level of fetal hemoglobin, which normally diminishes as people age.
		In a letter published in the New England Journal of Medicine, the researchers wrote that increased levels of fetal hemoglobin were found in the blood of 15 children who had been treated for five to 65 months for a rare genetic disorder unrelated to sickle cell.
	www.tributyrate.com /html/thalassemia_sca.php (790 words)

	Fetus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The circulatory system of a human fetus works differently from that of born humans, mainly because the lungs are not in use: the fetus obtains oxygen and nutrients from the woman through the placenta and the umbilical cord.
		Fetal hemoglobin enhances the fetus' ability to draw oxygen from the placenta.
		This enables fetal hemoglobin to absorb oxygen from adult hemoglobin in the placenta, which has a lower pressure of oxygen than at the lungs.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Fetal (1448 words)

	Alpha Thalassemia - Health and Medical Information produced by doctors - MedicineNet.com
		Thus, in the case of hemoglobin, there are stunning series of changes (called switches) from one type of hemoglobin to another as development progresses from the embryo to the fetus to the newborn, etc.
		Fetal hemoglobin (Hb F) is the predominant hemoglobin of the developing fetus.
		In fetal hemoglobin, there are 2 alpha chains but the 2 different chains are not beta chains.
	www.medicinenet.com /alpha_thalassemia/page2.htm (634 words)

	RFA-HL-01-013: TRANSACTIVATION OF FETAL HEMOGLOBIN GENES FOR TREATMENT OF SICKLE CELL DISEASE AND COOLEY'S ANEMIA
		Before early infancy, gamma chains complex with alpha chains to form fetal hemoglobin protein tetramers that are functionally normal, and that in the case of SCD may actually inhibit the polymerization of sickle hemoglobin tetramers (comprised of alpha plus beta-S chains).
		Likewise in the case of CA, when the synthesis of fetal hemoglobin is abundant, as in the case of delta-beta-thalassemia syndromes, the clinical manifestations of the disease are mild.
		The existing evidence suggests that the fetal globin genes are activated in early embryonic development through interactions of transcription factors with sequences of the promoters of the gamma-globin genes as well as the sequences of the major regulatory element of the beta-globin locus, the locus control region (LCR).
	grants.nih.gov /grants/guide/rfa-files/RFA-HL-01-013.html (3759 words)

	NEJM -- Normal fetal hemoglobin levels in the sudden infant death syndrome
		The fetal hemoglobin level was not higher in the infants who had died of SIDS than in the control infants for any age group analyzed.
		We conclude that elevated fetal hemoglobin levels in infants or their parents are not suitable for use as indicators of the risk of SIDS in the infants.
		Furthermore, the fetal hemoglobin level is not useful as a postmortem marker of an infant's having died of SIDS.
	content.nejm.org /cgi/content/abstract/321/20/1359 (365 words)

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