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Topic: Fetal hormones

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	Prenatal hormones and sexual orientation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The hormonal theory of sexuality holds that, just as exposure to certain hormones plays a role in fetal sex differentiation, such exposure also influences the sexual orientation that emerges later in the adult.
		Fetal hormones may be seen as the primary determiner of adult sexual orientation, or a co-factor with genes and/or environmental and social conditions.
		Breedlove in 2000 found that finger length ratio, a characteristic controlled by prenatal hormones, is different in people of distinct sexual orientations.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Fetal_hormones_and_sexual_orientation (863 words)

	Endotext.com - Female Reproductive Endocrinology - Endocrine Disorders of Pregnancy
		Fetal blood glucose levels are generally 10-20 mg/100 ml below those of the maternal circulation; thus, diffusion and facilitated transport favor the net movement of glucose from mother to fetus.
		The unique inner or fetal zone comprises 80-85% of the volume of the adrenal in utero, and is largely responsible for the tremendous secretory capacity of this organ.
		Alpha-fetoprotein is a glycoprotein synthesized, in sequence, by the yolk sac, gastrointestinal tract and fetal liver (156,157).
	www.endotext.org /female/female13/female13_2.htm (6093 words)

	Gazi Tıp Fakültesi - Gazi Medical Journal
		During this period the fetal thyroid is actively synthesizing and releasing thyroid hormones, and thus the developing fetal brain is exposed to fetal thyroid hormones and perhaps maternal hormones.
		Thyroid hormoneÕs influence on protein synthesis may be mediated by increasing amino acid transport into brain cells, by stimulating the synthesis of ribosomes (and thus their function in translation), and/or by altering mRNA stability (25).
		Experimental data indicate that thyroid hormones are transported from the mother to the fetus, albeit in limited amounts, and that the fetal brain is exposed to thyroid hormones before initiation of fetal thyroid hormone synthesis.
	www.med.gazi.edu.tr /gmj/effects.html (4286 words)

	Ontogenesis of Prolactin Receptors in the Human Fetus in Early Gestation . Implications for Tissue Differentiation and ...
		In the fetal kidney and lung, the invagination of cortical mesenchyme
		fetal kidney, glomeruli in the kidney of the fetal rat are immunonegative.
		hormones in isolated fetal myoblasts and fibroblasts (37).
	www.jci.org /cgi/content/full/99/5/1107 (6631 words)

	Center for Neuroendocrine Studies, UMass Amherst
		Steroid hormones have dramatic effects on the development of the mammalian brain and on the display of subsequent behavior in adulthood.
		In response to hormonal exposure, the fetal brain undergoes sexual differentiation, resulting in differences in neural structure and function between males and females.
		In addition to hormones from fetal origin, fetuses and neonates are exposed to circulating maternal hormones, which readily cross the placenta and are presumably present in mother's milk.
	www.umass.edu /cns/wagner/research.htm (408 words)

	Thyrotoxicosis in Pregnancy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		A fascinating new topic in the field of autoimmunity and pregnancy is that of fetal microchimerism, that is the migration of fetal cells into maternal blood and the prolonged engrafment of fetal progenitor cells into maternal tissues.
		Thyroid hormone is essential for normal brain development, as demonstrated by a large body of literature in clinical studies of endemic cretinism in IDD and children with sporadic congenital hypothyroidism.
		Development of fetal brain is a complex process involving neuronal multiplication, migration, and architectural organization, mainly during the second trimester, and corresponding to a phase during which the supply of thyroid hormones to the growing fetus is almost exclusively of maternal origin.
	www.thyroidmanager.org /Chapter14/Ch-14-4.htm (5050 words)

	Merck Vet. Edition - Mechanisms of Endocrine Disease
		Hormone secretion is subnormal because of extensive destruction of secretory cells by a disease process, the failure of an endocrine gland to develop properly, or a specific biochemical defect in hormone synthesis.
		Failure of target cells to respond to hormone may be due to a lack of adenylate cyclase in the cell membrane or to an alteration in hormone receptors on the cell surface.
		Fetal development is normal up to ~7 mo but subsequently ceases, irrespective of how long the viable fetus is retained in the uterus, due to an inability to secrete growth hormone and other pituitary hormones.
	www.merckvetmanual.com /mvm/htm/bc/40104.htm (2601 words)

	FASEB 2002 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Unexpected patterns of progesterone receptor expression in fetal and newborn rats break the rules of sexual differentiation, according to a leading scientist in the field.
		In males, fetal testosterone aromatizes to estradiol and masculinizes the fetal brain.
		Wagner says she believes the source of fetal PR receptor ligand is maternal ovarian progesterone, which is present in extremely high levels during pregnancy.
	www.nasw.org /users/ajacobson/BMN/FASEB_progesterone.htm (488 words)

	Susan's Place Transgender Resources for Transsexuals and Crossdressers: Library: An interview with Roger Gorski
		Underlying each of these astounding statements is fairly common knowledge that hormones secreted by the ovaries and testes play a crucial role in shaping male and female patterns of physical appearance and development.
		Although in both sexes fetal blood levels of estrogen are high during pregnancy and shortly after birth, testosterone is not bound by alpha fetoprotein, so it enters the brain and, after being converted to estrogen within neurons, masculinizes them.
		Measuring hormones in adulthood won't tell you a damn thing about their levels in adolescence, childhood, or critical periods during fetal life.
	www.susans.org /reference/gorskiin.html (5606 words)

	Human fetal and maternal corticotrophin releasing hormone responses to acute stress -- Gitau et al. 89 (1): 29 -- ...
		of maternal and fetal cortisol with increasing gestation.
		Corticotropin-releasing hormone and related pituitary-adrenal axis hormones in fetal and maternal blood during the second half of pregnancy.
		Fetal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal Stress responses to invasive procedures are independent of maternal responses.
	fn.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/full/89/1/F29 (2290 words)

	Study Suggests Maternal Stress And Stress Hormones May Influence Fetal Brain Development In Utero (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Although maternal factors such a stress and stress hormones have been shown to play a significant role in pregnancy outcomes related to prematurity, their influence on fetal brain development is not well understood, Wadhwa said.
		An experimental measure of fetal brain function was developed by quantifying fetal heart rate responses to a series of external stimuli using an instrument that produces both sound and vibration similar to an electric toothbrush.
		The magnitude of the fetal responses to challenge was greater in women with medical problems, high levels of stress hormones, high levels of psychological stress, and low levels of social support, according to the study.
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/1999/03/990310053349.htm (712 words)

	Pituitary Hormones Are Not Required for Sexual Differentiation of Male Mice: Phenotype of the T/ebp/Nkx2.1 Null Mutant ...
		Pituitary Hormones Are Not Required for Sexual Differentiation of Male Mice: Phenotype of the T/ebp/Nkx2.1 Null Mutant Mice -- Pakarinen et al.
		that is needed for the male fetal masculinization.
		fetal masculinization in the absence of pituitary hormones is
	endo.endojournals.org /cgi/content/full/143/11/4477 (3371 words)

	ENDOCRINE REGULATION OF FETAL ADIPOSE TISSUE METABOLISM IN THE PIG: ONTOGENY OF THYROXINE INFLUENCE. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The thyroid hormones increase the number of fat cells in the pig fetus without influencing the number of muscle cells.
		The influence of the thyroid hormones on fetal fat cell metabolism was studied in addition to the potential means or the way the thyroid hormones influence metabolism.
		The (metabolic) response to thyroid hormone treatment was not correlated with serum levels of thyroid hormones.
	www.nal.usda.gov /ttic/tektran/DATA/000007/08/0000070867.html (143 words)

	Reproductive Biology PIMP (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The rate of fetal growth represents the balance between constraining and stimulating forces acting on the genetically programmed drive for growth.
		Genetic control of growth depends on the ability of cells to count the number of divisions undergone; the total number of cells in a term fetus lies within narrow limits and results from 42 consecutive divisions of the fertilized ovum.
		It appears that the synthesis and release of peptide growth factors might be the property of most if not all embryonic and fetal cells, that the factors act locally and not distantly: they are autocrine or paracrine, but not endocrine, signals.
	www.utmed.com /medpimp/repro/repro6.html (369 words)

	Gestation
		Impaired utero-placental blood flow - reduction in uterine blood flow causes fetal "starvation".
		Fetal lie - relationship between long axis of fetus and that of the mother, ie.
		uterine segment and cervix (some contribution by fetal presenting part and membranes).
	core.ecu.edu /biol/singhasc/Gestation.htm (432 words)

	Estrogen Maintains Pregnancy, Triggers Fetal Maturation
		Pregnancy Complications Related To Low Levels Of Anti--Clotting Proteins (April 8, 2005) -- Recurrent miscarriage, stillbirth, preeclampsia, poor fetal growth, preterm delivery and bleeding in pregnancy are influenced by low levels of the anti--clotting proteins Z and S, Yale School of...
		With one hormone triggering the production of another, which in turn regulates the development and release of still others, and with cells changing structure and function as they mature, it’s a complicated story.
		Another hormone known as ACTH (for adrenal corticotropic hormone) produced by the pituitary - a small gland at the base of the brain - stimulates cortisol production.
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/1997/03/970321141042.htm (667 words)

	Pituitary Hormones Inhibit the Function and Differentiation of Fetal Sertoli Cells -- Migrenne et al. 144 (6): 2617 -- ...
		Accordingly, we decapitated fetal rats in utero at 16.5 dpc.
		Fetal testes were removed at 16.5, 18.5, and 21.5 dpc, washed three times for 20 min to eliminate serum transferrin, and incubated for 3 h with (FSH) or without (basal) 200 mU/ml rFSH.
		Rannikki AS, Zhang FP, Huhtaniemi IT 1995 Ontogeny of follicle-stimulating hormone receptor gene expression in the rat testis and ovary.
	endo.endojournals.org /cgi/content/full/144/6/2617 (4547 words)

	Biological Mechanisms That Might Underlie Iron's Effects on Fetal Growth and Preterm Birth -- Allen 131 (2): 581 -- ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		is produced in the maternal and fetal compartments of the placenta.
		Ducsay C. Fetal and maternal adaptations to chronic hypoxia: prevention of premature labor in response to chronic stress.
		An increase in the degree of peripheralization of fetal capillaries.
	www.nutrition.org /cgi/content/full/131/2/581S (7475 words)

	Endocrine mechanisms of intrauterine programming -- Fowden and Forhead 127 (5): 515 -- Reproduction
		), 90% of the cortisol in the fetal circulation is of
		Cheng JB, Goldfien A, Ballard PL and Roberts JM 1980 Glucocorticoids increase pulmonary ß-adrenergic receptors in fetal rabbit.
		Leavitt MG, Aberdeen GW, Gurch MG, Albricht ED and Pepe GJ 1997 Inhibition of fetal adrenal adrenocorticotrophin receptor messenger ribonucleic acid expression by betamethasone administration to the baboon fetus in late gestation.
	www.reproduction-online.org /cgi/content/full/127/5/515 (6887 words)

	Outcome of a Baby Born from a Mother with Acquired Juvenile Hypothyroidism Having Undetectable Thyroid Hormone ...
		of thyroid hormones during fetal and early neonatal life in humans.
		The infant girl was born by cesarean section, because of fetal bradycardia,
		was normal, therefore the contribution of the fetal distress to
	jcem.endojournals.org /cgi/content/full/84/8/2630 (1594 words)

	Fetal Tissues Are Exposed to Biologically Relevant Free Thyroxine Concentrations during Early Phases of Development -- ...
		Fetal Tissues Are Exposed to Biologically Relevant Free Thyroxine Concentrations during Early Phases of Development -- Calvo et al.
		Fetal Tissues Are Exposed to Biologically Relevant Free Thyroxine Concentrations during Early Phases of Development
		in FT in fetal fluids and, consequently, in tissues.
	jcem.endojournals.org /cgi/content/full/87/4/1768 (7100 words)

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