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Topic: Feudal system

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	Feudal System
		The perfected form which the lawyers finally gave to the feudal theory as a matter of land law' and of social rank is undoubtedly the source of the popular idea that the feudal system was a much more definitely arranged and systematized organization than it ever was in practice.
		The land of the kingdom did tend to become feudal, held by vassals upon a tenure of service, and there was a tendency in the feudal system to develop into a hierarchical organization of regulated grades, from the king down to the smallest noble.
		Feudalism is a form of political organization which allows the state to separate into as minute fragments as it will, virtually independent of one another and of the state, without the total destruction of its own life with which such an experience would seem to threaten every general government.
	www.oldandsold.com /articles35/medieval-9.shtml (6724 words)

	Feudalism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The word "feudalism" was invented in the 17th century, based on the Late Latin feudum, which was borrowed from Germanic *fehu, a commonly used term in the Middle Ages which meant fief or land held under certain obligations by feodati.
		Feudalism was practiced in many different ways, depending on location and time period, and thus a high-level encompassing conceptual definition does not always provide a reader with the intimate understanding that historical examples can show.
		For Marx, what defined feudalism was that the power of the ruling class (the aristocracy) rested on their control of the farmable lands, leading to a class society based upon the exploitation of the peasants who farm these lands, typically under serfdom.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Feudalism (2606 words)

	Encyclopedia: Feudalism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		One of the most important things to understand about the system of feudalism, especially given that we ourselves live in an age of remarkable prosperity, health, and cultural peace and stability, is that feudalism was largely the result of terrific--and quite possibly incomprehensible to us--social pressures.
		Government became a system of primarily oral agreements between "lords" (men who because of their superior means could protect others) and "vassals" (those who would receive protection from the lords in exchange for personal loyalty and maintenance of the lord's interests).
		The entire system, it should be noted, was fundamentally personal and non-bureacratic--indeed, some argue that the mere presence of written records from a given time period of the Medieval era is an indication that feudalism proper was already declining in that era.
	www.societaschristiana.com /Encyclopedia/F/Feudalism.html (993 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		From the thirteenth century onwards feudal law continued to be appealed to and feudal principles were sometimes formulated even more sharply than before, but the modern State was beginning to assert itself in most European countries in an unmistakable manner and its influence began to modify the fundamental conceptions of feudalism.
		From the feudal point of view an estate held as a fief could be freely parcelled out to under-tenants who would become the vassals of the man holding directly of the lord, provided the obligations of that intermediate tenant were not lessened by such a process.
		Feudalism, natural husbandry, the sway of the military class, the crystallisation of powers and rights in local centres, are phenomena which took place all over Western Europe and which led in France, in Germany, in Italy and Spain to similar though not identical results.
	socserv2.socsci.mcmaster.ca /~econ/ugcm/3ll3/vinogradoff/feudal (9209 words)

	The Middle Ages: Feudal Life
		These manors were isolated, with occasional visits from peddlers, pilgrims on their way to the Crusades, or soldiers from other fiefdoms.
		In this "feudal" system, the king awarded land grants or "fiefs" to his most important nobles, his barons, and his bishops, in return for their contribution of soldiers for the king's armies.
		At the lowest echelon of society were the peasants, also called "serfs" or "villeins." In exchange for living and working on his land, known as the "demesne," the lord offered his peasants protection.
	www.learner.org /exhibits/middleages/feudal.html (152 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Feudalism, or sometimes called the feudal system, in the present-day study of medieval history describes a legal and administrative order founded upon the exchange of reciprocal undertakings of protection and loyalty among the administrative, military and ecclesiastical elite of Europe and often Japan, and sometimes other societies.
		The idea of feudalism as defined at the time of Karl Marx can be seen in one of its most controversial contexts, that is, in the 19th- and 20th-century debate between advocates of capitalism and of socialism.
		"Feudalism" and related terms should therefore be approached and used with considerable caution owing to the range of meanings associated with the term.
	www.informationgenius.com /encyclopedia/f/fe/feudalism_1.html (671 words)

	Feudal System, An Overview of Feudalism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Feudalism is a social system of rights and duties based on land tenure and personal relationships in which land (and to a much lesser degree other sources of income) is held in fief by vassals from lords to whom they owe specific services and with whom they are bound by personal loyalty.
		In a broader sense, the term denotes "feudal society," a form of civilization that flourishes especially in a closed agricultural economy and has certain general characteristics besides the mere presence of lords, vassals, and fiefs.
		Another aspect of feudalism is the manorial or seigniorial system in which landlords exercise over the un-free peasantry a wide variety of police, judicial, fiscal, and other rights.
	history-world.org /feudalism.htm (1234 words)

	feudalism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Feudalism is often depicted diagrammatically as a pyramid, with the monarch at the apex and the peasants (serfs) at the base.
		Feudalism was reinforced by personal oaths of allegiance and a complex legal system and supported by the Christian medieval church.
		The feudal system declined from the 13th century, gradually giving way to the class system as the dominant form of social ranking, partly because of the growth of a money economy, with medieval trade, commerce, and industry, and partly because of the many peasants'; revolts between 1350–1550, such as the Peasant's Revolt of 1381.
	www.tiscali.co.uk /reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0006447.html (413 words)

	William Blackstone: Of the Feudal System
		Thus the feudal connection was established, a proper military subjection was naturally introduced, and an army of feudatories were always ready enlisted, and mutually prepared to muster, not only in defense of each man's own several property, but also in defense of the whole, and of every part of this their newly acquired country:
		) are plainly feudal: for, first, it requires the oath of fealty, which made in the sense of the feudists every man that took it a tenant or vassal; and, secondly, the tenants obliged themselves to defend their lord's territories and titles against all enemies foreign and domestic.
		And by this means the feudal polity was greatly extended; these inferior feudatories (who held what are called in the Scots law "rere-fiefs") being under similar obligations of fealty, to do suit of court, to answer the stipulated renders or rent-service, and to promote the welfare of their immediate superiors or lords.
	www.lonang.com /exlibris/blackstone/bla-204.htm (2747 words)

	Feudal Titles
		In the early feudal times this was extended to allow the king's barons, his tenants-in-chief, to have their own barons through a process of subinfeudation, but the continuation of this practice was restricted in England when King Edward I recognised the danger it represented to his centralised power and fiscal efficiency.
		Feudal Law gives the title of Baron to all those who hold the absolute jurisdiction which is carried by the grant of furca et fossa - the power to hang men, and to drown women, found guilty of capital offences by a baronial court.
		In brief: a feudal title is a territorial dignity which passes with the ownership of the lands to which it is attached; a peerage title is a personal dignity which will pass, if it is not a life peerage, according to the "remainder" or "destination" specified at the time of its creation.
	www.baronage.co.uk /bphtm-01/essay-3.html (890 words)

	Feudal System in Scotland
		With the advent of military feudalism under Norman impact and royal initiative in the twelfth century, important modifications took place in the landholding pattern at the upper levels of Scottish society, though to a notably lesser extent in the Highlands than in the Lowlands.
		Monarchy and provincial rulers (now usually called earls) retained their dominant role, and the nature of their lordship proved slow to change, but a new aristocratic class, based on the knight’s fief, the barony and the castle, was brought into existence and spread from south to north between c.1120 and 1250.
		Feudalism made little headway in the west Highlands and none at all in the islands, yet the nobility of these areas was strongly influenced by feudalism.
	www.visitdunkeld.com /feudal-system.htm (594 words)

	Lalor, Cyclopaedia of Political Science, V.2, Entry 64, FEUDAL SYSTEM: Library of Economics and Liberty
		In its entireness it is certain that the feudal system never subsisted anywhere before it arose in the middle ages, in those parts of Europe in which the Germanic nations settled themselves after the subversion of the Roman empire.
		It may be observed, however, that in those times in which the feudal principle was in its greatest vigor the fealty of a vassal to his immediate lord was usually considered as the higher obligation; when that and his fealty to the crown came into collision, the former was the oath to which he adhered.
		But this important element in the feudal system, the restraint on the disposition of lands by will, could no longer be maintained consistently with the habits and opinions then established, and accordingly, by stat.
	www.econlib.org /library/YPDBooks/Lalor/llCy455.html (5415 words)

	Feudalism and medieval life in England
		The social structure of the Middle Ages was organized round the system of Feudalism.
		Feudalism in practice meant that the country was not governed by the king but by individual lords, or barons, who administered their own estates, dispensed their own justice, minted their own money, levied taxes and tolls, and demanded military service from vassals.
		Feudalism was built upon a relationship of obligation and mutual service between vassals and lords.
	www.britainexpress.com /History/Feudalism_and_Medieval_life.htm (977 words)

	chronology of medieval boys' clothing -- feudal system (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		As the Feudal system developed, the peasants or serfs became tied to the land, not allowed to leave it without permission of the lord of the manner.
		Europen feudalism arose with the collapse of central authority after the fall of the Roman Empire and the breakdown of all social institutions except the Church.
		As the Feudal system developed, the peasants or serfs became tied to th land, not allowed to leaveit without permission of the lord of the manner.
	histclo.hispeed.com /chron/med/med-feud.html (2070 words)

	Feudal system - Uncyclopedia
		Though the feudal system's multitasking capabilities were years ahead of its time, it suffered from centralised and clumsy resource management strategy.
		The Feudal System was sold to Digital Equipment Corporation and formed the basis of their VMS.
		Another drawback of the Feudal System was the doctrine of jus primae noctis; the King having the absolute right to the first day's process time of any new user.
	www.uncyclopedia.org /uncyclopedia/index.php?title=Feudal_system (156 words)

	Feudal_system (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Because feudalism is a modern concept, to understand what feudalism is, it is helpful to understand the history of the term since its invention, the key definitions of feudalism used by various historians, and recent modern interpretations and revolts.
		Because feudalism was practiced very differently across time and place, one of the best ways to understand Feudalism is to look at specific examples described in Feudalism (examples).
		Pronoia, the 11th-century system of land grants in the Byzantine empire, makes a useful contrast to feudal tenure in the Euopean West.
	www.hatwholesalers.com /search.php?title=Feudal_system (2571 words)

	Scotish Law Commission - Report on abolition of the feudal system (Scot Law Com No168) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		In feudal terminology, the person holding the land is the vassal and the person from whom the land is held is the superior.
		The feudal system is no longer a method of raising armies or administering justice.
		Today almost the only surviving function of the feudal system is to allow the imposition and enforcement of conditions, known as feudal real burdens.
	www.scotland.gov.uk /news/releas99_2/pr0293.htm (1002 words)

	End of Europe's Middle Ages - Feudal Institutions
		Feudalism is the term applied to relationships between members of the aristocracy.
		The basic unit of these feudal arrangements was the fief, a section of land granted for temporary use.
		In the manorial system, however, the bonds were between lords and serfs and were defined by conditions of protection, labour and economic support.
	www.ucalgary.ca /applied_history/tutor/endmiddle/feudal.html (1248 words)

	End is nigh for medieval feudal system (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Scotland's archaic feudal system, which dates from Medieval times, is to be abolished and replaced with a simple system of land ownership, Deputy First Minister Jim Wallace announced today.
		The Scottish Law Commission's draft Bill on the Abolition of the Feudal System will form the basis of the legislation to be put to Parliament after the summer recess.
		Feudal superiorities will be abolished and vassals will own their land outright.
	www.scotland.gov.uk /news/releas99_6/pr1376.htm (703 words)

	Feudalism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Scotland's Kings adopted the feudal system of landholding in the 12th century as the Picts, Scots, Gaels and Britons forged their diverse peoples into a nation.
		The Jacobite Rebellions of 1715 and 1745 led to the feudal powers of these barons being reduced by the Westminster Parliament, which passed the Heritable Jurisdictions Act (1747) to weaken the grip of the clan chiefs in the Highlands and the Braes.
		The feudal system was eventually ended by a vote of the devolved Scottish Parliament and at the time of writing (2001) this abolition is scheduled to come into effect within two years.
	www.scotsbarons.org /feudal_system.htm (394 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Feudalism
		feudalism may be defined as a contractual system by which the nation as represented by the king lets its lands out to individuals who pay rent by doing governmental work not merely in the shape of military service, but also of suit to the king's court.
		For the system evolved was that men should be grouped in such a manner that one man should be responsible for another, especially the lord for his men.
		feudal system prevailed of a hierarchic arrangement of classes, of some vast pyramid of which the apex, pushed high up and separated by intervening layers from its base, represented the king.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/06058c.htm (6862 words)

	[No title]
		FEUDALISM: The system of governing whereby semiautonomous landed nobility have certain well defined responsibilities to the king, in return for the use of grants of land (fiefs) exploited with the labor of a semi-free peasantry (serfs).
		Guilds maintain a system of education, whereby apprentices serve a master for five to seven years before becoming a journeyman at about age nineteen.
		But he is also required to advise his lord and pay him the traditional feudal aids required on the knighting of the lords eldest son, the marriage of the lords eldest daughter and the ransoming of the lord should he be held captive.
	eserver.org /langs/feudal-dictionary.txt (4517 words)

	Feudal System
		This was the feudal system, with the king at the top of the ladder, his direct tenants (tenants in chief) beneath him, and lower still under-tenants of various sizes, down to the peasant farmers who held a few acres in return for labouring on the land of the local lord.
		The main building block of the feudal system was the manor, an estate on average somewhat smaller than the parish (typically a parish might contain several smaller manors or one larger one, though sizes could vary considerably, and some manors were much bigger).
		When the heir of a dead customary tenant succeeded, the surrender of the land and the admission of the new tenant would be recorded, and the relationship between the two would normally be noted.
	www.chobham.info /feudal_system.htm (889 words)

	feudal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Feudalism is the name given to the system of government William I introduced to England after he defeated Harold at the Battle of Hastings.
		Feudalism became a way of life in Medieval England and remained so for many centuries.
		In the terms of the Feudal System, these men, the barons etc., were known as tenants-in-chief.
	www.historylearningsite.co.uk /feudal.htm (817 words)

	History of Work Ethic
		During the medieval period, the feudal system became the dominant economic structure in Europe.
		This was a social, economic, and political system under which landowners provided governance and protection to those who lived and worked on their property.
		One of the factors that made the feudal system work was the predominant religious belief that it was sinful for people to seek work other than within the God ordained occupations fathers passed on to their sons.
	www.coe.uga.edu /~rhill/workethic/hist.htm (7565 words)

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